New and Renewable Energy Development in China's Rural and Remote Area

This paper analyses the present situation of new and renewable energy development in China’s rural and remote areas and gives the development objectives and tasks which could be fulfilled in the future. At last, it is summed up that exploiting new and renewable energy is the national key strategy for rural economic development.

China puts more money in renewable energy resources

In 2010, over 300 billion yuan ($47.31 billion) are invested in renewable energy sources in China, outranking every other country. Hence, China has become one of the world’s biggest investors in renewable energy sources.

Strategic Position and Roadmap of China's Renewable Energy

Fast-growing economy imposing higher requirement for energy industry During the "Tenth Five-Year Plan" period,China's GDP grew at an average annual rate of 9.5%,and correspondingly the total volume of energy consumption grew at an average annual rate of 10.5%.

Study of the development road map of China’s renewable energy

Renewable energy (RE) has been attached high attention around the world due to its carbon-free and indigenous production in a sustainable way. China enjoys plenty of renewable energy resources, particularly the wind, solar, hydro- and biomass energy, which could be a sound basis for a large-scale exploitation. This report examines the current status of RE technology and industry, analyzes the challenges of promoting RE in China. In order to pave the way for a long-term development of RE, this paper outlines the basic principles and priorities for individual RE technology. In line with these, the paper puts forward the RE targets and further describes the RE road map by 2020, 2030 and extend to 2050, taking consideration of China’s RE resources, industrial basis and energy demand etc. At last, this paper provides some recommendations to ensure the achievements of the RE targets.

Development of renewable energy in China:significance & strategic objectives

Based on CAE’s research report, this paper illustrates the background and purposes of the development strategy research of renewable energy in China, emphasizes the significance of developing renewable energy in China, gives the strategic positions and development objectives of renewable energy in China in the first half of 21st century and contributes to green house gas emissions reduction and environmental protection in China.

Application of Renewable Energies in the Construction of New Rural Residences

Based on the significance of renewable resources in relieving energy crisis,application of renewable resources for reducing energy consumption of rural housings and carbon emission of traditional energies are believed as an inevitable choice for the construction of a conservation-minded society.Taking easily-acquired and low-cost solar energy,biomass energy and rainwater for example,strategies of applying renewable resources in rural housings are discussed.And the research focuses on the application of solar energy PV Power System and solar energy photo-thermal power system in rural residence,significance of power system such as methane and waste reusing for the integrated utilization of biomass energy and residence,and also recycling and cooling effects of intermediate water.

Analysis of China's Renewable Energy Development under the Current Economic and Technical Circumstances

At present, the development of renewable energy relies mainly on government support. The government invests in a considerable number of projects to improve public welfare and to assist in poverty relief If China is to replace fossil fuels on a large scale with renewable energy sources, the production costs and prices of renewable energy must be brought down. All countries are facing the challenge of moving to a more secure and low-carbon energy system without weakening economic and social development. In this regard, China is facing an even greater challenge in terms of economic cost, as cheap coal remains the main energy form. Technical innovation and industrialization in the area of renewable energy is an important means of lowering cost. China is in for a period of high-speed development of its economy and the rising demand for energy is irreversible. If the technical progress and development speed of renewable energy lags behind the growth in demand, it will be difficult to realize the improvement of its energy structure.

Will auctioning promote the renewable energy generation in China?

Renewable energy generation,as part of the global effort to mitigate climate change,will play a central role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and achieving China's goal of carbon emissions peak before 2030 and carbon neutral before 2060.However,the impact of carbon quota auctions on renewable energy generation has not been sufficiently discussed.The main purpose of this study is to investigate whether China can rely on quota auctions to increase renewable energy generation in the short term,and to demonstrate which is more effective in promoting renewable energy development,policy enforcement or auction constraints?The improved neo-trans-log production model,the multiobjective linear programming model and the dispatch heuristic were used to predict additional emission reduction cost,optimized power mix with different auctioning rates,with economic development,technological progress and the unique characteristics of China's power generation industry being taken into consideration.The results show that the auctioning rate will have little influence on the optimized energy production structure,especially on the share of renewable energy resources;when the total on-grid electricity generation ranges from 7625 to 7926 billion kW h and the auctioning rate ranges from 0% to 5%,policy enforcement will influence the generation of renewable energy to a greater extent than auctioning in the near future.

Research on Legal System of China Renewable Energy Development Fund

This paper intends to analyze legal system of the Renewable Energy Development Fund based on the relevant provisions of Interim Procedures for the Administration of the Collection and Use of the Renewable Energy Development Fund in November 2011.This governmental fund system combines government macro-control with market regulation,using two hands of administration and market.However,the specific rules have system defects for the lack of support by Tradable Green Certificates.In order to improve and guarantee the development of renewable energy,the legal system of the Renewable Energy Development Fund needs further improving.

Renewable Energy Powered Membrane Process for Removal of Excess Fluoride Ions and Safe Drinking Water Supply in Rural Areas in Senegal

The analysis results made on drinking water from the rural areas of Kaolack,Diourbel and Fatick central region of Senegal showed the excess of fluoride and chloride ions.Depending on the area,the fluoride concentration in the water can reach 3.5 mg/L.The values obtained are completely above of WHO(World Health Organization)limits.The objective of this study is to assess the performances of membrane filtration units powered by renewable energies for fluoride and salinity excess removal in remote village in Senegal.Many membrane filtration units have been installed in rural areas of regions such as Kaolack,Fatick and Diourbel.These membrane filtration units are equipped by the LPRO(Low Pressure Reverse Osmosis)membranes with 9 m^(2)of surface.A rejection rate of fluoride and chloride ions obtained is 99.33%and 95.25%respectively.The conversion rates are ranged from 45%to 65%.These results clearly show that membrane processes can be used in Africa,especially in isolated rural areas,with the combination of renewable energies.Currently,more than twenty membrane filtration units are installed in Senegal and provide drinking water of very good quality for populations living in rural areas.The prospect is to expand it on a larger scale,which is already underway,with the construction of a desalination plant in Dakar.

Renewable Energies in Africa, Context and Socio-Economic Challenge

In this paper, we have shown that Africa has an enormous wealth of renewable energy resources among the most important in the world such as the strong sunshine, Congo and Nile Rivers respectively among the most powerful and the longest in the world. We have underlined the presence of important forests, rich subsoil in mineral elements, and strong winds. In addition to a rapidly growing human capital, Africa, therefore, has at its disposal all the factors enabling it to initiate sustainable and inclusive socio-economic development. We have shown that the transformation of these renewable energies is an opportunity for Africa to reach its socio-economic challenges. The development of renewable energies in Africa will be a source of many financial benefits and advantages both in terms of improving living conditions and carrying out activities. The electrical supply of rural areas of Africa represents a considerable issue, which can be a propellant factor in long-term socio-economic development if the conditions of use of clean fuel and cooking technologies, especially sanitary are taken into account. The provision of modern energy services can contribute to the creation of jobs for young people upstream. Among other things, we can note the development of local skills, the creation of income-generating activities, and the improvement of hygiene and health measures which are necessary conditions for family and social well-being. This requires a policy focused, on research in general and in particular on semiconductors that participate in the transformation of photovoltaic solar energy. We have stressed that Africa which is currently experiencing a period of economic growth and sustained transformation must be very looking at in its energy policy and give pride of place to renewable energies to initiate sustainable socio-economic development, equitable and inclusive different social strata both in rural areas and urban areas.

Analysis of offshore wind energy resources of China

With the economic development, the problems of energy shortage become increasingly severe. As offshore wind energy has advantages, namely it is clean, renewable, not accounting for land area, without noise pollution, with large reserves, etc., which gradually attracts people＇s attention. In this paper, China＇s offshore annual average wind field and monthly average wind field under the mean climate state conditions are obtained, and the corresponding wind density distribution is calculated. China＇s offshore wind energy reserves and distribution conditions through the analysis of wind energy density distribution are summarized, and finally some suggestions for coastal offshore wind energy development and utilization in China are put forward.

Analysis of Changes in Energy Consumption and Demand Trend in China's Agricultural Production

China's energy consumption for agricultural production has relied on petroleum and coal with relatively low input from power and other types of energy for a long time.Projections indicate that as China's existing development trend leads to substantial growth of energy demand for agricultural production,such a long term irrational energy consumption pattern would unlikely be able to meet the needs of the country's developing agricultural sector.As such,it is recommended that China's agricultural sector should follow the national energy development strategy guideline by gradually increasing the use of wind power,solar energy,biomass and other new energy sources while advancing technological innovations on traditional energy sources.Meanwhile,as the consumption structure of three major energy sources(i.e.petroleum,coal,and power)is optimized,development and application of biomass from agriculture as raw materials for alternative energy should be enhanced.Lastly,the development and application of wind power,solar energy,and hydropower in agricultural production should be increased in areas where appropriate.

PV-Wind-Diesel System for Energy Supply on Remote Area Applied for Telecommunication Towers in Comoros

The Comoros is an archipelago in the Indian Ocean located in the Mozambique Channel between the African continent and Madagascar. Geographically Comoros is composed of four islands: Grande Comores, Anjouan, Mohéli and Mayotte (under French administration). Apart from Mayotte, the others three independent islands commonly known as the Union of the Comoros are suffering from energy stress since their independence year 1975 until nowadays. The energy supplied and distributed by the national electricity company, SONELEC produced by diesel engines, is not stable with so much load shedding all the time. This instability energy leads to a lack of a phone network in some telecommunications towers connected to grid. The majority of telecommunications towers are located in rural areas not connected to grid and running on diesel generators, which once again leads to a problem with the telecommunications network when diesel engines fail. The two competing companies which operate in the field of telecommunications in the Comoros, namely Comores Télécom, a national public company and Telma, the private one, are still unable to ensure the provision of the telecommunications network on a regular basis. This is why we propose in the present work, a sizing of hybrid system composed essentially of a diesel generator, a wind turbine and a photovoltaic solar system with storage in batteries for supplying telecommunications towers in order to permanently ensure the provision of the telecommunications network for the well-being of the population. Our future energy must be based on non-polluting energies with significant resources. Renewable energies are the best candidates but with intermittent production especially in rural areas not connected to the national electricity grid whose energy demand is more important to meet the needs of the population. The aim of this work is the sizing of a hybrid system composed of a diesel generator, a wind turbine and a photovoltaic solar system with storage in batteries for supplying telecommunications towers located in rural areas in the Comoros. In fact, to verify the performance of the hybrid system, a numerical study has been carried out with the HOMER 2.68 Beta software using meteorological data from the Comoros. The results obtained show that this hybrid combination is more profitable in the margin of economic cost and environmental assessments with a less expensive investment. These results also show a better optimization of Wind/PV/Battery of the hybrid system used, satisfying the demand and contributing to the preservation of the environment to fight against climate change with a low cost of energy.

Biogas Technology Adoption as an Alternative Source of Energy in Domboshava Communal Area of Zimbabwe: Benefits and Challenges

The research examines challenges and opportunities of biogas technology adoption to achieve sustainable household energy in Ward 4 of Domboshava communal area,Zimbabwe.The research adopted both qualitative and quantitative research techniques.A total of 65 questionnaires were randomly distributed to households using biogas.Purposive sampling technique was employed to select key informants from the Environmental Management Agency,Netherlands Development Organisation,Zimbabwe Energy Regulatory Authority,Environment Africa and the Ward Councillor.The study revealed that the level of education attained do not influence biogas adoption(p>0.05)whereas funds availability,awareness,promoters and gender of the household head were seen to have a major effect(p<0.05).The benefits of biogas technology noted by households were that it cooks fast,provides clean energy and at the same time reducing the frequency of fire wood collection in the forest.Challenges such as lack of adequate knowledge about the technology and lack of required financial and material resources compromised the adoption of biogas technology by the households in Ward 4.The study recommends that relevant government agencies should provide accessible technical services and set up demonstration centres in every ward with a view of encouraging rural households to adopt biogas technology.

Analysis of the Technico-Economic Viability of an Electric Micro-Grid with Renewable Electricity Production Sources in Elokato-Bingerville, Cote d’Ivoire

In this study, the technico-economic viability is studied, on the basis of different scenarios of electric micro-grids with renewable energy production sources, autonomous and supplied by the interconnected grid. HOMER Pro 3.13.3 Pro simulation and optimization software, Xlstat and Energy sentinel software are used for the evaluation of different technical and economic scenarios of system components, in order to obtain the most cost-effective configuration. To do this, the case study of the village of ELOKATO identifies the optimal options for the use of renewable energies for rural electrification in order to increase the electricity coverage rate. In our case study, after the various simulations, HOMER identified 13 scenarios and configurations deemed to be the most profitable, from the parameters and configurations without photovoltaic components have high COEs and very high initial investment costs in the order of several million US $. Renewable energy power generators require high initial investments and relatively low operating costs. The most important costs are generated by the battery park and then come the photovoltaic panels. The hybrid PV/wind/diesel/hydropower system is profitable if the distance from the village to the transformer station is greater than 1.90 km. The results show great potential for using these hybridized production sources with or without a generator to meet the electricity needs of a village.

Path selection and mechanism innovation of improving railway energy efficiency–from foreign experience and Chinese practice

Purpose–Under the dual pressure of resources and environment,many countries have focused on the role of railways in promoting low-carbon development of integrated transportation and of even the whole society.This paper aims to provide a comprehensive study on methods to improve railway energy efficiency in other national railways and achievements made by China’s railways in the past practice,and then to propose ways in which in the future China’s railways could rationally select the path of improving energy efficiency regarding the needs of the nation’s ever-shifting development and carry out the re-engineering for mechanism innovation in energy conservation and emission reduction process.Design/methodology/approach–This paper first studies other national railways that have tried to promote the improvement of railway energy efficiency by the ways of technology,management and structural reconstruction to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions.Among them,the effect of structural energy conservation and emission reduction has become more prominent.It has become the main energy conservation and emission reduction measure adopted by foreign railway sectors.The practice of energy conservation and emission reduction of railways in various countries has tended to shift from a technical level to a structural one.Findings–Key aspects in improving energy efficiency include re-optimization of energy structure,reinnovation of energy-saving technologies and optimization of transportation organization.Path selection includes continuing to promote electrified railway construction,increasing the use of new and renewable energy sources,and promoting the reform of railway transportation organizations.Originality/value–This paper provides further challenges and research directions in the proposed area and has referential value for the methodologies,approaches for practice in a Chinese context.To achieve the expected goals,relevant supporting policies and measures need to be formulated,including actively guiding integrated transportation toward railway-oriented development,promoting innovation in energy-saving and emission reduction mechanisms and strengthening policy incentives,focusing on improving the energy efficiency of railways through market behavior.At the same time,it is necessary to pay attention to new phenomena in the railway industry for track and analysis.

The energy transition of the Chinese national oil companies towards renewables:An opportunity or a bottleneck?

Renewable energy is the fastest growing energy source.China,the world’s biggest energy consumer,is also the largest investor in renewable energy.Although it is expected that oil will continue to dominate the energy mix in China and in the world by 2040,a transition towards a renewable model in the energy sector is unfolding,which has also been acknowledged by international oil companies(IOCs).Then,how the Chinese national oil companies(NOCs)approach such a transition becomes important–to what extent their investment transform and what are the pressures and influences behind the transformation.This paper investigates the positions and decisions taken by the Chinese NOCs,through comparing the similarities and differences between these NOCs and IOCs.A neo-Gramscian theoretical framework that considers environmental governance through dynamics at material,organisational,and discursive levels is used to examine the Chinese NOCs’energy transition.We find that the Chinese NOCs’energy transition is determined by:materially,economic profits;organisationally,the administrative environmental governance structure that copes with the market competition against IOCs and other stateowned companies;and discursively,the political concept of ecological civilisation.

东北农村民宅可再生能源供热浅析

东北地区处于中纬度地带,冬季寒冷干燥,采暖是必须考虑的民生问题之一。为了抵御寒冷的天气,住宅要具备足够的保温防寒性能来保障居民日常生活。受地域、经济等因素影响,该地区供暖方式较为独特,最典型的就是传统火炕。随着节能社会的发展,新型农村住宅出现,提高了建筑的热舒适度和可再生资源利用率,降低了二氧化碳排放量。从东北地区住宅现状出发,结合以往的供暖方式及技术发展状况,根据可再生能源的利用情况,分析低碳节能供暖。