Influences of different modifiers on the disintegration of improved granite residual soil under wet and dry cycles

The disintegration of granite residual soil is especially affected by variations in physical and chemical properties. Serious geologic hazards or engineering problems are closely related to the disintegration of granite residual soil in certain areas. Research on the mechanical properties and controlling mechanisms of disintegration has become a hot issue in practical engineering. In this paper, the disintegration characteristics of improved granite residual soil are studied by using a wet and dry cycle disintegration instrument, and the improvement mechanism is analyzed. The results show that the disintegration amounts and disintegration ratios of soil samples treated with different curing agents are obviously different. The disintegration process of improved granite residual soil can be roughly divided into 5 stages:the forcible water intrusion stage, microcrack and fissure development stage, curing and strengthening stage, stable stage, and sudden disintegration stage. The disintegration of granite residual soil is caused by the weakening of the cementation between soil particles under the action of water. When the disintegration force is greater than the anti-disintegration force of soil, the soil will disintegrate. Cement and lime mainly rely on ion exchange agglomeration, the inclusion effect of curing agents on soil particles, the hard coagulation reaction and carbonation to strengthen granite residual soil. Kaolinite mainly depends on the reversibility of its own cementation to improve and strengthen granite residual soil. The reversibility of kaolinite cementation is verified by investigating pure kaolinite with a tensile, soaking, drying and tensile test cycle. Research on the disintegration characteristics and disintegration mechanism of improved granite residual soil is of certain reference value for soil modification.

Effect of SAP on Properties of High Performance Concrete under Marine Wetting and Drying Cycles

The internal curing effect of superabsorbent polymer(SAP) on the properties of high performance concrete(HPC) under marine wetting and drying cycles(WD cycles) was investigated. Compressive strength, hydration and chloride migration were experimentally investigated and the results were evaluated by compasison with those under fresh water curing(FW). Water absorption and porosity were also evaluated only under WD cycles. The results showed the important influence of wetting and drying cycles on the properties of SAP modified HPC properties. Carefully designed, SAP minimized the long-term compressive strength of HPC under marine WD cycles. The hydration rate was faster in the initial curing, but became lower as compared with that cured in FW. In addition, SAP improved the long-term water absorption resistance and chloride migration resistance of HPC under marine WD cycles. The examination of the porosity showed a lower increase of the volume of capillary pores in SAP modified HPC under long term WD cycles compared with that without SAP. Therefore, internal curing by SAP could improve the durability properties of HPC under marine WD cycles.

Temporal Microbial Response to Wetting-Drying Cycles in Soils within and Outside the Influence of a Shrub in the Sahel

Piliostigma reticulatum is a native woody shrub found in cropped fields in the Sahel and has been shown to increase crop productivity and soil quality. Frequently occurring drying and rewetting cycles (DRW) may alter the soil quality beneath these shrubs. We investigated the effect of DRW cycles on microbial community in soil beneath and outside the P. reticulatum canopy and the roles of this shrub in the adaptation of the microbial community to abiotic stress. Soils were incubated in a climate controlled chamber for 45 days, after exposure to 10 consecutive days of DRW cycles at 75% of water holding capacity (WHC). Basal respiration, β-glucosidase activity, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and available nitrogen (;) were measured at 2, 30, and 45 days after soil exposed to the DRW cycles. MBC increased significantly two days after the DRW cycles and was greater for soil beneath the shrub canopy compared with soil outside the shrub canopy. PCA analysis based on basal respiration, microbial biomass carbon, available nitrogen, and β-Glucosidase activity resulted in a tight clustering in the beneath shrub soil samples. Soils incubated for more than 30 days after DRW cycles had higher available nitrogen content than soils incubated for less than 30 days. Soil from beneath the shrub canopy significantly improved soil resilience based on β-glucosidase activity. Soil from beneath the shrub canopy also had higher nutrient levels and greater microbial activity even when subjected to DRW cycles, potentially improving the ability of crops to withstand in-season drought when they are adjacent to shrubs. The work should bring our scientific community into a more comprehensive assessment of potential effects of a crop-shrub intercropping that may allow for increased crop yields in semi-arid ecosystems under drought conditions.

Investigation on microstructure evolution of clayey soils: A review focusing on wetting/drying process

Variability in moisture content is a common condition in natural soils.It influences soil properties significantly.A comprehensive understanding of the evolution of soil microstructure in wetting/drying process is of great significance for interpretation of soil macro hydro-mechanical behavior.In this review paper,methods that are commonly used to study soil microstructure are summarized.Among them are scanning electron microscope(SEM),environmental SEM(ESEM),mercury intrusion porosimetry(MIP)and computed tomography(CT)technology.Moreover,progress in research on the soil microstructure evolution during drying,wetting and wetting/drying cycles is summarized based on reviews of a large body of research papers published in the past several decades.Soils compacted on the wet side of op-timum water content generally have a matrix-type structure with a monomodal pore size distribution(PSD),whereas soils compacted on the dry side of optimum water content display an aggregate structure that exhibits bimodal PSD.During drying,decrease in soil volume is mainly caused by the shrinkage of inter-aggregate pores.During wetting,both the intra-and inter-aggregate pores increase gradually in number and sizes.Changes in the characteristics of the soil pore structure significantly depend on stress state as the soil is subjected to wetting.During wetting/drying cycles,soil structural change is not completely reversible,and the generated cumulative swelling/shrinkage deformation mainly derives from macro-pores.Furthermore,based on this analysis and identified research needs,some important areas of research focus are proposed for future work.These areas include innovative methods of sample preparation,new observation techniques,fast quantitative analysis of soil structure,integration of microstructural parameters into macro-mechanical models,and soil microstructure evolution charac-teristics under multi-field coupled conditions.

Effect of cyclic drying and wetting on engineering properties of heavy metal contaminated soils solidified/stabilized with fly ash

Solidification/stabilization （S/S） is one of the most effective methods of dealing with heavy metal contaminated soils. The effects of cyclic wetting and drying on solidified/stabilized contaminated soils were investigated. A series of test program, unconfined compressive strength （UCS） test, TCLP leaching test and scanning electron microscopy （SEM） test, were performed on lead and zinc contaminated soils solidified/stabilized by fly ash. Test results show that UCS and the leaching characteristics of heavy metal ions of S/S contaminated soils are significantly improved with the increase of fly ash content. UCS of S/S soils firstly increases with the increase of the times of drying and wetting cycles, after reaching the peak, it decreases with it. When the pollutant content is lower （1 000 mg/kg）, the TCLP concentration first slightly decreases under cyclic drying and wetting, then increases, but the change is minor. The TCLP concentration is higher under a high pollutant content of 5 000 mg/kg, and increases with the increase of the times of drying and wetting cycles. The results of scanning electron microscopy （SEM） test are consistent with UCS tests and TCLP leaching tests, which reveals the micro-mechanism of the variations of engineering properties of stabilized contaminated soils after drying and wetting cycles.

Evolution model of concrete failure surface under coupling effect of seawater freeze-thaw and erosion

In order to effectively assess the mechanical properties of concrete with freeze-thaw and seawater erosion, tests about basic mechanical properties of concrete after freeze-thaw and seawater erosion are conducted based on the large-scale static and dynamic stiffness servo test set. 50, 100, 200 and 300 cycles of freeze-thaw cycling are made on normal concrete, and the artificial seawater is produced. The reasonable wet and dry accelerate system is selected. 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 cycles of wet and dry cycling are made to concrete after freeze-thaw cycling. The degeneration law of the concrete elastic modulus and compressive strength is studied. The Ottosen tri-axial strength criterion considering cycles of freeze-thaw and wet and dry cycling is deduced based on uniaxial mechanical properties of concrete and damage theory. Experimental results show that with the increase in the number of wet and dry cycles and freeze-thaw cycles, the concrete axial compressive strength and the elastic modulus decline gradually. Tensile and compressive meridians of concrete shrink gradually. The research can be referenced for anti-crack design of actual structures eroded by seawater at cold regions.

海水干湿循环作用下UHTCC动态压缩性能试验研究

为研究应变率和海水干湿循环周期对超高韧性水泥基复合材料(UHTCC)动态压缩性能的影响,采用直径75 mm的分离式霍普金森压杆系统对0~120 d海水干湿循环作用后的UHTCC试件开展动态压缩试验.通过改进ZWT非线性黏弹性本构模型,提出了一种考虑海水干湿循环作用的UHTCC试件的动态本构模型.结果表明,UHTCC试件的动态抗压强度增强因子随着干湿循环周期的增加逐渐减小.在同一冲击气压下,随着干湿循环周期的增加,UHTCC试件的峰值应力和耗能先增大后减小,并分别在60和90 d时达到峰值.在相同干湿循环周期下,UHTCC试件的峰值应力、动态抗压强度增强因子和耗能均随应变率的增大而增大,表现出明显的应变率效应.改进的动态本构模型能够较好地描述海水干湿循环作用下UHTCC试件的动态压缩应力-应变关系.

水泥加固淤泥土力学与抗海水腐蚀性能研究

为了分析水泥掺量和海水腐蚀对水泥加固淤泥土力学性能的影响规律,制备了水泥掺量为4%、8%、12%、16%和20%水泥加固淤泥土试件,分别经历了0、2、5、8、12、18次海水腐蚀干湿循环后,测试试件的单轴抗压强度、内聚力和内摩擦角,分析水泥掺量和海水腐蚀对水泥加固淤泥土力学性能的影响规律。研究结果表明,(1)随着水泥掺量的增大,水泥加固淤泥土的单轴抗压强度和内聚力呈线性增大,而内摩擦角呈指数衰减;(2)随着海水干湿循环次数的增加,水泥加固淤泥土的抗压强度、内聚力和内摩擦角均呈现不断变小的变化规律;(3)水泥掺量的增大能够有效提高加固淤泥土的抗海水腐蚀能力。

海洋环境下预除氯海水拌制钢筋混凝土构件可行性

考虑岛礁建设中拌和混凝土的需要,本文提出采用工业污水除氯中常用的超高石灰铝法对模拟海水进行预除氯。探讨了除氯反应所需较优反应物料比例、较优反应时间及反应温度和二次除氯对除氯效果的影响;采用预除氯海水拌和混凝土试件,评估了混凝土的抗氯离子渗透性能、力学性能和预除氯混凝土中普通钢筋的抗腐蚀性能。结果表明:与模拟海水拌和的混凝土试件相比,预除氯海水在环境条件下的前期对混凝土的抗氯离子渗透性能有一定改善;降低水胶比可有效提高混凝土的抗氯离子渗透性能;在模拟海洋干湿循环下、预除氯海水混凝土试件中,普通钢筋在干湿循环的前4个周期表现出较优的抗腐蚀性能。因此,在海洋环境中采用超高石灰铝法对海水进行预除氯并用于浇筑钢筋混凝土构件是可行的。

Strength weakening and its micromechanism in water–rock interaction,a short review in laboratory tests

Water–rock interaction(WRI)is a topic of interest in geology and geotechnical engineering.Many geological hazards and engineering safety problems are severe under the WRI.This study focuses on the water weakening of rock strength and its infuencing factors(water content,immersion time,and wetting–drying cycles).The strength of the rock mass decreases to varying degrees with water content,immersion time,and wetting–drying cycles depending on the rock mass type and mineral composition.The corresponding acoustic emission count and intensity and infrared radiation intensity also weaken accordingly.WRI enhances the plasticity of rock mass and reduces its brittleness.Various microscopic methods for studying the pore characterization and weakening mechanism of the WRI were compared and analyzed.Various methods should be adopted to study the pore evolution of WRI comprehensively.Microscopic methods are used to study the weakening mechanism of WRI.In future work,the mechanical parameters of rocks weakened under long-term water immersion(over years)should be considered,and more attention should be paid to how the laboratory scale is applied to the engineering scale.

Theoretical study on stability evolution of soft and hard interbedded bedding reservoir slopes

Soft and hard interbedded bedding rock slopes,which is prone to failure,are widely distributed in the Three Gorges Reservoir,China.Limit equilibrium method(LEM)is commonly used to analyze the stability of bedding rock slopes that have a single failure plane.However,this method cannot accurately estimate the stability of soft and hard interbedded bedding reservoir slopes because the strength parameters of a soft and hard interbedded rock mass vary spatially along the bedding plane and deteriorate with time due to periodic fluctuations of reservoir level.A modified LEM is proposed to evaluate the stability evolution of soft and hard interbedded bedding reservoir slopes considering the spatial variation and temporal deterioration of shear strength parameters of rock masses and bedding planes.In the modified LEM,the S-curve model is used to define the spatial variation of shear strength parameters,and general deterioration equations of shear strength parameters with the increasing number of wettingdrying cycles(WDC)are proposed to describe the temporal deterioration.Also,this method is applied to evaluate the stability evolution of a soft and hard interbedded bedding reservoir slope,located at the Three Gorges Reservoir.The results show that neglecting the spatial variation and temporal deterioration of shear strength parameters may overestimate slope stability.Finally,the modified LEM provides useful guidance to reasonably evaluate the long-term stability of soft and hard interbedded bedding reservoir slopes in reservoir area.

MICP加固钙质砂的耐久性试验研究

南海岛礁建设中,钙质砂是易于获取的原材料,但也存在孔隙多、易破碎等不足。为保证岛礁建设的安全稳定,设计经微生物诱导碳酸钙沉积(MICP)加固后钙质砂试样在海水、纯水环境下分别进行浸泡与干湿循环试验,以探究不同环境与处理方式对MICP加固钙质砂样耐久性能的影响。结果表明:(1)经MICP加固的钙质砂具有较好的抗侵蚀能力,通过增加钙质砂的加固轮次能够有效地提高试样的耐久性能,其在海水中干湿循环时劣化最快,在纯水中浸泡时劣化最慢;(2)持续浸泡与干湿循环均会对试样耐久性造成不利影响,干湿循环的劣化作用更大;(3)控制其余变量不变时,海水环境下试样耐久性能的劣化比纯水环境下更严重。

The Effect of Basalt Fiber on Concrete Performance under a Sulfate Attack Environment

To enhance the sulfate attack resistance performance of concrete,Sulfate erosion test was carried out on basalt fiber concrete with different contents,selecting a concentration of 5%sulfate solution and using a dry−wet cycle mechanism attack of basalt fiber-reinforced concrete(BFRC).Every 15 dry−wet cycles,the mass,compressive strength,splitting tensile strength,and relative dynamic elastic modulus of BFRC were tested,and the SO_(4)^(2−)con-centration was measured.This work demonstrates that the mass,relative dynamic elastic modulus,compressive and splitting tensile strength of BFRC reveal a trend of climb up and then decline with the process of the dry−wet cycle.Basalt fiber can enhance the sulfate corrosion resistance of concrete by delaying the erosion of concrete induced by SO_(4)^(2−)and increasing the bearing and anti-deformation capacities of concrete by improving its inter-nal structure.Additionally,when mixing 0.2%basalt fiber into concrete,the strength deterioration rate will be reduced when the peak values of splitting tensile and compressive strength appear at 60 and 75 times the alter-nating dry−wet cycles,respectively.Adverse effects will occur when the fiber volume fraction exceeds 0.2%.The research in this paper can provide a foundation for the engineering applications of basalt fiber concrete.

Chloride Resistance of Concrete under Complex Stress and Environment

The presence of stress is shown to have a significant impact on chloride ions in concrete. Reinforced concrete is usually durable and cost-effective which has resulted in its widespread use for construction, however, the concrete subjected to environment and load has become increasingly apparently that attacked by aggressive agents such as chloride ion. In this study, the coupling influences are stress effects and environmental problems on the coastline concrete durability have been investigated. A series of cyclic of a wet-dry cycle and submersion tests were performed onto the stressed concrete to obtain an understanding of the physical mechanisms causing the accumulation of chlorides in the interior pores of concrete under different stress types and exposure environments, based on the same duration. Specimens were prepared and subjected to NaCl solution in a wet-dry cycle and submersion, the chloride in the tension zone is gradual with increasing the stress level, as well as the chloride ion in the wet-dry cycle, is increasing the number of cycles. The apparent diffusion coefficient of each specimen was calculated respectively, the profile of concentration at a different section of tension and compression zones were presented in influence factors of the number of cycles, the length of drying phase, and periodic wetting cycles with sodium solution was discussed. After employed Fick’s second law, the results suggested Da in a wet-dry cycle is much higher than the Da in submersion zones.

海水干湿循环作用下天然橡胶支座橡胶材料性能劣化试验

考虑到近海桥梁极易遭受晴雨交替变化天气、高湿高温及海风海浪交替作用等产生的海水干湿循环作用,针对天然橡胶隔震支座所使用的橡胶材料开展了同时同步的试验研究。重点探讨橡胶材料各项力学性能随海水干湿循环作用时间的变化规律。结果表明:海水干湿循环作用对橡胶材料的力学性能影响较大。经过了长达60d海水干湿循环试验后,橡胶材料的硬度和定伸应力均呈现增大的趋势,前者增大了约22%,后者增大了58.2%~118%,且大变形情况下的增长幅度更大;拉伸强度及扯断伸长率均呈降低趋势,分别降低了65.7%,51.53%,可能对橡胶支座的拉伸性能和极限剪切性能产生不利影响。以上研究成果可为橡胶材料的本构关系变化规律、橡胶隔震支座性能劣化规律研究,以及隔震结构全寿命性能评估和设计打下坚实的基础。

海水暴露环境下带裂缝混凝土的表面防水处理

对带裂缝混凝土表面进行了4种不同硅烷防水处理,通过770次海水干湿循环暴露试验,研究了表面防水处理对带裂缝混凝土水分和Cl-渗透的影响.结果表明,对于无裂缝混凝土而言,硅烷防水处理有效抑制了水分和Cl-的渗透;混凝土开裂后及时进行特定的硅烷防水处理,那么即使裂缝宽度达0.2 mm,仍可建立有效的Cl-隔离层;防水处理后混凝土再开裂时,则防水效果对裂缝宽度的敏感性较大.因此,对带裂缝的钢筋混凝土结构进行硅烷防水处理前,必须对其裂缝状态进行正确评估,以保证硅烷防水处理的有效性.

基于海水干湿循环的天然橡胶支座剪应变相关性试验研究

针对直径为220mm的天然橡胶隔震支座(LNR)开展了长达60天的海水干湿循环试验,试验期间定期对其剪应变相关性进行测试,得到了LNR剪应变相关性随海水干湿循环作用时间的变化情况,通过拟合试验数据,得到了橡胶隔震支座水平刚度K_(ht)(γ)与K_(h0)(100%)的比值随海水干湿循环时间及剪切应变双参数的变化关系式,可为今后更好地探究海水干湿循环海洋环境下橡胶隔震支座性能的变化规律及跨海桥梁等近海交通工程的全寿命抗震性能分析提供理论依据。试验结果表明:同一海水干湿循环时间时,剪应变由50%增至150%,支座的水平刚度变化范围在11%左右,说明了LNR的水平刚度具有较好的稳定性;同一剪应变时,水平刚度随海水干湿循环时间呈缓慢增大趋势,试验60天后,剪应变由50%增至150%,水平刚度增大幅度分别为19.67%、20.89%、22.60%、23.73%和24.95%,说明LNR的水平刚度对海水干湿循环作用的影响较敏感;K_(ht)(γ)/K_(h0)(100%)随海水干湿循环时间增长而增大,随剪切变形增大而减小,说明海水干湿循环作用及剪应变大小均会对该比值产生影响。

海水干湿循环对初始损伤RC梁力学性能的影响

沿海环境下的钢筋混凝土(RC)结构处于荷载作用和环境作用同时存在的工作状态且在正常条件下会出现不同程度的荷载损伤。为了在实验室内模拟其工作状态,对RC梁试件施加幅值分别为0.3P_u、0.4P_u、0.5P_u、0.6P_u和0.7P_u(P_u为单调加载梁的极限荷载)的初始荷载造成不同程度的损伤,经历120次海水干湿循环作用后,进行单调加载试验测试剩余力学性能,并对梁试件钻芯取样测试不同位置及深度处混凝土的氯离子含量。试验结果表明,不同程度初始损伤RC梁经历120次海水干湿循环后,其屈服荷载、极限荷载和延性均随初始荷载幅值的增加而降低;与无损伤梁试件相比,当初始损伤荷载为0.4P_u时,梁试件的屈服荷载和极限荷载降幅分别为10.4%和7.9%,随着初始荷载增大,屈服荷载和极限荷载快速下降,当初始损伤荷载为0.7P_u时,屈服荷载和极限荷载降幅分别达33.7%和32.4%。氯离子含量测试结果表明,梁试件混凝土受拉区氯离子含量均大于受压区氯离子含量;当初始损伤荷载小于0.5P_u时,受拉钢筋表面混凝土的氯离子含量差别不大且小于0.1%,当初始损伤荷载为0.7P_u时,钢筋表面氯离子含量最大达到0.14%。可见,初始荷载损伤与海水干湿循环综合作用对RC梁力学性能及耐久性劣化影响显著。

海水环境下矿渣再生混凝土的劣化规律研究

以人造海水为侵蚀介质,采用干湿循环方法对矿渣掺量分别为0、10%、20%、30%及40%的C30级再生混凝土试件进行海水侵蚀试验,研究了再生混凝土试件的质量损失、抗压强度以及相对动弹性模量的侵蚀劣化规律。试验结果表明:随着干湿循环次数的增多,再生混凝土的表观质量和力学性能呈现下降趋势;同强度等级的再生混凝土在矿渣粉掺量为40%时表现为较强的抗海水侵蚀性能。

广西崇上路击实膨胀土的变形特性试验研究

通过室内大量膨胀土试验,对广西崇(左)上(思)二级公路3种膨胀土击实土样的变形特性进行了研究。试验结果表明:膨胀土的起始含水量和起始干密度对其变形的影响是主要的外部因素;根据膨胀量试验、膨胀力试验和收缩试验的试验数据,得到了膨胀量、膨胀力和收缩量与起始含水量和起始干密度的相关关系。同时,研究了干湿循环对击实膨胀土膨胀特性的影响。研究结果为膨胀土的路基设计和路基处理等膨胀土问题提供了重要的依据。