WET STRENGTH PAPER REPULPING: LABORATORY EVALUATION

The recycling of wet strength papers in a normal recycling mill is often troublesome due to the severe operating conditions required to defibre wet strength papers. The various methods are presented which will quickly allow mills to determine the most effective pulping aids to use when repulping wet strength papers. The repulping of wet strength paper with inorganic chemicals was investigated in the laboratory. The effects of major variables, that is, repulping time, pulp consistency, soaking time, temperature, and reactant concentration in the repulping stage were examined using Plackett-Burman design. The repulping time was the most crucial & influential process variable affecting repulping characteristic and formation related properties. The more significant repulping process variables affecting pulp yield were repulping time, soaking temperature and pulp consistency whereas for formation index and feature size, repulping time, pulp consistency, soaking temperature and time were the more important variables. The formation index is increased by an increase in repulping time, pulp consistency and soaking time whereas the feature size is decreased by an increase in repulping time, soaking temperature and pulp consistency. The formation index and the rejects were more sensitive to changes in process variables than were the feature size or the pulp yield. The pulp recycled from wet strength waste paper had good physical strength properties.

STUDY ON WET STRENGTH PERFORMANCE OF KENAF MULCH

Optimum applied technical conditions of wet strength agent for kenaf mulch were studied in this article. Breaking length, wet-dry strength ratio, tear index and burst index of kenaf mulch were measured and optimum wet strength agent was selected. The aim is to make mulch have properties of heat preservation, humidity preservation, growth prompting, biodegradation and maximum wet strength and to improve impact resistance of mulch to rainwater so as to assure growth of plant and replace plastic film.

Investigation and Benefits of the Use of Enzymes for Unbleached Kraft Recycling Wet Strength Paper at Lab and Industrial Scale

The deterioration of recycled fibers especially unbleached kraft with high wet strength resin content due to the irreversible structural changes caused by drying and added chemicals makes the raw material difficult to repulp.The mechanical effect in the pulper over time with chemical treatment has a negative impact on the recycled fibers.At lab scale,different compositions of enzymatic treatment C022L were under investigation to select the most efficient laccase Lacc1,Lacc2 or Lacc3 and to observe the impact of lipases during repulping at low and high consistencies.Pulp disintegration at different times was evaluated to define the level of rejects and to analyze the morphology of fibers after treatments.These results were more significant for Lacc2,by increasing the pulp consistency to 15%in the pulper.Combining lipases with CELODASE 022L appeared to decrease the efficiency of enzymes.The results showed a high reduction of energy power with the enzymatic treatment and a significant reduction of fines level in fibers’suspension.The most efficient version of C022L was used at industrial scale to compare directly with the standard conditions used in a paper mill.

Cationized Melamine-formaldehyde Resin for Improving the Wet Strength of Paper

In this work, melamine-formaldehyde resin was cationized by adding modifiers so that the fibers closely bonded to improve their usability and the wet strength of paper was greatly improved. Triethanolamine and dimethylamine were added to modify the melamine-formaldehyde resin,respectively.The mechanism of the cationized resin was explored and the possible chemical reactions were deduced. It was concluded that,with the use of triethanolamine,the most optimum product was obtained by hydroxymethylation for 30 min with a temperature of 85℃ and p H of 9. 0 where n( melamine) ∶ n( formaldehyde) ∶ n( methanol) ∶ n( triethanolamine) was 100 ∶ 330 ∶ 450 ∶ 15. With the combined use of dimethylamine and methanol,the optimal product was acquired by condensation for 30 min at a temperature of 50℃ and p H of 2. 0 at melamine, formaldehyde, methanol, and dimethylamine molar ratio of100∶ 330∶ 350∶ 20. With the only use of dimethylamine,the optimal product was obtained by condensation at melamine,formaldehyde,dimethylamine molar ratio of 100∶ 330∶ 10. The wet tensile strength of fruit-bagging paper was improved by adding cationized melamine-formaldehyde resin. The zeta potential,charge density,and conductivity of the melamine-formaldehyde resin were also studied.

酸雨-干湿循环-荷载综合作用下水泥稳定碎石强度特性分析

为研究酸雨环境中水泥稳定碎石基层的力学性能,通过室内试验模拟水泥稳定碎石受酸雨、干湿循环和荷载循环等多因素的综合作用,并对试件进行中性化测试和微观检测,揭示不同酸度、干湿循环周期和荷载循环次数下水泥稳定碎石基层的强度劣化规律。试验结果表明:在7个周期的干湿循环作用下,水泥稳定碎石试件的强度会随着溶液酸性的增强而增加,并且在短期的酸雨侵蚀试验中,试件内部的中性化程度很低;在pH=3的酸雨环境中,随着干湿循环作用次数的增加,试件由外而内不断劣化,其强度随之降低;在同样的酸雨环境中,干湿循环和荷载循环综合作用对试件强度的削弱更为明显,而且两者作用的顺序不同亦会对试件强度产生不同的影响。在此基础上建立了多因素作用下水泥稳定碎石的强度演化模型,通过与实测值进行对比验证,该模型预测精度较高,可用于旧路改造中水泥稳定碎石基层残余强度的预估。

Effect of Pre-wetting Lightweight Aggregates on the Mechanical Performances and Microstructure of Cement Pastes

The water absorption and desorption processes of different types of lightweight aggregates were studied.Subsequently,the influences of pre-wetting lightweight aggregates on compressive strength,microhardness,phase composition,hydration parameters and micromorphology of the cement pastes were investigated.The results showed that the water absorption and desorption capacities of the lightweight aggregates increased with the decrease of the densification degree.With the addition of pre-wetting lightweight aggregates,the compressive strength of the cement pastes would increase.Moreover,the enhancement effect was more obviously with the desorption capacity of pre-wetting lightweight aggregates increasing.Especially,sample S1 with pre-wetting red-mud ceramisites had the highest compressive strength,of which increased to 49.4 MPa after 28 d curing age.The reason is that mainly because the addition of pre-wetting lightweight aggregates can promote the generation of C–S–H gels in the interfacial zone,and the hydration degree of the interfacial zone increases with the water desorption of pre-wetting lightweight aggregates increasing.It is contributed to optimize the microstructure to enhance microhardness of the interfacial zone,resulting in the compressive strength of the cement-based materials improving.Therefore,the pre-wetting lightweight aggregates with high porosity and strength are the potential internal curing agents for high-strength lightweight concretes.

干湿循环下木质素改良粉土抗剪强度特性

为克服粉土强度低、干湿循环性能差的特点,同时解决固体废弃物木质素的资源化利用的问题,将木质素掺入粉土中,形成木质素改良粉土。为研究木质素改良粉土抗剪强度特性及干湿循环性能,对经历干湿循环后的木质素改良粉土进行直接剪切试验和X射线衍射试验,研究了木质素掺量0、2%、5%、8%、12%、15%和干湿循环0、1、2、3、4次对改良土抗剪强度特性的影响。结果表明:掺入木质素可以显著提升粉土的抗剪强度及干湿循环性能;一定干湿循环次数下,改良土的抗剪强度及黏聚力随着木质素掺量的增加先增大后降低,内摩擦角随着木质素掺量的增加先快速增大后基本不变;当木质素掺量为8%时,改良土的抗剪强度、黏聚力和内摩擦角最高。改良土的抗剪强度、黏聚力和内摩擦角均随着干湿循环次数的增加而降低,当木质素掺量为0时,纯土试样经过1次干湿循环即崩解,强度损失率为100%;当木质素掺量为8%时,改良土的强度损失率最低,黏聚力及内摩擦角的降低幅度均较低。X射线衍射试验表明,木质素掺量为8%时,石英、方解石、白云石含量最高,黏土矿物含量较高,钠长石含量最低,这是造成改良土强度及干湿循环性能提升的直接原因。结果显示,当木质素掺量为8%时,改良土在提高抗剪强度及干湿循环性能方面具有明显优势。研究结果可为实际施工设计提供理论支撑。

Physico-chemical Characteristics of Wet-milled Ultrafine-granulated Phosphorus Slag as a Supplementary Cementitious Material

The phosphorus slag（PS） can be used as a supplementary cementitious material due to its potential hydrating activity. However, its usage has been limited by its adverse effects, including prolonged setting and lowered early-stage strength. In this study, we achieved ultrafine granulation of PS using wetmilling（reducing d50 to as low as 2.02 μm） in order to increase its activity, and examined the physico-chemical properties of the resulting materials, including particle-size distribution, slurry pH, zeta potential, and activity index, as well as how their replacement level and granularity affect the setting time and mechanical performance of PS-cement mixture systems. The results suggested that as the granularity increases, there are significant boosts in the uniformity of particle sizes, slurry pH, and activity index, and the effects on cement paste, including setting times, and early-and late-stage strengths, are significantly mitigated. When d（50）=2.02 μm, the slurry becomes strongly alkaline（pH=12.16） compared to the initial d（50）=20.75 μm（pH=9.49）, and the activity is increased by 73%; when used at 40% replacement, the PS-cement mixture system can reach a 28 d compressive strength of 93.2 MPa, 36% higher than that of the pure cement control group.

干湿循环作用下融雪剂对玻璃纤维水泥土力学性能影响的试验研究

为研究在干湿循环作用下不同种类融雪剂对玻璃纤维水泥土力学性能的影响,制备浓度为0.2mol/L的醋酸钾、氯化镁和硫酸钠溶液作为融雪剂溶液,将养护后的无纤维水泥土和有纤维水泥土试块在不同种类的融雪剂溶液中浸泡3d,然后将试块取出放入烘干箱内分别进行8~10次干湿循环。进而分析融雪剂类型、干湿循环次数对试块表面破坏状态、强度和质量等的影响。试验结果表明:经过10次干湿循环后,醋酸钾融雪剂溶液对试块质量和强度的影响程度小于氯化镁溶液和硫酸钠溶液,说明醋酸钾融雪剂对水泥土侵蚀作用较小;试块表面裂纹随着干湿循环次数的增加逐渐增多加深,在经历相同干湿循环次数后,有纤维水泥土试块的裂纹发展程度、质量损失率和强度损失率均低于无纤维水泥土试块,说明通过添加玻璃纤维可有效提高水泥土抗干湿循环和融雪剂侵蚀的能力。

液控智能完井井下湿式对接工具的设计研究

智能完井系统发生井下设备故障时,为实现无需将井下设备全部提出即可检修等目的,设计一种液控智能完井井下湿式对接工具。该工具可在油井内将地面液控管线与井下液控管线实现对接和分离,且在对接时能够保证地面和井下液控管线稳定导通,在分离时可实现分离的两部分液控管线各自密封。工具采用卡爪结构提供对接锁紧力,并对卡爪的锁紧力进行推导计算,得到结构不同设计参数下的锁紧力。最后通过有限元仿真对卡爪进行强度校核,并根据结果确定卡爪的设计参数。经过设计分析,该工具满足井下使用要求,为智能完井系统检修提供新的解决方案。

酸性环境干湿循环下白砂岩力学性质研究

自然界中水岩相互作用无时不在发生,酸性条件下干湿循环是重要的水岩相互作用之一。为了研究酸性条件下干湿循环对砂岩的力学性质的影响,设计了用pH值为3和7的溶液对白砂岩进行0、5、10、20次的干湿循环实验,研究了白砂岩在进行了不同循环次数后的力学性质。试验结果表明,经历了不同循环次数后砂岩的强度均有所降低,酸性环境对砂岩强度的影响尤为明显,且随着循环次数的增加干湿循环对砂岩强度的影响逐渐减小。据此建立的预测模型对干湿循环下砂岩强度的预测有一定的指导意义。

湿基α-半水石膏制备高强石膏制品研究

为实现湿基α-半水石膏制备高强石膏制品,研究了湿基α-半水石膏陈化时间、粉磨时间、浇筑料浆温度及缓凝剂掺量等工艺参数对高强石膏凝结时间和强度的影响,并确定最佳制备工艺。此外,采用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜等微观测试手段,揭示了各因素对强度的影响机理。结果表明:陈化时间越长,石膏凝结时间越短,制品强度越低;随着粉磨时间延长,石膏凝结时间显著缩短,制品强度先升高后降低;料浆温度越高,石膏凝结时间越长,制品强度越低。最佳制备工艺:陈化时间5 min、粉磨时间20 s、料浆温度20℃。在此基础上加入0.08%(质量分数)缓凝剂能够有效地延长石膏凝结时间并提高硬化强度,制备的石膏制品性能优异,绝干抗折强度为14.1 MPa,绝干抗压强度为58.3 MPa。微观测试结果表明,各工艺参数会通过改变石膏标稠用水量和水化进程来影响石膏内部结构的密实程度和二水石膏晶体的生长发育,最终影响制品硬化强度。

造纸用湿强剂的研究进展

本文概述了造纸用湿强剂的技术现状和研究进展。根据工业化程度及应用情况将纸张湿强剂分为工业化湿强剂、其他湿强剂及增湿强体系;其中着重讨论了聚乙烯亚胺树脂(PEI)、脲醛树脂(UF)、三聚氰胺甲醛树脂(MF)、聚酰胺多胺环氧氯丙烷树脂(PAE)和双醛淀粉(DAS)等工业化湿强剂的合成、应用及优缺点;介绍了聚羧酸、壳聚糖、海藻酸钠类湿强剂及多元增湿强体系在造纸湿部领域的研究现状;并对造纸用湿强剂的未来发展趋势进行了展望。

大豆脲酶诱导碳酸钙固化黄河泥沙水稳定性试验研究

随着国家“交通强国”战略的提出,沿黄工程建设发展迅速,填筑用土需求剧增。黄河泥沙作为填筑材料的可行性已被证实,但其在多雨地区的服役性能需要改善,探索一种生态、高效的泥沙加固方法提高其水稳定性十分关键。本文基于酶诱导碳酸钙沉淀(EICP)技术固化黄河泥沙的方法,分别开展了常规浸水条件和干湿循环条件下固化黄河泥沙的水稳定性试验,研究了浸水后试样的质量损失及强度折损情况,分析了干湿循环对固化后黄河泥沙试样强度软化系数的影响规律。结果表明:采用EICP技术固化的黄河泥沙试样浸水崩解过程相比原状试样更加缓慢;胶结液浓度1.5 mol/L的黄河泥沙试样长期(56 d)浸水后,几乎保持完整,质量损失率仅为6.36%,强度折损率仅为6.21%;10次干湿循环后,不同胶结液浓度处理后的黄河泥沙试样均出现了不同程度的颗粒松散和脱落现象,胶结液浓度1.5 mol/L、灌浆10次的黄河泥沙试样的抗压强度损失仅为9.96%,抗干湿循环能力最强。利用EICP技术可以有效的固化黄河泥沙并提升其水稳定性,这对推进黄河泥沙的资源化利用进程十分重要。

干湿循环对机制砂改良膨胀土力学与变形特性影响

在膨胀土中加入不同掺量的机制砂进行物理改良,对土样开展0~5次的干湿循环试验以分析土样的裂隙发育规律,并将干湿循环1、3、5次后的土样进行直接剪切试验及收缩和膨胀试验,探究经过干湿循环后土样的强度衰减和收缩膨胀特性。结果表明:机制砂可有效抑制膨胀土的裂隙发育,在机制砂掺量为10%时抑制效果最好,能较好抑制改良土裂隙集中发育,且在10%掺量下改良土的抗剪强度衰减幅度最小,收缩和膨胀特性方面也表现最佳。本试验验证了机制砂可延缓膨胀土在干湿循环过程中的裂隙发育和抗剪强度衰减,并且能改良土样的收缩膨胀变形特性,改良效果受机制砂掺量影响,综合考虑各项因素,机制砂掺量应控制在10%以内。

环氧化天然橡胶对豆粕胶黏剂性能的影响

【目的】以豆粕(SM)为主要原料,通过构建双交联网络结构,提升豆粕胶黏剂的耐水胶合性能和固化胶层韧性,为豆粕胶黏剂的产业化应用提供理论依据和技术指导。【方法】利用环氧化天然橡胶(ER)和丙三醇三缩水甘油醚(PTGE),在豆粕胶黏剂体系构建双交联网络结构,研究不同环氧值ER对豆粕胶黏剂化学成分、黏度、吸湿性、残留率、热稳定性、断面形态等的影响,表征所制备杨木胶合板的耐水胶合强度。【结果】1)环氧值为50%的ER-50协同环氧交联剂PTGE改性豆粕胶黏剂(SMP/ER-50),其耐水胶合强度为1.02 MPa,相比对照组提升292.3%,达到国家Ⅱ类杨木胶合板标准;2)扫描电子显微镜显示,SMP/ER-50胶黏剂的固化胶层断面出现均匀相分离结构,可有效提升胶黏剂的韧性;3) SMP/ER-50胶黏剂具有优异的耐水性能,其残留率为90.54%,较对照组提升26.65%;吸湿性为19.28%,较对照组降低14.99%。【结论】SMP/ER-50胶黏剂耐水胶合性能和固化胶层韧性显著提高的主要原因是PTGE和ER-50在豆粕胶黏剂体系中形成致密的双交联网络结构,阻止水分浸入,提高胶黏剂的耐水胶合强度;双交联网络中,当受到外力作用时,ER吸收部分应力,可起到能量耗散作用,进而实现豆粕胶黏剂的增韧增强。

干湿循环对自密实水泥土力学特性影响研究

为了探究干湿循环对自密实水泥土力学性能的影响规律,通过试验对比分析了不同水泥掺量下的自密实水泥土在不同干湿循环次数下的无侧限抗压强度,探讨了自密实水泥土的外观破损程度和强度劣化规律,并根据强度衰减规律,建立循环次数与劣化后强度的经验公式。研究发现干湿循环作用下自密实水泥土第j次循环后的强度衰减率是第1次强度衰减率的j^(0.3)倍;自密实水泥土应力-应变曲线峰值强度会随着循环次数的增加逐渐降低,试样的破坏类型由脆性破坏变成塑性破坏。

干湿循环作用下片岩片理面抗剪性能劣化实验设计

为揭示片岩片理面在干湿循环作用下抗剪性能劣化规律,选取云母石英片岩设计相应的直剪实验方案进行研究,并将该方案应用于实验教学。实验结果表明:干湿循环作用下,片理面抗剪性能劣化明显,干湿循环20次后,粘聚力和内摩擦角分别下降49.05%、15.34%,粘聚力下降幅度约为内摩擦角的3.2倍;片理面不断渗出黄褐色物质浸染岩样,使片理面逐渐显化,且逐渐沿片理面产生裂隙并不断向岩石内部扩展发育;片理面是水进出片岩内部的良好通道,水可将片理面间的泥质胶结物和可溶性矿物溶解并带出,使得片理面间胶结物及胶结面积逐渐减少,抗剪性能逐渐劣化。该实验教学对培养学生科研创新思维及理论联系实际能力具有重要意义。

干湿循环作用下红壤土孔隙结构与强度特性试验研究

【目的】周期性库水位升降使三峡库区消落带土体受反复干湿交替过程,为了分析干湿循环作用对土体的孔隙结构和强度特性的影响,【方法】针对三峡库区某滑坡消落带红壤土,开展反复干湿循环下的三轴试验和扫描电镜、核磁共振测试,分析干湿循环作用对红壤土微细观孔隙结构与强度特性的影响,研究土体孔隙结构演化规律及其与强度特性之间的关系。【结果】结果显示:干湿循环对消落带土体强度有明显弱化作用,随着干湿循环次数增加,土体剪切强度逐渐减小并趋于稳定;在干湿循环作用下,孔隙扩张向大孔隙演化,土颗粒间距增加,裂隙发育后团聚体崩解、分散为微小团聚体,孔隙间连通性增强,原有微观孔结构基本丧失,逐渐形成新的稳定孔隙结构状态。【结论】土体结构呈现明显的双重分形特征,土体黏聚力和内摩擦角与中巨孔隙分形维数呈现明显关联关系,干湿循环作用使中巨孔隙分布复杂程度降低,孔隙结构更松散,颗粒间咬合作用降低,黏聚力和内摩擦角减小。

干湿循环对不同粒径堆石颗粒破碎强度的影响研究

高心墙堆石坝在运行期库水位变化可达60 m以上,库水位变动范围内的堆石体受干湿循环作用易产生较大的后期变形,会导致坝顶出现纵向裂缝,影响高心墙堆石坝的安全稳定运行。干湿循环对堆石料长期劣化变形的影响已有大量的试验研究,然而干湿循环对不同粒径筑坝堆石颗粒破碎强度的影响研究相对较少。对不同粒径的板岩堆石颗粒进行了干湿循环作用后的单颗粒破碎试验,结果表明,板岩颗粒的荷载-位移曲线及其对应破碎模式可以分为4类,颗粒破碎时对应的峰值荷载和破碎强度均值随循环次数的增加而逐渐减小。不同粒径和循环次数下板岩颗粒的破碎强度均服从Weibull分布,特征破碎强度与循环次数间呈幂指数关系,表明板岩颗粒力学性质的劣化速度逐渐减慢。不同循环次数下板岩颗粒的特征破碎强度均有较为明显的尺寸效应,尺寸效应与循环次数呈负相关关系。