Exploration of Sponge System Design in Wetland Parks Based on Rainwater and Flood Control: A Case Study of Southern Anhui Province

Based on the background that wetland resources in China are under threat and urgently need to be protected,a series of rainwater and flood problems caused by urban construction is analyzed comprehensively,and the design and planning methods of wetland parks in response to rainwater and flood disasters caused by floods and heavy rainfall are explored.Southern Anhui with complex and variable terrain and frequent rainfall and flood disasters is selected as the research area,with Xuanzhou District of Xuancheng City as the main research object.The relationship between municipal drainage of urban park and water conservancy drainage is investigated from different sample selection,design samples,and design flow rates.Based on literature review and model building methods,an urban storm flood model suitable for typical wetland parks in southern Anhui is constructed after processing the survey data using Arc GIS,SWMM(storm water management model).On this basis,a methodology and principles for designing a sponge system of wetland park based on rainwater and flood control are proposed,including technical measures such as rainwater collection,retention,and purification.This paper provides certain research results in design schemes,effect evaluations,ecological and social benefits,and useful suggestions and solutions for urban stormwater management and resilience development.

Importance of Urban Wetland Parks under the Development of Green Healthy Cities:A Case Study of Nanjing City

Wetlands are widely distributed all over the world,and have many wildlife resources,which are the main pieces of the puzzle for natural resource conservation and sustainable development on earth and have important irreplaceability.In this paper,through questionnaire survey,field research,literature review,etc.,importance weight analysis was conducted by using principal component analysis,and field survey and questionnaire were carried out to collect data on ecological environment function,environmental protection function,landscape beautification function,disaster prevention and mitigation function of urban wetlands.The problems in wetland parks of Nanjing were discussed,such as lack of awareness of landscape planning,deficient late management of wetland parks,weak ability of sustainable development,and unreasonable landscape layout and function.Finally,corresponding solutions were proposed,such as adhering to the planning and design of urban wetland parks with green as the base and health as the basis,persisting in the construction of a wetland system with high biodiversity and near-natural characteristics,adhering to the principle of sustainable development,adopting the construction idea of symbiosis and circulation of urban wetland parks,strengthening education and publicity work,and paying attention to the organic combination of system protection and coordinated construction.The research can build a new development direction for the model of urban wetland parks and green healthy cities,and provide theoretical support for urban sustainable construction.

Landscape Design and Control Elements of Urban Wetland Park

Natural wetland system is of great significance for human beings. The ec- ological and social benefits can be fully exploited provided ecological design be tak- en into consideration in urban wetland park planning. Landscape design plays a key role in urban wetland parks. Therefore, it is necessary to rationally distribute land- scape elements and further improve landscape design from quantity and type of the elements on basis of theories in order to provide references for urban wetland park design.

Tourist Behaviors in Wetland Park:A Preliminary Study in Xixi National Wetland Park,Hangzhou,China

Public education as well as tourism and leisure are the two important functions of national wetland park, and tourist behaviors act as the guiding factor in the national wetland park construction and management.As the first national wetland park in China, Xixi National Wetland Park, located in Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, will give constructive instructions to the construction and management of other wetland parks and ecotourism resorts.This paper analyzed the tourist behaviors in Xixi National Wetland Park.By the observation, in-depth interview and questionnaire, the results show that tourists in wetland parks are different from those in the other common destinations, and they are also different from those strict eco-tourists.In fact, the tourists in wetland park have unique characteristics, such as the intense perception to the functions of wetland ecosystem and the environment impact behaviors.Those tourists are preferred to natural landscapes in their motivations and expectations.Wetland landscapes are the main image to those tourists in the Xixi National Wetland Park.Tourist expectation, experience and satisfaction are all critical factors for the success of the planning and management in national wetland parks.Based on the results, some measures for the sustainable development of wetland parks, including to optimize wetland theme landscape and tourism products, to improve tourist facilities and services, to enhance quality of visitor experiences, and to implement total quality management based on tourist characteristics, are given to national wetland park ecotourism.

Ecological Restoration and Landscape Construction of Wetland——A Case Study of Planning and Design of Mi River Wetland Park in Linqu of Shandong

Based on geological characteristic of Mi River Wetland Park in Linqu of Shandong,the paper had illustrated historical and cultural spirits of Linqu,and then proposed planning strategies and contents of Mi River Wetland Park.It discussed new approaches for wetland restoration and landscape construction from the perspectives of ecological restoration of wetland system,overall construction of leisure system,and full display of regional characteristic.The construction of wetland system laid stress on water system design,terrain treatment,vegetation construction,and biological diversity creation.Wetland system would be overlaid with leisure system,divided into wetland leisure zone,wetland entertainment zone,humanity landscape zone,wetland science popular zone and wetland experience zone,all of which would be constructed with characteristic respectively.On the basis of site character,the paper had searched an energy balance and substance transformation method between rivers,plants,earth and humans,of certain practicality.

Research on Current Status and Development of Urban Wetland Park

This paper summarized the theory and research progress of urban wetland park and elaborated development status of urban wetland park construction at home and abroad,analyzed the existing problems of domestic urban wetland park.In 1970s,some developed countries began to focus on restoration and construction of ecological environment in wetland and restoration work of habitats,with the sustainable development as the goal,a complete theoretical system was formed initially.But domestic theory research of wetland was relatively weak,and wetland restoration and wetland protection policies,etc.are relatively backward.This paper elaborated current situation of construction and development of urban wetland park,analyzed the existing problems of domestic urban wetland park,which mainly showed in the following aspects:blindly following suit without full scientific verification,unreasonable selecting of lands,unreasonable management system,inadequate policy and regulations,and lack of a huge human resources and mature technologies.This paper also put forward several guidance recommendations for existed problems of domestic urban wetlands from the ecological point of view,including giving primary importance to the protection of ecological environment of water in urban wetland park,and treating fouling species correctly.

Application of Ecological Restoration and Sustainable Design Concept in Hong Kong Wetland Park

Wetland park has become an important content of urban landscape design in China, and it is urgent to explore the ways of ensuring scientifi c planning and design and successful implementation of the planning and design in the preparatory stage and the late habitat management and monitoring stage. Taking Hong Kong Wetland Park for example, this paper reviewed the successful design concepts and scientifi c management practices on the basis of sorting out its planning, construction, management and monitoring experience, to provide useful references for the planning, design and management of wetland park in other regions.

Application of Landscape Plants in the Huaxi National Urban Wetland Park

The current situation of plants in Shilihe Beach of the Huaxi National Urban Wetland Park was investigated and analyzed. The results show that there are about 181 species of landscape plants in this park, of which arbors and shrubs are dominant. Various species of plants grow differently because of different types of artificial maintenance. The overall partition of the wetland park dose not follow the features of a river-type wetland and is not clear. In this park, the planting area of hygrophyte is far less than that of terrestrial plants. As a result, the wetland park is evolving into a public garden. It is suggested that the overall design of the park should be conducted in accordance with site characteristics and resources, and the park should be developed and built reasonably based on the principle that the ecology is a priority.

Study on the Plant Furnishings in Urban Wetland Park——A Case Study of Yuehai National Wetland Park in Yinchuan City of China

Plant furnishings in wetland were explored,in terms of plant selection,mass planting of water plants was proposed for landscaping of water surface,combination of trees,shrubs and grasses for the land.As far as plant furnishing techniques are concerned,color landscape creation of wetland plants was stressed,and combined application of arbors,shrubs and grasses advocated for creating rich spatial hierarchies of terrestrial landscapes.Taking Yuehai National Wetland Park in Yinchuan City for example,general situation and plant furnishings of the park were introduced,and problems proposed as "uninteresting water plant landscapes,simple terrestrial plant selection and furnishing".On this basis,plant selection and furnishing in the park was studied to create diversified bio-landscape sequences and also rich landscape types.

Progress and Prospect of Studies on Landscape Health of Urban Wetland Park

Rapid urbanization and increasing attention on the construction of wetland park have contributed to the increasing research fruits of urban wedand park.This paper,on the basis of sorting out literatures on urban wedand park from 2004 to 2015,analyzed the research contents and proposed the prospects.The research contents focused on concept of urban wedand park and landscape health,influence factors,ecological health,landscape health,and evaluation standard.It was found that the research methods vaned,quantitative and qualitative researches were combined;there were rich data sources,dynamic and static researches were integrated;theories lagged behind practices,and the research scale was limited.Therefore,the theoretical system must be improved from the perspective of philosophy and management science;national,regional and other large-scale analysis must be valued to expand the research scale;influence factors were analyzed from multiple perspectives.

Optimizing Rank of Landscape Planning Works of Urban Wetland Park

Classifying and ranking the huge amounts of landscape planning works of urban wetland park is always difficult due to the multi-functions （ecological, leisure, educational and disaster prevention） of the urban wetland park. Therefore, an optimizing rank system is urgently needed. Analytic Hierarchy Process （AHP） and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution （TOPSIS） models were used to rank the planning works of 30 urban wetland park based on four mainly factors, which included landscape ecological planning, landscape planning, ecological planning and economic planning. The study indicated that the AHP- TOPSIS model had good discrimination in the classification and ranking of landscape planning works of urban wetland park and it was also applicable to the planning works of other urban greenbelts.

Ecological Landscape Design of Urban Wetland Park: A Case Study of the Aixi Lake Wetland Park in Nanchang City

Wetland as one of the natural landscapes with the richest biodiversity and most closely related to our life is widely distributed all around the world, and capable of storing fl ood, preventing drought, purifying environment, adjusting climate, controlling pollution, maintaining regional ecological balance. Nanchang is famous for "City in the Lake and Lake in the City", and this paper begins with wetland resources in Nanchang City, analyzes problems of local wetlands. Taking the design of the Aixi Lake Wetland Park for example, this paper proposes suggestions for the renovation and improvement by analyzing the problems of its current landscape pattern, and specifi c problems in the landscape design of wetland park, and summarizes the ecological model fi t for the landscape design of urban wetland park in Nanchang City. The research contributes to the ecological restoration and conservation of wetland resources in Nanchang.

Managing wetlands:an ecological economic analysis of the Hong Kong Wetland Park

This paper addresses the question of whether the Hang Kong government made a rational economic decision when it decided to set aside land to develop a Wetland Park, or whether it should have used the land for alternative commercial developments. Different analytical methods are used to estimate the economic value of the environmental benefits of the Wetland Park： the Value Transfer Method is used to estimate the economic value oJ the ecological services provided by the Park. the Direct Market Price analysis for the economic value of the goods purchased in the Wetland Park, the Hedonic Housing Price Analysis for the value of the Park to those residing in its proximity, the Travel Cost and Contingent Valuation Method for the value of the Park to the visitors, and the Contingent Valuation for the Passive （Nonuse） Values of the Park. These benefits are compared to the opportunity cost of the land and the cost of running the Wetland Park. The article concludes that if a rate of 5% or less is used to discount fiture costs and benefits, we would find that the government＇s decision to set aside land for a Wetland Park was economically sound while using a discount rate of 6% or more shows that it was not.

Study on the Functional Zoning Modes of Urban Wetland Parks

Functional zoning is a critical phase in the planning of parks.Through summarizing and analyzing the functional zoning modes of different urban park types in China,as well as comparing to the functional zoning modes of nature reserves,famous scenic areas and overseas national parks,the functional zoning modes of urban wetland parks in China were elaborated in this study,the assumption of further sectorization were put forward,and theoretical supports were sought for more scientific and operable functional zoning of urban wetland parks.

Actuality Assessment and Protection Countermeasures for the Yintan Wetland Park in Lanzhou City

Yintan Wetland Park in Lanzhou City was assessed in this study from the perspective of landscape ecology,and the characteristic indexes of wetland landscape units were calculated.Landscape types of the study area can be classified into water area,wood land,grassland,marsh and beach whose patch shape index(S) is respectively 1.36,1.13,1.21,1.08 and 1.29;the overall regional landscape diversity index(H) is 1.03;and the overall regional landscape fragmentation index is 0.19.

Concept Derivation in the Conceptual Planning of Jiuzhouwa Eco-Wetland Park

Through analyzing problems exist in the conceptual planning of Jiuzhouwa Eco-Wetland Park, the derivation process and approach of its core concepts were discussed.

Progress in Research of Chinese Wetland Parks

There has been a rapid development in the construction of wetland parks in China in recent years.This paper discussed the progress in the research of Chinese wetland parks that covered the aspects of wetland resources,landscape and environment.The function of wetland parks,the evaluation of landscape and the exploiting of resources;the landscape concept and landscape planning and design;the plant environment,the water environment and the recreation environment were all reviewed.The research of Chinese wetland parks started later but developed rapidly,having remarkable achievements in practice and functional studies,and there are still some shortcomings in the researches to be improved.At last,the key points which should be researched urgently in the future were discussed.

Seasonal and Spatial Variability of Water Quality and Nutrient Removal Efficiency of Restored Wetland： A Case Study in Fujin National Wetland Park, China

To investigate the spatio-temporal and compositional variation of selected water quality parameters and understand the puri- fying effects of wetland in Fujin National Wetland Park （FNWP）, China, the trophic level index （TLI）, paired samples t-test and correla- tion analysis were used for the statistical analysis of a set of 10 water quality parameters. The analyses were based on water samples collected from 22 stations in FNWP between 2014 and 2016. Results initially reveal that total nitrogen （TN） concentrations are above class V levels （2 mg/L）, total phosphorus （TP） concentrations are below class III levels （0.2 mg/L）, and that all other parameters fall within standard ranges. Highest values for TN, pH, and Chlorophyll-a were recorded in 2016, while the levels of chemical oxygen de- mand （CODMn） and biochemical oxygen demand （BODs） were lowest during this year. Similarly, TN values were highest between 2014 and 2016 while dissolved oxygen （DO） concentrations were lowest in the summer and TP concentrations were highest in the autumn. Significant variations were also found in Secchi depth （SD）, TN, CODMn （P 〈 0.01）, TP, and DO levels （P 〈 0.05） between the inlet and outlet of the park. High-to-low levels of TN, TP, and TDS were found in cattails, reeds, and open water （the opposite trend was seen in SD levels）. Tested wetland water had a light eutrophication status in most cases and TN and TP removal rates were between 7.54%-84.36% and 37.50%-70.83%, respectively. Data also show no significant annual changes in water quality within this wetland, although obvious affects from surrounding agricultural drainage were nevertheless recorded. Results reveal a high major nutrient removal efficiency （N and P）. The upper limits of these phenomena should be addressed in future research alongside a more efficient and scientific agricultural layout for the regions in and around the FNWP.

Humidifying Effect of Riparian Wetland Park of Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province in Autumn

As an important part of urban green space system, wetland parks have good ecological environment and various landscape resources, which play an irreplaceable role in adjusting the climate, beautifying the environment and maintaining regional ecological balance. Therefore, research on humidifying effect of wetland park is of great significance. Air humidity below the height of 1.5 m above various underlying surfaces was measured in Taiping Riparian Wetland Park of Shijiazhuang. Monitoring time was selected in October 10–12, 2012 and six days among September and October, 2013 which were sunny days without wind(or the speed of wind less than 0.2 m/s). By analyzing the basic distribution regularity of humidity from horizontal and vertical directions at different times in autumn days, humidifying effect of various types of plants could be summarized from the sampled data. The humidifying effect of arbor-grasses can strengthen with the increase of temperature. The humidifying effect is the strongest at 10:00–14:00, then, it weakens after noon and the reduction rate tends to be smaller. Second, the humidity above the height of 0.2 m changes at a small scale and is much lower than that close to ground, which reveals great effect of ground cover plants and soil moisture. According to the monitoring data below the height of 1.5 m, the humidifying effect of shrubs is stronger than that of arbor-grasses. Last, the humidifying effect of surfaces with different land covers from strong to weak are shrubs, arbor-grasses, river. The rational allocation on various types of wetlands with a wide variety of structures can improve the atmospheric environment more effectively.

Application of Eco-design in Jiuxi Wetland Park in Yuxi City of Yunnan Province

Based on the site analysis,functional orientations of this wetland park were determined by classifying it into wetland and dry land,to settle conflicts between wetland and park.Eco-design concepts was applied in the whole process of planning,this study focused on tourists' experiencing natural landscapes,cultural landscapes and site cultures,adopted vernacular buildings and local plants,employed permeable pavement materials instead of traditional pipes for rainwater management.Traditional gardening techniques were applied and natural laws were followed in the overall planning of this park;accessibility and security were attached sufficient importance in its traffic organization.In this way,the expected ecological,social and economic effects would be realized.