Food safety and hygiene practices require a multisectoral approach including food, water, sanitation, waste management, transport, education, trade, policies and programs that enable safe food preparation, storage and...Food safety and hygiene practices require a multisectoral approach including food, water, sanitation, waste management, transport, education, trade, policies and programs that enable safe food preparation, storage and service. Unsafe food can cause illness keeping people from achieving their full potential and death. This was a descriptive study that uses a mixed method approach to derive insights into the characteristics of food vendors related to demography, knowledge, practices, infrastructure, compliance and recommendation for a policymaking framework. Using the Lemeshows’ sample size formula, 473 vendors from formal (restaurants) and informal (cookri-baffa/table top) sites were interviewed and observed. We found from discussions that respondents had a good understanding on how to keep food safe. However, observed practices were poor 93% handled food with their bare hands, 83% did not cover their hair, and 76% did not wear an apron whilst handling, preparing or serving food, 61% did not keep their finger nails clean or short and 57% did not wash their hand before preparing or serving food. Over half (51%) had access to a toilet but 32% reported their use required payment and emphasized their poor condition/inadequate management. Nearly half (47%) of the vending sites did not have a handwashing facility, with soap and water available. Only 7% reported having any authority oversight of food safety. Food safety and hygiene practices in most cookri shops and restaurants was ‘poor’ with very limited surveillance system in place by competent authorities for compliance of food operators. Hand washing, clean surroundings, and covered food were the most common and emphasized practices to mitigate the risks associated with unsafe food.展开更多
Diet is the precondition of human beings’survival and development.It is also one basic form of social life.However,due to the influence of geographical features,climate,customs and habits,etc.,the diet of different c...Diet is the precondition of human beings’survival and development.It is also one basic form of social life.However,due to the influence of geographical features,climate,customs and habits,etc.,the diet of different countries will be various in raw materials,flavors,cooking methods and eating habits.In view of this,this article aims to explore the differences between Chinese and western food cultures.Hope this research can help people better understand the differences between Chinese and western food culture as well as their reasons,so as to promote the further communication,complement and compatibility among different cultures.This paper can be divided into four parts:The first part is introduction,mainly introducing the research background and significance of this paper;the second part illustrates Chinese food culture and western food culture in detail;the third part focuses on analyzing the differences between Chinese and western food cultures from the perspectives of concepts,targets,dietary patterns,diet attribution and banquet etiquette;the final part is conclusion,making a summary to the major findings and limitations of this paper.展开更多
AS the Chinese saying goes, "Ask for local custom when you enter a foreign country." Western food’s first introduction to China in the 17th century was accompanied with its adoption to Chinese dining habits...AS the Chinese saying goes, "Ask for local custom when you enter a foreign country." Western food’s first introduction to China in the 17th century was accompanied with its adoption to Chinese dining habits. Western food was introduced into China in large scale during the mid-19th and early 20th centuries. However, as early as the 17th century Western missionaries and envoys were introducing food from their homeland to upper-class Chinese as a means of paying tribute展开更多
Based on the questionnaire survey data of college students in Wuhan,this paper studied the motivation of consumption behavior of college students in western-style fast food restaurants on campus,and built a relationsh...Based on the questionnaire survey data of college students in Wuhan,this paper studied the motivation of consumption behavior of college students in western-style fast food restaurants on campus,and built a relationship model for consumption motivation and behavior. The results indicate that the consumption motivation of college students in western-style fast food restaurants includes six types: social motivation,conformity motivation,show-off motivation,self-hedonic motivation,quality-pursuing motivation,and self-gift giving motivation. The overall characteristics of college students' consumption behavior in western-style fast food restaurants include six characteristics: consumption period,consumption frequency,ways of information access,consumption amount,product preference,and consumption willingness. There are significant differences in the consumption behavior between different college students. Different college students are different in consumption period,consumption frequency,ways of information access,consumption amount,product preference,and consumption willingness. Based on the above results,it came up with pertinent marketing recommendations.展开更多
In recent days,with more and more frequent exchanges and communications between China and western countries,their different culture,including different rites is involved in each other.Some people think that western th...In recent days,with more and more frequent exchanges and communications between China and western countries,their different culture,including different rites is involved in each other.Some people think that western things are definitely much better than Chinese things,so they imitate them from every aspect.It is not good for them to do so because some western things fit for westerners more than for Chinese people.This paper endeavors to illustrate that Chinese people should properly absorb western culture through briefly introducing food and cloth culture in China and Western countries.展开更多
Background:There is overwhelming evidence that periodontal disease and dental caries affect the majority of populations and that western culture and lifestyle may have a profound influence on oral health,especially in...Background:There is overwhelming evidence that periodontal disease and dental caries affect the majority of populations and that western culture and lifestyle may have a profound influence on oral health,especially in adults.The present study was performed to determine the effect of westernization on the oral health of college students of Udaipur City,Rajasthan.Methods:A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among students attending various professional and non-professional bachelor's degree colleges of Udaipur City,Rajasthan,India,from March 2013 to May 2013.Eight hundred students were selected based on a two-stage random sampling procedure.Westernization was assessed by a self-administered structured questionnaire.Periodontal status,dental caries status and malocclusion were assessed according to World Health Organization(WHO) criteria(1997).Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-square and Multivariate logistic regression.The confidence level and level of significance were set at 95% and 5%,respectively.Results:The present study suggested that adverse habits,listening to English music and preferring English food had a significant association with dental caries and periodontal diseases.Malocclusion also showed a significant relationship with consuming English food for snacks and desserts.Multivariate analysis revealed a significantly greater odds ratio(OR) for periodontal disease and dental caries among those who preferred English food for lunch.Conclusion:Based on the results of the present study,there is an association between westernization and oral health.展开更多
文摘Food safety and hygiene practices require a multisectoral approach including food, water, sanitation, waste management, transport, education, trade, policies and programs that enable safe food preparation, storage and service. Unsafe food can cause illness keeping people from achieving their full potential and death. This was a descriptive study that uses a mixed method approach to derive insights into the characteristics of food vendors related to demography, knowledge, practices, infrastructure, compliance and recommendation for a policymaking framework. Using the Lemeshows’ sample size formula, 473 vendors from formal (restaurants) and informal (cookri-baffa/table top) sites were interviewed and observed. We found from discussions that respondents had a good understanding on how to keep food safe. However, observed practices were poor 93% handled food with their bare hands, 83% did not cover their hair, and 76% did not wear an apron whilst handling, preparing or serving food, 61% did not keep their finger nails clean or short and 57% did not wash their hand before preparing or serving food. Over half (51%) had access to a toilet but 32% reported their use required payment and emphasized their poor condition/inadequate management. Nearly half (47%) of the vending sites did not have a handwashing facility, with soap and water available. Only 7% reported having any authority oversight of food safety. Food safety and hygiene practices in most cookri shops and restaurants was ‘poor’ with very limited surveillance system in place by competent authorities for compliance of food operators. Hand washing, clean surroundings, and covered food were the most common and emphasized practices to mitigate the risks associated with unsafe food.
文摘Diet is the precondition of human beings’survival and development.It is also one basic form of social life.However,due to the influence of geographical features,climate,customs and habits,etc.,the diet of different countries will be various in raw materials,flavors,cooking methods and eating habits.In view of this,this article aims to explore the differences between Chinese and western food cultures.Hope this research can help people better understand the differences between Chinese and western food culture as well as their reasons,so as to promote the further communication,complement and compatibility among different cultures.This paper can be divided into four parts:The first part is introduction,mainly introducing the research background and significance of this paper;the second part illustrates Chinese food culture and western food culture in detail;the third part focuses on analyzing the differences between Chinese and western food cultures from the perspectives of concepts,targets,dietary patterns,diet attribution and banquet etiquette;the final part is conclusion,making a summary to the major findings and limitations of this paper.
文摘AS the Chinese saying goes, "Ask for local custom when you enter a foreign country." Western food’s first introduction to China in the 17th century was accompanied with its adoption to Chinese dining habits. Western food was introduced into China in large scale during the mid-19th and early 20th centuries. However, as early as the 17th century Western missionaries and envoys were introducing food from their homeland to upper-class Chinese as a means of paying tribute
文摘Based on the questionnaire survey data of college students in Wuhan,this paper studied the motivation of consumption behavior of college students in western-style fast food restaurants on campus,and built a relationship model for consumption motivation and behavior. The results indicate that the consumption motivation of college students in western-style fast food restaurants includes six types: social motivation,conformity motivation,show-off motivation,self-hedonic motivation,quality-pursuing motivation,and self-gift giving motivation. The overall characteristics of college students' consumption behavior in western-style fast food restaurants include six characteristics: consumption period,consumption frequency,ways of information access,consumption amount,product preference,and consumption willingness. There are significant differences in the consumption behavior between different college students. Different college students are different in consumption period,consumption frequency,ways of information access,consumption amount,product preference,and consumption willingness. Based on the above results,it came up with pertinent marketing recommendations.
文摘In recent days,with more and more frequent exchanges and communications between China and western countries,their different culture,including different rites is involved in each other.Some people think that western things are definitely much better than Chinese things,so they imitate them from every aspect.It is not good for them to do so because some western things fit for westerners more than for Chinese people.This paper endeavors to illustrate that Chinese people should properly absorb western culture through briefly introducing food and cloth culture in China and Western countries.
文摘Background:There is overwhelming evidence that periodontal disease and dental caries affect the majority of populations and that western culture and lifestyle may have a profound influence on oral health,especially in adults.The present study was performed to determine the effect of westernization on the oral health of college students of Udaipur City,Rajasthan.Methods:A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among students attending various professional and non-professional bachelor's degree colleges of Udaipur City,Rajasthan,India,from March 2013 to May 2013.Eight hundred students were selected based on a two-stage random sampling procedure.Westernization was assessed by a self-administered structured questionnaire.Periodontal status,dental caries status and malocclusion were assessed according to World Health Organization(WHO) criteria(1997).Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-square and Multivariate logistic regression.The confidence level and level of significance were set at 95% and 5%,respectively.Results:The present study suggested that adverse habits,listening to English music and preferring English food had a significant association with dental caries and periodontal diseases.Malocclusion also showed a significant relationship with consuming English food for snacks and desserts.Multivariate analysis revealed a significantly greater odds ratio(OR) for periodontal disease and dental caries among those who preferred English food for lunch.Conclusion:Based on the results of the present study,there is an association between westernization and oral health.
