Spatiotemporal Changes of Snow Depth in Western Jilin,China from 1987 to 2018

Seasonal snow cover is a key global climate and hydrological system component drawing considerable attention due to glob-al warming conditions.However,the spatiotemporal snow cover patterns are challenging in western Jilin,China due to natural condi-tions and sparse observation.Hence,this study investigated the spatiotemporal patterns of snow cover using fine-resolution passive mi-crowave(PMW)snow depth(SD)data from 1987 to 2018,and revealed the potential influence of climate factors on SD variations.The results indicated that the interannual range of SD was between 2.90 cm and 9.60 cm during the snowy winter seasons and the annual mean SD showed a slightly increasing trend(P>0.05)at a rate of 0.009 cm/yr.In snowmelt periods,the snow cover contributed to an increase in volumetric soil water,and the change in SD was significantly affected by air temperature.The correlation between SD and air temperature was negative,while the correlation between SD and precipitation was positive during December and March.In March,the correlation coefficient exceeded 0.5 in Zhenlai,Da’an,Qianan,and Qianguo counties.However,the SD and precipitation were neg-atively correlated over western Jilin in October,and several subregions presented a negative correlation between SD and precipitation in November and April.

DYNAMICS OF SANDY DESERTIFICATION AND ITS DRIVING FORCES IN WESTERN JILIN PROVINCE

By establishing the interpreting elements, and applying supervised classification, the sandy desertific- ation was interpreted and the desertified land areas of the counties in the western Jilin Province in 1986 and in 2000 were obtained. Taking Tongyu and Qian’an as examples, the natural driving forces and man-made driving forces were analyzed. The paper comes the conclusions that the material sources and the warming and dry climate are the internal causes of potential land desertification; the irrational human activities, such as destroying forest and reclaiming the grassland, are the external causes of potential land desertification; while more rational human activities, such as planting trees and restoring grassland can reverse the land desertification. Furthermore, the countermeasures and suggestions for the development of agriculture and animal husbandry in the western Jilin Province are put forward.

Impact of Land-use Patterns on Distributed Groundwater Recharge and Discharge——A Case Study of Western Jilin,China

The impact of land-use on distributed groundwater recharge and discharge in the western Jilin (WJ) was analyzed in this study. WJ is a transitional, semi-arid zone with a fragile, hydrological closed ecosystem in the Songhua River Basin (SRB). The research tool includes a seamlessly linked MODFLOW, WetSpass, the Seepage packages, and ArcGIS. The model calibration showed good agreement between simulated water table elevation and measured water table depths, while predicted groundwater discharge zones showed strong correlations with field occurrences of drainage systems and wetlands. Simulated averages for distributed recharge, water table elevation and groundwater drawdown were 377.42mm/yr, 194.43m, and 0.18m respectively. Forest vegetation showed the highest recharge, followed by ag- ricultural farmlands, while open-water and other drainage systems constituted groundwater exit zones. When present land-use conditions were compared with the hypothetical natural pre-development scenario, an overall loss of ground- water recharge (24.09mm/yr) was observed, which for the project area is 18.05×108m3. Groundwater abstraction seemed to be the cause of water table drawdown, especially in the immediate vicinities of the supply wells. An important issue of the findings was the ability of the hypothetical forest vegetation to protect, and hence sustain aquifer reserves and dependent ecosystems. The profound data capture capability of ArcGIS makes it particularly useful in spa- tio-temporal hydroecological modeling.

Experimental study on dispersive soil in western Jilin

In order to research engineering geological properties of the soil in Zhenlai of western Jilin,especially the dispersivity of soil,the authors carried out the basic physicochemical test and dispersivity identification test.The results show that the dispersivity of the soil increases with the increase of depth within 0-30 cm (surface soil);it decreases as the depth increases within in 30-100 cm.Furthermore,the statistical analysis of the dispersivity indexes and physicochemical propertity indexes show that the DP is positively linear correlated with total soluble salt content,sodium ion content,ESP,pH and organic matter content.Meanwhile,it is negatively linear correlated with clay content,and the linear relationship is better.Through the study of the dispersion mechanism of soil samples,it can be concluded that sodium montmorillonite,higher percentage of exchangeable sodium and high pH are the main reasons for the dispersion of soils in western Jilin.

RESPONSES OF WETLAND ECO SECURITY TO LAND USE CHANGE IN WESTERN JILIN PROVINCE, CHINA

By the use of the software of ARCGIS, dynamic changes of the landscape elements, landscape structure, conversion processes of the landscape gradients and the responses of wetland eco-security to land use/cover changes (LUCC) in the western Jilin Province were studied from 1930 to 2000. The results show that the landscape elements of grassland, wetland, forestland and water area shrank rapidly, and wetlands underwent huge losses in the study period due to the conversion from wetland into arable land and grassland in large quantities. The responses of wetland eco-security to LUCC were inverse evolvement of wetland vegetation, loss of biodiversity, water deficiency in wetland ecosystem, the changes of the heterogeneity of wetlands and the fragmentation of the wetland habitats. Suggestions were given for protection of wetlands and the regional sustainable development.

Spatial analysis of the impact of land-use on surface runoff and soil erosion—a case study of western Jilin

The impact of land-use on surface runoff and soil erosion is still poorly understood at basin scale. Thus in the Western Jilin Ecosystem (WJE), surface runoff and soil erosion were measured against identified land-use types in the basin. Due to the spatial nature of the analysis, GIS ArcMap version 9.1 and the WetSpass model were used in the simulation process. In the study, the WetSpass model was extended with the Dynamic Sediment Balance Equation (Ziegler et al., 1997), to simulate and quantify soil erosion. A hypothetical natural grassland scenario was developed for the study area and compared with the present land-use management conditions. The results indicate significant differences in runoff and soil erosion across the different land-use types both within and between the two scenarios. Calculated averages of surface runoff and soil erosion for the present land-use management were 48.03 mm/a and 83.43 kg/(m 2·a) respectively. Those for the hypothetical natural grassland scenario were 24.70 mm/a and 78.36 kg/(m 2·a) . Thus an overall decrease in runoff and soil erosion was observed as the conditions changed from the present land-use management to the hypothetical natural grassland state. Under the present land-use management, urban settlements exhibited the highest surface runoff but one of the least soil erosions, while bare-lands showed the highest soil erosion. It was more generally observed that runoff and erosion varies with vegetation type/density. It was concluded based on the research findings that the present land-use management might not be the best scenario for the ecosystem as it showed increased basin runoff and soil erosion in comparison with the natural grassland vegetation. Since no best scenario was simulated for or advanced in the study, further research to develop a more balanced land management system is thus required. The findings of the study can assist in the identification of vulnerable/fragile ecosystems in the basin and to guide sustainable future planning and development of the basin.

The relationships between land use change and demographic dynamics in western Jilin province

Demographic change was thought to although there were several interacting factors be the most major driver of land use change involved, especially in the developing coun- tries. In this paper, we selected western Jilin province in China as the study area to provide a case study for understanding the relationship between spatial-temporal pattern of the land use change and population dynamics from 1975 to 2010. The results showed that the change of farmland area percentage could be modeled well by using a quadratic function, the least area percentage of farmland was 15.4% in areas where the population density was 0 peo- ple/km2, and farmland area percentage had a greatest value of 94.8% when population den- sity was 199.25 people/km2. The area percentage of grassland, water body and wetland de- creased exponentially with population density increased. The relationship between land use degree and population density could be modeled well by using a logistic regression models. Due to economic growth and technological progress and the existence of Hollow Village phenomenon, land use degree still increased in areas where population density was negative growth. In addition, land use dynamics increased exponentially with population density change. Land use relative change of woodland, grassland, built-up land and wetland were proportional to population density change. According to the simulation results of the land use structure and land use degree, Da＇an and Zhenlai had the greatest possibility to be further reclaimed. As sensitive and fragile areas, it was of significance to study environmental pro- tection and ecologic construction on Tongyu and Qian＇an.

Spatial distribution of sandy desertification change in the west of Jilin Province

The sandy land of the western part of Jilin Province is located in the ecotone of semi-humid and semi-arid area in the temperate zone of China. The sandy desertification has widely spread in the region because of the vulnerable natural conditions and the unreasonable human activity; as a result of this, the precious land resources and the economic development in the area have been seriously impacted. In this paper, the sandy land ecologic environment geographic information system is established based on the multi-spectral, multi-temporal Landsat TM images and field investigation. The comprehensive indexes of sandy desertification extent assessment which include vegetation degradation, wind erosion extent and soil depth are presented to classify the sandy land in western Jilin into three levels--slight, moderate and severe sandy desertification with the support of GIS platform. The results demonstrate that the sandy desertification has been partly controlled in the past twenty years, except some small sites. However, this doesn't necessarily mean that there is nothing for more concern. The two main causes of sandy desertification have not been eliminated yet, one is its natural factor, especially the physical and chemical characters of sandy soil and dry climate; another is the immoderate economic activity of human being that has highly accelerated the sandy desertification process.

吉林省西部盐碱地综合开发多情景模拟与水资源效应

[目的]盐碱地综合开发利用是提高农业生产力、践行大食物观的必然选择。但受限于开发利用模式单一、耗水压力较大,亟待探索多元化治理模式并依据其水资源效应开展优化调控。[方法]以吉林省西部地区为研究区,采用FLUS模型预测2030年盐碱地资源在自然发展、粮食安全、粮饲综合开发和生态安全4种情景下的开发利用格局,并对不同情景下的产水量变化进行评估。[结果](1)2000—2020年研究区开发利用盐碱地1540.18 km^(2),主要被恢复为草地或开垦为耕地,但其中旱地次生退化风险较高。(2)不同情景下盐碱地开发均以耕地利用为主。粮食安全情景下水田和旱地开垦面积占比分别为67.48%,4.23%。相较于自然发展情景,粮饲综合开发情景下盐碱地恢复为草地的面积增加139.18 km^(2),生态安全情景下生态用地规模显著提高。(3)至2030年,4种发展情景下研究区产水量较基期均有所下降,生态安全情景下降幅度最大,达到3.71×10^(8)m^(3)。相比之下,粮饲综合开发情景充分保障粮食和饲草生产,同时缓和盐碱地治理所导致的水资源压力。[结论]松嫩平原盐碱地开发利用应充分考虑粮饲综合开发模式,统筹粮食和饲草供应,协调粮食和生态安全,以大食物观引领国土空间生态修复和退化土地的开发利用。

ERA5-Land再分析资料对吉林省西部地区地面风速再现能力评估

文章利用2005-2021年吉林省西部8个站点的小时平均风速资料和ERA5-Land再分析资料分析了风速的变化特征,并比较了不同强度观测与再分析风速的误差特征,及再分析资料对风速日变化特征的再现能力。结果表明:观测风速春季最大、秋季次之;夏、冬季观测风速最小,再分析资料误差也相应减小,但再分析资料整体大于观测资料,标准差小;春季观测风速大于3 m/s时,部分站点再分析资料相对偏小;镇赉站各月风速大于3 m/s时,再分析资料普遍对风速日变化的再现能力较弱,在午后风速最大时段风速误差超1.5 m/s。研究结果能够为提高ERA5-Land再分析资料的数据准确性提供参考。

Brief Analysis on Causes and Current Situations of Desertification: A Case Study of Tongyu County in Jilin Province

Land desertification is a complex concept which refers to land degradation in the arid region, semi-arid region and sub-humid arid region caused by various factors including climate variability and human activities. It is not only an environmental problem, but also a social and economic one[1]. Land desertification will reduce the biological and economic production potential of the land and even exacerbate the trend of land desertification, leaving serious impact on the economic, social development and national lives of Jilin. In addition, it will result in ecological environment deterioration, microclimate variability, an increase in natural disaster and high frequency of sand blowing. Taking the special geographic area in western Jilin (especially the Tongyu County) as an example, this paper discusses the natural and social factors for the forming of desertification in the microcosmic level, analyzes the current situations and provides reasonable recommendations.

匡继林治疗卵巢储备功能减退经验撷菁

匡继林教授认为卵巢储备功能减退的病机以肾虚为本、血瘀为标,可兼有心肾不交、肝郁脾虚,治疗上自创“养巢增膜汤”为基础方,辨证论治、随症加减,根据个体化辅以西医治疗方案,同时注重心理疏导、生活调摄,将“治未病”思想贯穿始终,以改善卵巢功能,疗效显著。介绍匡继林教授治疗卵巢储备功能减退经验。

灌区退水对区域地下水质影响与健康风险评估

为探究灌区退水对区域地下水水质及健康风险状况的影响,选取吉林西部地区2012~2014年、2019~2020年2个时段的不同层位地下水监测数据,采用随机森林方法进行地下水水质评价,分析灌区影响下地下水水质的时空变化规律,综合考虑研究区原生环境背景和灌区影响,集成地下水多个超标元素健康风险评估,系统对比分析叠加的双重风险时空变化及影响因素.结果表明:灌区及其周边区域地下水化学类型主要为HCO_(3)^(-)-Na^(+)-Ca^(2+)型的弱碱性水,2个时段均未发生明显变化;地下水超标组分为F、Fe、Mn及“三氮”化合物,灌区排水加剧了周边潜水“三氮”含量的变化;潜水中Ⅳ~Ⅳ类水增加了17%,健康风险超过安全阈值的监测点增加了12%;地下水健康风险由灌区退水中NO_(3)^(-)、NO_(2)^(-)、NH_(4)^(+)与原生环境中F、Mn等造成的健康风险叠加产生;潜水中健康风险以灌区退水中NO_(3)^(-)、NO_(2)^(-)、NH_(4)^(+)为主控因素;承压水对灌区退水扰动响应不敏感.

吉林省西部玉米氮、磷、钾肥施用效果及养分吸收利用特征

明确吉林省西部生态区玉米作物的氮、磷、钾肥施用效果及养分吸收利用特征,为该地区肥料的合理配置与施用提供依据,对持续推进化肥减量增效及农业绿色发展具有积极意义。基于2015—2019年中央财政测土配方施肥项目在吉林省西部布置的360个玉米“3414”田间试验,研究了不同施肥条件下的玉米产量,对比分析氮、磷、钾肥的增产效应以及不同肥料的农学效率和肥料贡献率。结果表明,吉林省西部生态区玉米氮磷钾配施N_(2)P_(2)K_(2)处理(N、P_(2)O_(5)、K_(2)O施用量分别是209.20、97.80、85.15 kg/hm^(2))的玉米产量最高,平均产量为9.46 t/hm^(2),较不施肥处理平均增产50.64%。与各缺素处理相比,增施氮、磷、钾肥平均增产2.21、1.37、1.32 t/hm^(2),增幅分别为37.81%、23.65%、22.41%。与不施肥处理比较,缺素处理的玉米产量差异显著,其高低顺序为N_(2)P_(2)K_(0)(8.14 t/hm^(2))>N_(2)P_(0)K_(2)(8.09 t/hm^(2))>N_(0)P_(2)K_(2)(7.25 t/hm^(2)),表明吉林省西部玉米的养分限制因子顺序为氮>磷>钾。施用氮、磷、钾肥增加玉米养分吸收量(N 192.5 kg/hm^(2)、P_(2)O_(5)86.5 kg/hm^(2)、K_(2)O 217.4 kg/hm^(2))。在吉林省西部生态区,玉米作物的氮、磷、钾肥平均农学效率分别为15.11 kg/kg N、22.28 kg/kg P_(2)O_(5)、19.44 kg/kg K_(2)O,平均利用率分别为39.50%、29.27%、45.71%,平均肥料贡献率分别为23.72%、17.59%、14.97%。吉林省西部生态区玉米施肥的增产效果和肥料利用率较高,但仍应结合当地土壤条件,积极进行培肥改良,并应用减肥增效等相关技术,根植科学施肥理念,以提高肥料利用效率,实现玉米增产和土壤肥力的提高。

吉林省西部“三生”空间演化特征与驱动力研究

基于4期土地利用遥感监测数据,采用转移矩阵、信息熵、景观格局指数等方法对1990—2020年每10年间吉林省西部“三生”空间的时空变化与景观格局变化特征进行分析,利用主成分分析法对演化主要驱动力进行识别。结果表明:(1)吉林省西部生产、生活空间面积增加,生态空间面积减少。(2)生产、生态空间的分布与彼此间结构转型特征较为显著,以草地生态空间与农业生产空间的相互转换为主。(3)“三生”空间结构稳定性及用地均质性整体呈下降态势,农业生产空间对“三生”空间的控制程度呈上升态势。(4)生产空间景观格局在研究期前20年整体性增强,后10年斑块破碎化加剧;生态、生活空间的景观格局在前10年趋于整体化与规则化,后20年斑块破碎化趋势显著。(5)“三生”空间的演化是社会经济因素、农业因素与产业结构因素共同作用的结果。

基于LMDI的吉林西部地区粮食产量变化的影响因素解析

吉林西部地区是吉林省粮食生产的增长极,是促进吉林省粮食产能持续稳定增长的重要保障区域。本研究应用LMDI模型系统分析了2000—2019年吉林西部地区粮食产量变化及其影响因素,量化了粮食播种面积、种植结构、粮食单产对粮食产量变化的效应大小,并分析其时空变化特征。结果表明,2000—2019年吉林西部地区粮食产量增加825.02万t,播种面积效应起到明显的正向作用,增产452.33万t,结构效应增产141.38万t,单产效应增产231.32万t,贡献占比分别为54.83%、17.14%和28.04%。从时间变化上看,面积效应2009年出现最高值194.94万t,2017年出现最低值-74.86万t;结构效应2004年出现最高值74.54万t,2002年出现最低值-21.66万t;单产效应在时间上波动强烈,最高值出现在2005年(407.47万t),最低值出现在2009年(-429.69万t)。在空间分布上,面积效应最高值为长岭县,最低值在宁江区;结构效应最高值在扶余市,最低值在通榆县;单产效应最高值在前郭县,最低值在洮北区。受脆弱生态环境约束,未来吉林西部作为资源脆弱地区应谨慎扩大耕地面积,以优化种植结构、提升粮食单产为主,实现粮食长期可持续增产。

吉林西部文化旅游资源数字化策略

数字化有助于提升吉林西部文化旅游资源研究和保护水平。文化文献数字化,构建元数据便于研究者获取难以获取的研究资料。旅游资源数字化能够促进文旅事业的发展。通过数字化方式,文化能够更好地被保护和传承。结合区域特点,吉林西部文化旅游资源数字化可采用博物馆等文化机构资源数字化作为牵引,充分发挥域内高校的引领作用,在这一过程中,政府和教育主管部门应发挥统筹协调作用,各方协同努力,提升相关资源的数字化水平。

吉林西部土壤含水量分布特征及影响因素分析

干旱是吉林西部的主要气候特征,局部性干旱近乎年年发生。采用2021年4月~10月实测土壤墒情和气象信息数据,对该地区10cm、20cm、40cm土层土壤含水量的水平和垂直方向分布情况进行了分析,同时利用Spearman相关性分析找出与土壤含水量有显著关系的气象因素。结果表明:水平方向上,土壤含水量呈现由北到南递减的趋势,4月至7月尤为明显;垂直方向上,越接近土壤表层,土壤含水量越低,数值波动越大,说明表层土壤更易受到外界干扰。除降水外,土壤温度与土壤含水量之间的相关性最明显,风速、大气温度、大气湿度和大气压力与土壤含水量之间也有一定的相关性。

基于CA-Markov模型的吉林省西部土地利用景观格局变化趋势预测

Markov模型与CA模型均为时间离散、状态离散的动力学模型,CA模型具有模拟复杂系统空间变化的能力,Markov模型具有长期预测的优势。CA-Markov耦合模型既可进行长期预测,又可有效地模拟空间变化。以吉林西部为例,以RS-GIS技术为支撑进行土地利用遥感解译,得出1989年和2004年两期土地利用景观格局分布图;在此基础上利用CA-Markov耦合模型,进行了土地利用景观格局变化趋势预测。结果表明:与1989—2004年的变化趋势一样,到2019年,水田、旱田、居民地和盐碱地面积分别比2004年增加,高、中、低覆盖草地、水域和湿地面积分别比2004年减少。增加的盐碱地主要是在原盐碱地的基础上扩张,侵占草地、水域和湿地,其分布主要集中在中部的地势低洼地带,大安市、通榆县、长岭县和乾安县的盐碱地将连成片,生态环境被严重破坏。修正的Lee-Sallee指数为0.64,表明CA-Markov模型模拟精度较高,该模型预测土地利用景观格局变化是可行的。

吉林西部不同土地利用类型的土壤有机碳垂向分布和碳密度

土壤碳库在陆地生态系统碳循环中起着关键性的作用。在对吉林西部进行为期6年（2004—2009年）的环境调查基础上,采集了217个土壤剖面,获取了2 170个土壤样品的平均容重、含水率和有机碳含量,分析了不同土地利用类型下土壤有机碳（SOC）的垂向分布特征、原因和机理。结果表明：不同土地利用类型的土壤有机碳垂向分布表现出截然不同的特征,大致可分为＂下降型＂、＂上升型＂和＂不变型＂3种。呈下降型的草地、农田、湿地等SOC含量主要富集在0-30 cm耕作层,并随深度增加而快速下降;滩地为上升型,良好的水文条件和相对茂盛的植物为有机质提供了有利条件;不变型包括盐碱地、林地和沙地,SOC含量处于全区最低水平。不同土地利用类型的土壤有机碳密度差异很大,从大到小依次为水田、草地、旱田、湿地、退化草地、滩地、林地、沙地、盐碱地,其中水田为（169.25±17.70）t/hm2,盐碱地为（26.50±10.00）t/hm2。植被生物量和土壤理化性质是影响土壤有机碳含量的主要因素。