The combined effects of farm yard manure and boron application on growth,and oil quality of Canola grown under newly reclaimed soils

Two field experiments were conducted during the main seasons of 2021/2022 at the Research and Production Station of National Research Centre in Egypt to investigate the effects of farmyard manure(FYM)and boron on Canola growth,yield,oil yield,and quality.The results unequivocally demonstrated that the combined application of FYM at a rate of 14.4 ton ha^(-1)with a foliar spray of boron at 100 ppm positively influenced plant characteristics,leading to enhanced growth rates and higher yields compared to the control group.Moreover,this integrated approach significantly improved nutrient content by enhancing levels of oil content,carbohydrates,proteins,phenolics,flavonoids,and total soluble sugars.These findings provide compelling evidence that utilizing farm manure along with boron can effectively enhance Canola properties in newly reclaimed soils while promoting sustainable agricultural practices.

The Effects of Farmyard Manure and Mulch on Soil Physical Properties in a Reclaimed Coastal Tidal Flat Salt-Affected Soil

Careful soil management is important for the soil quality and productivity improvement of the reclaimed coastal tidal flat saline land in northern Jiangsu Province, China. Farmyard manure（ FYM） and mulch applications, which affect soil characteristics and plant significantly, are regard as an effective pattern of saline land improvement. As a conventional management in the study region, FYM and mulch are used for the amendment of the new reclaimed tidal flat regularly, but little is known about their effects on soil physical properties functioning. A study was conducted on a typical coastal tidal flat saline land, which was reclaimed in 2005, to evaluate the effects of FYM, polyethylene film mulch（PM）, straw mulch（SM）, FYM combined with PM（FYM＋PM）, FYM combined with SM（FYM＋SM）, on soil hydraulic properties and soil mechanical impedance. CK represented conventional cultivation in study area without FYM and mulch application and served as a control. The experiment, laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications, was studied in Huanghaiyuan Farm, which specialized in the agricultural utilization for coastal tidal flat. Result showed that capillary water holding capacity（CHC）, saturated water content（SWC）, saturated hydraulic conductivity（ Ks） and bulk density（BD）, cone index（CI） were affected significantly by the FYM and mulch application, especially in the 0-10 cm soil layer. FYM and mulch management increased CHC, SWC and Ks over all soil depth in the order of FYM＋SM〉FYM＋PM〉FYM〉SM〉PM〉CK. With the contrary sequence, BD and CI decreased significantly; however, FYM and mulch application affected BD and CI only in the upper soil layers. CHC, SWC and Ks decreased significantly with the increasing of soil depth, BD and CI, and a significant liner equation was found between CHC, SWC, Ks and BD, CI. With the highest CHC（38.15%）, SWC（39.55%）, Ks（6.00 mm h-1） and the lowest BD（1.26 g cm-3） and CI（2.71 MPa）, the combined management of FYM and SM was recommend to be an effective method for the melioration of reclaimed coastal tidal flat saline soil.

Influence of Long Term Fertilization with Different Mineral Fertilizers and Farmyard Manure on Some Soil Chemical Properties and Crop Yields *1

A long term fertilization experiment was carried out in an experimental field in Lyczyn near Warsaw, Poland. Application ofmineral fertilizers, especially N fertilizers with and without farmyard manure accelerated the acidification process of the soil. Application of 1.6 t CaO ha -1 every four years was essential to maintenance of the soil pH KCl at 5.5～6.6 and base saturation degree above 60%. Application of 50 t farmyard manure ha -1 every 4 years, which contained 46 kg P and 240 kg K, was sufficient to maintain both the K and P fertility of the soil. Besides, it was beneficial to alleviating soil acidification. As a result of long term unbalanced fertilization, yield responses to N, P and K fertilizers increased significantly with time. The efficiency of N from farmyard manure was found to be comparable to that of N fertilizer during 1988～1991.

Maize response to nitrogen and phosphorus starter fertilisation in mineral-fertilised or manured systems

Phosphorus(P)is an essential nutrient for maize production,but in temperate areas the P uptake during early growing stages can be limited due to low soil temperature,even though the soil was tested high in P.The objective of this study was to assess the effects of nitrogen and phosphorous(NP)starter fertilisation during early growth stages and its carryover until maize harvest,in mineral-fertilised or manured systems.A field experiment was carried out in north-west Italy during the 2019 and 2020 growing seasons.The trial compared sub-surface placement of NP(diammonium phosphate)or N alone(ammonium nitrate)in bands close to the maize seed furrows,in differing long-term(LT)fertilisation managements:two doses of urea(Min-L and Min-H),two doses of bovine slurry(Slu-L and Slu-H)or two doses of farmyard manure(Fym-L and Fym-H).The two rates,low(L)and high(H),corresponded to 170 and250 kg N ha^(-1)year^(-1) respectively.Compared to N fertilisation,NP starter fertilisation improved early maize growth assessed by leaf area index(LAI)and shoot dry weight(SDW)in all systems.The effects differed between the two years(2019:LAI+63%,SDW+67%;2020:LAI+36%,SDW+38%),as 2019was cool during the first growth.Higher LAI and SDW values were confirmed at crop flowering in the mineral-fertilised systems only.As shoot growth was enhanced by NP starter fertilisation,anthesis occurred 1 day earlier in all systems.However,a response to NP starter fertilisation at harvest was recorded in mineral-fertilised systems only(+1.3 and+3.2 t ha^(-1) in Min-L and Min-H,respectively).The uptake of P,used as a true indicator of soil nutrient availability,increased with increasing soil Olsen P until 39 mg kg^(-1).These results suggest that soil test thresholds should be revised for points above which P fertilisation should be suspended.

Ground cover management and farmyard manure effects on soil nitrogen dynamics, productivity and economics of organically grown lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. subsp, secalina)

Ground cover management and farmyard manure （FYM） management have important roles in organic lettuce production. However, there is not enough information about their combined effects. In order to assess the effects of individual and combined ground cover and FYM management on soil mineral N （NH4-N and NO3-N） dynamics, lettuce yield and economics in organic farming, a two-year field experiment was conducted on a certified organic farm in Kisa6 （Vojvodina, Serbia）. The experiment had a two-factorial split-plot completely randomized block design. FYM was applied on the half of the experimental field as a whole-plot factor, while ground cover management included the following four treatments： （I） control, without ground cover management （0）; （11） hoeing （H）; （111） agrotextile cover; （IV） straw mulch （SM）, which were applied on split plots. The applied SM and AT increased soil moisture by 12.83 and 3.73%, respectively, compared to the control treatment. FYM increased soil mineral N concentration, the lettuce fresh matter （FM） yield and nitrate concentration in lettuce. However, nitrate concentration in lettuce in all treatments was below the limit required by the European Commission （EC） （2001）. The highest lettuce yield was obtained by AT （39 122 kg）, followed by SM （33 925 kg）, and it was higher with FYM application by 16.85%. Hoeing did not positively affect the yield, probably due to its negative effect on soil moisture. Additional profit was higher with FYM, showing the following decreasing order： AT〉H〉SM〉Ф. However, value/cost ratio （VCR） was in the order Ф〉H〉SM〉AT on FYM fertilized plots. FYM application led to higher lettuce yield and higher profit and VCR. In case a farm does not have FYM, SM is the best alternative due to its positive effect on the yield and low investment costs. Keywords： hoeing, agrotextile cover, straw mulch, farmyard manure, FYM, mulch

Effects of Elemental Sulphur and Farmyard Manure on pH and Salinity of Calcareous Sandy Loam Soil and Some Nutrient Elements in Tomato Plant

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of elemental sulphur （S） and farmyard manure on soil pH, EC and N, S, P concentrations of tomato grown in a calcareous sandy loam soil. For this purpose, a pot experiment was conducted in greenhouse conditions. Sulphur was applied at 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 400 mg kg~ and farmyard manure at 0, 3 ton da^-1 to the soil. Three weeks after applications, tomato seedlings were planted and 8 weeks later, the plants were harvested to determine N, S, P concentrations and dry matter yield. Soil pH and EC were determined in the soil samples taken at 3 different periods. Effects of sulphur and farmyard manure applications were not significant on N, P concentrations and dry matter yield of tomato plant. S concentration of tomato plant was increased by sulphur alone. Soil pH was decreased and soil EC was increased in both 2^nd and 3^rd soil sampling period by the sulphur applications. As a result of farmyard manure application, soil pH decreased in the 2^nd soil sampling period but increased in the 3^rd soil sampling period. Also, soil EC was significantly increased in 1^st and 3^rd soil sampling period. Farmyard manure had no significant effect on S supply to tomato plant. The N：S ratio of tomato plant was decreased by sulphur alone. However, the sulphur with farmyard manure applications decreased N：S ratio in lesser extend compared to the S applications.

Effect of Integrated Use of Inorganic Fertilizer and Organic Manures on Bacterial Wilt Incidence (BWI) and Tuber Yield in Potato Production Systems on Hill Slopes of Central Kenya

Bacterial wilt (BW) caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the most damaging diseases of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Kenya and worldwide. In Kenya, potato tuber yield losses due to BW infection are estimated at 50 ~ 100%. Low soil fertility is also one of the most important constraints limiting potato production in central Kenya highlands. Farmers tackle this problem through use of inorganic fertilisers and organic manures, both of which amend the soil environment to influence bacterial wilt development. Undecomposed organic manures can also introduce the pathogen into a clean field. Between short rains 1999 and 2000, 10 on-farm extension-researcher- farmer-designed and farmer-managed trials were done at Kianjuki catchment in Embu District. The objective was to use farmers?participatory research approach and select the most suitable organic and inorganic fertiliser combination(s) with lowest BWI and acceptable usable tuber yields, and also to demonstrate use of some components of integrated disease management methods in reduction of disease incidence and spread. Seven treatments were proposed, presented to the farmers for discussion and the most relevant four were selected for evaluation. A newly released potato variety 慉sante?was planted during the short rains 1999 and long rains 2000. BWI didn抰 result in significant differences between treatments but the tuber yields were significantly different in short rains of 1999 and 2000. During short rains 2000, both BWI and tuber yields and unusable tubers differed significantly between treatments. The results confirmed that well- decomposed manures or manures from pathogen-free areas can be used in combination with inorganic fertilisers to improve soil fertility and potato tuber yields in smallholder farms without influencing BWI. Use of certified seed tubers in pathogen free field and following recommended field sanitation measures resulted in apparently bacterial wilt free crop. Considering the high cost of inorganic fertiliser and its negative effects on the environment, reduced usage at half the recommended rates combined with half rates of FYM is feasible option friendly to the farmer, soil and environment. The interviewed farmers also ranked the option as the most appropriate combination for soil fertility improvement for potato production in smallholder farms.

Effects of Different Organic Manure Applications on the Micro Nutrient Contents of Soil in Different Growing Seasons

This experiment aims to elaborate the influence of different organic manure applications on soil iron （Fe）, copper （Cu）, manganese （Mn） and zinc （Zn） contents in three successive seasons. Farmyard manure （FM）, chicken manure （CM） and blood meal （BM） and their mixtures and 1 control collectively 18 applications were tested under the open field conditions. All micro nutrients tended to increase with regard to the successive applications some of which were found to be statistically significant to a different extent. Considering the seasonal mean, an increase between the seasons in Fe, Cu and Mn contents were found to be statistically insignificant, whereas the Zn content was found to be statistically significant. CM gave rise to an augmentation in Cu, the Mn and Zn contents, BM also showed a tendency to increase in Fe contents of soils, but we recommend using BM only in small quantities due to the unfavorable features of the material. Summing up, 2.5 ton ha^-1 CM ＋ 0.3 ton ha^-1 BM and 2.5 ton ha^-1 CM ＋ 4.0 ton ha^-1 FM applications gave the better results.

Effects of Different Organic Manure Applications on the Macro Nutrient Contents of Soil in Different Growing Seasons

Different kind of organic manure, farmyard manure （FM）, chicken manure （CM） and blood meal （BM）, was tested during three successive seasons in order to reveal the effects of the applications on the macro nutrient contents of soil under cabbage （Brassica oleracea L.） growth. 17 organic manures and ! control, collectively 18 treatments, were used in a randomized block design with four replications under the open field conditions. As a result, total nitrogen （N）, phosphorus （P）, magnesium （Mg） and potassium （K） contents were influenced by the treatments to a different extent, while calcium （Ca） contents were less influenced. Evaluating the seasonal mean, P and K contents rose significantly from autumn 1 to autumn 2 season, but the increase in total N, Ca and Mg contents were found to be statistically insignificant. Consequently, 10.0 ton ha-1 FM ＋ 1.2 ton hal CM and 1.7 ton ha-1 CM ＋ 7.5 ton ha^-1 FM treatments gave the better results than the others. FM and CM treatments gave the better results than the BM treatment and we concluded that the BM should be used in small quantities in mixtures.

不同肥料对樟木林小叶烟与大宁烟农艺性状·物理特性和化学成分的影响

[目的]探明适于樟木小叶烟和大宁烟不同有机肥料施用措施,为扩大广西晒烟种植规模提供科学依据。[方法]采用田间试验,研究施加复合肥、烟草专用有机肥、农家肥(桐子枯、花生麸、鸡粪和火土灰)的不同肥料组合对樟木林小叶烟和大宁烟的生长、调制后烟叶物理特性和化学成分的影响。[结果]对樟木林小叶烟而言,Z2和Z4处理烟株发育较好,其中叶面积能达810.58 cm^(2);Z2处理单叶重最大,其填充值较Z1处理增加了29.03%;对于樟木林小叶烟和大宁烟而言,总糖和还原糖含量分别在Z2与Z4和D1和D4施肥处理下最好,樟木林小叶烟相对大宁烟是低烟碱低钾高氯。[结论]樟木林小叶烟和大宁烟有机肥加复合肥的施用措施中,樟木林小叶烟和大宁烟可分别每株多施加花生麸和鸡粪与桐子枯、鸡粪和火土灰农家肥来代替烟草专用有机肥,对烟株生长发育和品质形成更好。

有机肥替代农家肥对白菜制种产量的影响

有机肥替代农家肥是近年来我国发展环保农业的重要举措,对于改善农村生态环境,提高农作物质量和产量具有重要的生态战略意义。以白菜早熟5号为供试作物,在不同地块分别施用生物有机肥和农家肥牛粪进行肥效对比试验。结果表明,在不同地块,有机肥处理的白菜农艺性状和产量指标均高于农家肥处理。熟土地施用有机肥增产11.93%,生土地则增产27.53%,生土地施用有机肥后增产效果更好,而熟土地施用有机肥的实际产量更高。

腐熟农家肥施用量和施用方法对烤烟产质量的影响

为探明腐熟农家肥(牛粪)不同施用量和施用方法对烤烟产质量的影响,以云烟87为试验材料,采取双因素试验,施用量设置6个水平,分别为0、2 250、3 750、7 500、11 250、15 000 kg/hm^(2),施用方法设置撒施和条施2个水平。结果表明:腐熟农家肥3 750 kg/hm^(2)条施处理下的烟叶综合表现最佳,其次为7 500 kg/hm^(2)条施处理。

农家肥施用对土壤理化性质及烤烟生长发育的影响

为探究农家有机肥在烤烟生产上的应用潜力,改良植烟土壤不良生态环境,提升烟叶质量品质。以农家有机肥为试验材料,设置不同用量的农家肥与烤烟专用复合肥配施,农家肥用量水平设置为CK:0 kg/hm^(2)、T1:1500 kg/hm^(2)、T2:3000 kg/hm^(2)、T3:4500 kg/hm^(2)、T4:6000 kg/hm^(2),以此研究农家肥对植烟土壤理化性质和烤烟生长发育的影响。结果表明:与CK相比,农家肥处理土壤pH、有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾均有一定改善和提高。有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量分别最多增长101.9%、78.1%、53.7%、83.3%,并总体呈现出随施肥量增加,正向效应逐渐增强。烟叶生育方面,施肥处理中T1效果最佳,与CK相较,株高、茎围、最大叶和倒3叶生长均有良好促进作用,烤烟的产量、产值分别增加192.75 kg/hm^(2)、7776.0元/hm^(2)。烤烟生产中农家肥施入量以1500 kg/hm^(2)效果最佳,利于提升烟叶产质量。

长期培肥黑土脲酶活性动态变化及其影响因素

以东北典型黑土区长期 (自 1980年 )不同培肥试验地土壤为研究对象 ,采用两种不同量有机肥、化肥和不施肥 4个处理 ,对土壤脲酶在作物生长季的动态变化进行研究 .结果表明 ,施用有机肥 ,生长季黑土脲酶活性明显高于施用化肥和不施肥 ,其生长季脲酶保护容量在 16 0mg·kg-1·h-1以上 ,季节性变化平稳 ,保持土壤脲酶免遭变性、免遭分解作用显著 .脲酶活性的动态变化与绝大多数土壤生物、理化特性指标的动态变化没有明显的相关性 ;与土壤生物、理化特性 ,植物N、P、K有极显著的正相关关系 ;与土壤含水量。

长期培肥黑土微生物量碳动态变化及影响因素

以东北典型黑土区长期采用 2种不同量有机肥 (M2 、M4)、化肥 (NPK)和不施肥 (CK) 4种方式培肥土壤为研究对象 ,对生长季微生物量碳的动态变化进行研究 .结果表明 ,施用有机肥 ,微生物量碳显著高于施用化肥和不施肥 ,容量在 6 2 0mg·kg-1以上 .在各处理中 ,微生物量碳大小顺序为M4>M2 >NPK CK .M2 、M4微生物量碳最大峰值出现在抽雄吐丝期 ,NPK最大峰值出现在播种期 ,CK最大峰值出现在蜡熟期 ,季节性变化平稳 .施肥数量和种类不同所引起的微生物量碳的差异 ,并未因季节变化及玉米生育时期影响而改变 .微生物量碳的动态变化与绝大多数黑土生物、理化特性指标动态变化无显著相关性 ;与黑土生物、理化特性 ,植物氮、磷、钾及作物籽粒粗蛋白含量之间存在较好的正相关性 .

长期培肥黑土微生物量磷动态变化及影响因素

长期采用两种不同量有机肥 (M2 、M4)、化肥 (NPK)方式培肥黑土 ,研究微生物量P在作物生长季动态变化 .结果表明 ,施用有机肥微生物量P显著高于施用化肥 (NPK)和不施肥 (CK) ,微生物量P分别为M48 75～ 4 7 6 8mg·kg-1,M2 3 0 2～ 37 16mg·kg-1,NPK 1 5 9～ 10 6 2mg·kg-1,CK 0 76～ 6 74mg·kg-1之间 ,波动性较大 .M4、M2 处理微生物量P最大值出现在抽雄吐丝期 ,NPK、CK处理最大值出现在大喇叭口期 ;施肥数量和种类不同所引起的黑土微生物量P的差异并未因季节变化及玉米生育时期影响而明显改变 .微生物量P的动态变化与绝大多数黑土生物、理化特性指标的动态变化没有显著的相关性 ;微生物量P与黑土生物、理化特性 (除全钾外 ) ,植物氮、磷、钾含量有极显著的正相关关系 ,与黑土含水量呈显著正相关关系 .

长期不同施肥方式对小麦/玉米间作土壤蔗糖酶活性的影响

通过小麦与玉米带田20年长期定位施肥试验,研究了长期施用化肥和有机肥对蔗糖酶活性的影响。试验结果表明:施绿肥对提高土壤蔗糖酶活性最为明显,其次是秸秆、氮肥、农家肥;蔗糖酶活性随着生育期的不同而不同,在播前酶活性最低,小麦收获后酶活性达到最大,到玉米收获后降低。在施肥中,有机肥配施氮肥蔗糖酶活性最高;土壤蔗糖酶活性与碱解氮和土壤有机质、速效钾未达到显著相关,土壤蔗糖酶活性与土壤有效磷达到显著相关;速效氮、磷、钾之间达到极显著相关。

陕西省有机肥料施用状况分析评价

根据陕西省土壤肥料工作站14年农户肥料施用调查结果,对陕西有机肥施用的历史和现状进行了剖析.有机肥在农团总养分(N+P2O5+K2O)投入中的比重逐年减少,2000年只占46.9％,比1986年下降了近23个百分点.在农田钾素主要依靠有机肥供应的情况下,有机肥投入的减少造成土壤基础肥力逐年下降,有些地区出现钾素营养不足现象.在投肥总量上尽管粮食作物依然为主体,但单位面积投肥量果树、蔬菜则高于粮食作物.特别是从20世纪90年代中期开始一些地区在苹果上的投肥量明显增加,占投肥总量的50％左右.此外,分析了有机肥投入减少的原因,并提出商品有机肥将是今后提高有机肥投入的有效途径.

长期施肥和气候因素对东北黑土区玉米产量的影响

本试验以公主岭国家黑土监测基地为平台,研究玉米连作条件下施肥及气候因素对产量的可持续性影响。试验共设有机肥和化肥N、P、K的不同组合共24个试验处理。结果表明,与不施有机肥相比,施用常量有机肥和高量有机肥(FYM1、FYM2)均可以显著提高玉米产量,产量分别达到7668kg/hm2和7925kg/hm2,FYM(无有机肥)处理为5718kg/hm2。有机肥配施化肥比单施化肥也有明显的增产作用,施用N肥165kg/hm2可以显著增加玉米产量,单施磷素、钾素及磷钾配施增产作用不明显,表明土壤中的磷钾营养水平没有限制作物产量。降雨量与产量的相关分析结果表明,磷、钾处理的产量与8月份的降雨量显著相关。

农家肥不同施用方式对烟草生长及烤烟品质的影响

【目的】探索烟草生产中农家肥合理的施用方式,为烟草施肥提供科学依据。【方法】采用田间试验,根据不同施肥方式设条施(施肥沟宽5～8cm,深18～20cm)、穴施(施肥穴直径为15cm,深18～20cm)、双条施(施肥单沟宽5～8cm,两沟相隔15～18cm,深15～18cm)和撒施(翻耕前将肥料均匀撒入)4个处理,测定烟株农艺性状及烟叶化学成分,并对原烟进行品质鉴定和评吸分级。【结果】双条施处理团棵期前大田烟株生长发育较好,株高相对较高,打顶及打顶后中部和上部叶片的单叶叶面积最大,烟叶的开片总体效果最好;双条施处理烟叶的化学成分协调性、感官质量较好,中、上等烟比例最高,为91.8%;条施处理产量与产值均为最高,分别为2383.05kg/ha和28834.91元/ha,双条施处理次之,产量与产值分别为2292.45kg/ha和27967.89元/ha。【结论】双条施方式处理最有利于促进烟株的生长发育及提高烤后烟叶品质。