Axial length/corneal radius of curvature ratio and refractive development evaluation in 3-to 4-year-old children: the Shanghai Pudong Eye Study

AIM: To measure and analysis axial length(AL)/corneal radius of curvature(CRC) ratio and other refractive parameters, provide a medical reference range for refractive development evaluation and earlier visual impairment screening of 3 to 4 y kindergarten students.METHODS: Between April and June 2017, a total of 4350 participants aged 3-to 4-year-old(8700 eyes) from 10 cluster random sampling kindergartens in Shanghai, Pudong District were involved. According to the measurement and analysis of the unaided visual acuity(VA), AL, CRC, AL/CRC ratio, astigmatism and other refractive parameters, the data distribution and reference range were obtained.RESULTS: Uncorrected VA of examined children was 0.23±0.08(logMAR, mean±SD) [95% confidence interval(CI) range ≤0.36];AL was 22.10±0.79 mm(95%CI 20.55-23.65);CRC was 7.86±0.26 mm(95%CI, 7.35-8.37);AL/CRC ratio was 2.81±0.12(95%CI, 2.57-3.05). The median of astigmatism was-0.5 D, a total of 56.3% had astigmatism <-0.50 D, 85.3%<-1.00 D, 6.7%>-1.50 D;71% were astigmatism with the rule. Eye-specific analyses were conducted. Statistical difference of VA was in right and left eyes. There were no significant differences between two eyes of AL, CRC, AL/CRC ratio and astigmatism(P>0.05).CONCLUSION: VA and AL/CRC ratio reference could be used to assess refractive development in children and screening uncorrected refractive errors or amblyopia. Astigmatism needs to be considered in the diagnosis.

Material Removal Model Considering Influence of Curvature Radius in Bonnet Polishing Convex Surface

The bonnet tool polishing is a novel, advanced and ultra-precise polishing process, by which the freeform surface can be polished. However, during the past few years, not only the key technology of calculating the dwell time and controlling the surface form in the bonnet polishing has been little reported so far, but also little attention has been paid to research the material removal function of the convex surface based on the geometry model considering the influence of the curvature radius. Firstly in this paper, for realizing the control of the freeform surface automatically by the bonnet polishing, on the basis of the simplified geometric model of convex surface, the calculation expression of the polishing contact spot on the convex surface considering the influence of the curvature radius is deduced, and the calculation model of the pressure distribution considering the influence of the curvature radius on the convex surface is derived by the coordinate transformation. Then the velocity distribution model is built in the bonnet polishing the convex surface. On the basis of the above research and the semi-experimental modified Preston equation obtained from the combination method of experimental and theoretical derivation, the material removal model of the convex surface considering the influence of the curvature radius in the bonnet polishing is established. Finally, the validity of the model through the simulation method has been validated. This research presents an effective prediction model and the calculation method of material removal for convex surface in bonnet polishing and prepares for the bonnet polishing the free surface numerically and automatically.

Research and Application for the Regularity of Distribution about Curvature Radius and Curvature Center of the Linkage Point Track in a Link Mechanism

It is illustrated that there exists an inflection circle on the linkage rigid body by the principle of relative motion. Confirmed methods of the inflection circle, curvature radius and curvature center of the point track on the linkage rigid body are given in the case of the different contact type of move instantaneous center line and static instantaneous center line. The regularity of distribution of curvature radius and curvature center of the point track is researched. The identification methods called determination parameters and auxiliary vertical line of the diameter and direction of the inflection circle in the four bar mechanism are pointed out. A design method of the crane hoisting mechanism is discussed in the end of this paper.

Ground settlement and tunnel response due to twin-curved shield tunnelling in soft ground with small clear distance

Twin curved tunnels are often encountered in shield tunnelling,where significant complexities in densely exploited underground space are observed.In this study,the ground settlement and tunnel deformation due to twin-curved shield tunnelling in soft ground were investigated using numerical simulation and field monitoring.Different curvature radii of twin curved tunnels and subsequent effects of tunnel construction were considered to reveal the tunnelling effect on ground surface settlement and tunnel deformation.The results show that the settlement trough yields one offset towards inside of curved shield tunnelling.The location of settlement trough and maximum settlement were affected by curvature radius but except for the shape and width of settlement trough.Adjacent parallel twin-curved shield tunnelling could increase the offset of existing settlement trough and maximum settlement.Then,an empirical prediction of surface settlement trough due to twin-curved shield tunnelling with same tunnel diameters in soft clay was proposed,which was applicable to curvature radius less than 800 m.Finally,a minimum radius of 600 m of curvature tunnel was proposed in terms of allowable convergence deformation of tunnel.The result could provide guidance on safety evaluation for twin curved shield tunnelling construction.

Discharge evolution law of debris flow based on a sharp bend physical modeling test

For the basins with debris flow development,its channel terrain exhibits a tortuous shape,which significantly restricts the movement of debris flows and leads to severe erosion effects on the concave bank.Therefore,this study aims to analyze the shear force of debris flows within the bend channel.We established the relationship between the shear force and bend curvature through laboratory experiments.Under the long-term erosion by debris flows,the curvature radius of bends gradually increases,however,when this increasing trend reaches an equilibrium state with the intensity of debris flow discharge,there will be no significant change in curvature radius.In general,the activity pattern and discharges of debris flows would remain relatively stable.Hence,we can infer the magnitude of debris flow discharges from the terrain parameters of the bend channel.

Measuring Method of Radius of Curvature Based on Dual-Frequency Laser Interferometer

In order to achieve high-accuracy measurement of radius of curvature of optical sphere, ultra-high accuracy radius of curvature testing device is developed by dual-frequency laser interferometer and Fizeau interferometer based on cat’s eye and confocal method. Through analyzing the error source models of radius of curvature testing, optical configuration of the testing device has been optimized. Precise environment control and real-time monitoring system is also established to reduce the errors caused by environment. Through the above processes, the radius of curvature measurement relative accuracy is better than 2 ppm. One optical sphere, R88.5 mm, test aperture 59 mm, has been tested. Testing result is 88499.465 ± 0.176 μm, meeting the design requirement. The method has high accuracy and practical advantages.

Effect of prestressed ultrasonic peen forming parameters on bending curvature and spherical deformation of plate

The elastic prestressed ultrasonic peen forming(UPF)was adopted in order to solve problems of insufficient bending deformation and large spherical deformation of plate during free UPF.The theoretical analysis of prestressed UPF and the influence of elastic prebending moment on deformation were analyzed.Spherical deformation coefficient was defined to quantificationally describe the spherical deformation.Experiments were conducted to compare the differences between free UPF and prestressed UPF processes and the effects of processing parameters on bending curvature and spherical deformation coefficient were studied.The results show that peening trajectory in chordwise direction is beneficial to enlarging spanwise bending deformation and decreasing spherical deformation coefficient.Large prebending curvature is helpful to increase spanwise bending deformation and decrease chordwise deformation,thereby obviously decreasing spherical deformation coefficient.Large spanwise deformation can be obtained under large firing pin velocity,small plate thickness and small offset distance.Large firing pin velocity plays a positive role in decreasing spherical deformation,while plate thickness and offset distance have little effect on it.Above all,prebending curvature and peening trajectory are the most important factors during prestressed UPF process.This study provides guidance for parameters optimization of prestressed UPF for wing plate with large thickness.

Small Excess and the Topology of Open Manifolds with Ricci Curvature Negatively Lower Bounded

In this paper, we study the relation between the excess of open manifolds and their topology by using the methods of comparison geometry. We prove that a complete open Riemmannian manifold with Ricci curvature negatively lower bounded is of finite topological type provided that the conjugate radius is bounded from below by a positive constant and its Excess is bounded by some function of its conjugate radius, which improves some results in [4].

Numerical Research of the Influences of the Outer Raceway Curvature Radii on the EHL Properties of Ball Bearing

Based on numerical simulation, the influences of outer raceway curvature radii on some EHL properties of deep groove ball bearing were studied in detail. It was found that the second peak film pressure value decreases with the increase of curvature radius Ry. The minimal film thickness increases at first and then decreases with the increase of curvature radius Ry. The minimum film thickness reaches the maximal value when curvature radius Ry is about 1.7r. Film thickness becomes thinner with the increase of Rx with keeping other parameters constant. The conclusions obtained in this paper are very helpful to practical design of ball bearings.

摩擦驱动焊接小车牵引力和通过性分析

针对焊接小车对变曲率半径工件适应性差的问题,进行了理论研究,改进焊接小车的驱动系统,建立了焊接小车在斜坡工况下的力学模型,分析了焊接小车运动过程中的牵引力变化规律,为焊接小车设计提供了理论支持。在此基础上,研究了焊接小车在外圆曲面和内圆曲面工况下的通过性,并计算出了2种特殊工况下特定结构和尺寸的焊接小车可以通过的最小曲率半径。基于上述分析结果设计出了一款基于摩擦传动的焊接小车,并进行了仿真验证,结果表明该焊接小车在变曲率半径轨道上具有良好的通过性,可以为焊接小车的设计提供技术保障。

基于首行波曲率半径的交直流互联电网交流输电线路单端量保护

交直流互联电网中逆变侧交流输电线路故障特征与纯交流系统具有较大的差异性,传统交流输电线路的保护方案已经不再适用于逆变侧交流输电线路.首先,基于逆变侧交流输电线路发生区内、外故障时拓扑结构的不同,分别推导了两种情况下线模故障分量电流首行波的表达式,理论上明确了交流输电线路在发生区内、外故障时首行波波形特征的差异性.其次,采用小波变换模极大值法和Levenberg-Marquardt算法提取首行波曲率半径,构造了利用首行波曲率半径进行故障区域识别的高可靠性单端量保护方案.最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建交直流互联电网模型,使用MATLAB对保护方案进行验证.仿真结果表明:所提保护方案快速有效,可靠性高,耐受过渡电阻的能力较强,具有良好的抗噪声能力.

拱顶储罐罐顶缺陷漏磁检测技术研究

针对拱顶储罐在长期使用过程中,罐顶因环境因素和储存介质的影响造成内外壁腐蚀损伤而严重威胁储罐安全运行的问题,对拱顶储罐罐顶进行了缺陷漏磁检测技术研究。建立了罐顶漏磁检测三维模型,并采用有限元分析方法对该模型进行求解;分析不同影响因素对漏磁信号特征的影响,通过对漏磁场峰值的拟合,得到了不同影响因素对罐顶缺陷漏磁场的影响规律。结果表明,外壁半球形缺陷漏磁检测信号峰值与缺陷半径符合线性拟合规律,内壁半球形缺陷漏磁检测信号峰值与缺陷半径符合二次拟合规律,加强肋处形成的漏磁检测信号与缺陷检测信号波形相反。通过试验验证了漏磁检测方法能有效检测储罐罐顶的缺陷,并能确定缺陷的深度和位置。

大坝一等水平位移监测网数据处理流程及精度保障措施

大坝水平位移监测网是大坝变形监测的平面基准,监测网的精度关系大坝变形监测结果的可靠性和大坝安全鉴定结论的正确性。为了提高监测网数据处理精度,依托大型水电站大坝监测网复测项目,研究分析相对湿度、斜距化平方法、地球曲率半径对边长改化的影响。结果表明:相对湿度修正对边长的影响值最大可达2 ppm,斜距化平时采用高差计算的边长比采用垂直角计算的边长精度高0.05~1.95 ppm,用测区地球平均曲率半径代替测距边法截线地球曲率半径对投影边长的影响值最大可达0.08 ppm;高精度大坝水平位移监测网数据处理时,应用相对湿度修正实测边长,优先选用高差斜距化平,可用测区地球平均曲率半径代替测距边法截线地球曲率半径。研究成果可为类似项目提供有益参考。

复杂曲面机器人砂带磨抛材料去除深度预测模型及试验研究

针对复杂曲面零件的磨抛过程中曲率半径对机器人砂带磨抛加工中型面精度的影响,开展基于多曲率半径镍基高温合金的机器人磨抛加工试验研究。主要探究不同曲率半径的试验件的磨抛加工性,对不同曲率半径的镍基高温合金试验件进行砂带磨抛加工设置相应的砂带粒度和磨抛工艺参数,采集试验件的材料去除深度,并对试验结果进行研究分析。试验结果表明,曲率半径的变化对材料去除深度存在着一定的影响,在曲率半径由大到小的变化中,材料去除深度也随之增加,即材料去除深度与曲率半径呈负相关关系。基于多元非线性回归模型提出关于砂带粒度、进给速度、接触力、工件曲率半径等影响因素的机器人砂带磨抛材料去除深度预测模型,模型的平均预测误差为1.45μm,准确率达到91.04%,预测误差区间为–5.34~4.57μm,并对预测模型进行显著性检验,表明该预测模型可为实际机器人砂带磨抛加工前期工艺参数设计提供重要的理论支持。

眼轴长度与角膜曲率半径比值对儿童青少年近视诊断价值的Meta分析

目的:探讨眼轴长度与角膜曲率半径比值对儿童青少年近视的诊断价值。方法:计算机检索PubMed、Embase、The Cochrane Library、CNKI、CBM、WanFang Data和VIP数据库,收集有关眼轴长度与角膜曲率半径比值诊断儿童青少年近视的临床研究,检索时间为建库至2023-09-30。提取资料并应用QUADAS-2工具进行文献质量评价;采用随机效应模型合并诊断试验效应量,并进行Meta回归和亚组分析探究异质性来源。结果:共纳入10篇文献,涉及研究对象19872人,Meta分析结果显示,眼轴长度与角膜曲率半径比值诊断儿童青少年近视的合并灵敏度为0.91[95%CI(0.90-0.91)],合并特异度为0.84[95%CI(0.84-0.85)],SROC曲线下面积为0.95[95%CI(0.93-0.96)]。结论:眼轴长度与角膜曲率半径比值可较好判断儿童青少年近视。

利用光杠杆测透镜的曲率半径

基于光杠杆测量物体微小形变的思想,结合光杠杆与迈克耳孙干涉仪移动平台,搭建了测量透镜曲率半径的装置.利用光杠杆足尖位置和平凸透镜所在球面的几何关系,推导出曲率半径的测量公式,并测量了不同规格透镜的曲率半径.实验结果表明:使用该装置测量的曲率半径与利用牛顿环装置的测量值相近.

两点弯曲下柔性玻璃变形和疲劳行为研究

基于两点弯曲法加载方式及原理,分析了柔性玻璃的弯曲变形及疲劳行为,推导了弯曲曲率半径、弯曲应力与板间距之间的定量关系,基于高周疲劳理论,建立了柔性玻璃的应力-寿命(S-N_f)模型。结果表明,两点弯曲作用下,柔性玻璃试样的厚度不会改变其弯曲挠曲线轨迹,通过调节板间距,可获得试验所需的试样弯曲曲率半径。忽略柔性玻璃厚度的影响,试样的弯曲曲率半径与板间距呈线性关系,弯曲最大拉应力与弯曲曲率半径成反比。选择的最小弯曲曲率半径R_(min)越大,试样疲劳寿命越高,最大弯曲曲率半径R_(max)值的增大并不会显著影响试样的弯曲疲劳次数。Basquin模型能够有效预测不同交变应力或不同弯曲曲率半径作用下柔性玻璃的弯曲疲劳寿命。

破片撞击裸药柱临界起爆速度判据的研究

为了获得破片以不同入射角撞击不同曲率半径裸药柱的冲击起爆判据,以Held提出的判据为基础,考虑破片入射角和裸药柱曲率半径2个因素,采用Autodyn软件对球形破片撞击裸药柱的过程展开了数值仿真计算,得到了30种工况下炸药装药的临界起爆速度,获得了破片入射角、裸药柱曲率半径对炸药临界起爆速度的影响规律,通过Matlab软件拟合得到修正项,建立了关于破片入射角和裸药柱曲率半径的炸药临界起爆速度修正判据。结果显示建立的修正判据和数值仿真结果吻合较好,表明该修正判据可以较好地预测裸药柱的冲击起爆条件。

眼轴长度与角膜曲率半径比值在儿童青少年近视评估中的效能

目的:评估眼轴长度与角膜曲率半径比值(AL/CR)在儿童青少年近视诊断中的价值。方法:收集2022-01/2023-12在北海市第二人民医院视光门诊初次就诊的儿童青少年2182例4364眼的屈光度及眼生物学参数,并进行分析。结果:受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)分析显示,AL/CR诊断近视具有更高的曲线下面积(AUC=0.925,95%CI为0.917-0.933),且AL/CR=3.053时,Youden指数最大,随着AL/CR界值变小,近视诊断的灵敏度呈升高趋势,特异度则有所下降。与筛查性近视相比,AL/CR=3.053诊断近视的灵敏度偏低,但特异度较高,尤其在远视和近视前期者中表现更明显。结论:AL/CR对于近视诊断的准确性优于眼轴长度及平均角膜曲率,且具有更高的特异度;随着AL/CR界值变小,其诊断近视的灵敏度增加,但特异度下降。在远视和近视前期者中,AL/CR对于近视诊断的特异度高于筛查性近视。