Persistence of fertilization effects on soil organic carbon in degraded alpine wetlands in the Yellow River source region

In the restoration of degraded wetlands,fertilization can improve the vegetation-soil-microorganisms complex,thereby affecting the organic carbon content.However,it is currently unclear whether these effects are sustainable.This study employed Biolog-Eco surveys to investigate the changes in vegetation characteristics,soil physicochemical properties,and soil microbial functional diversity in degraded alpine wetlands of the source region of the Yellow River at 3 and 15 months after the application of nitrogen,phosphorus,and organic mixed fertilizer.The following results were obtained:The addition of nitrogen fertilizer and organic compost significantly affects the soil organic carbon content in degraded wetlands.Three months after fertilization,nitrogen addition increases soil organic carbon in both lightly and severely degraded wetlands,whereas after 15 months,organic compost enhanced the soil organic carbon level in severely degraded wetlands.Structural equation modeling indicates that fertilization decreases the soil pH and directly or indirectly influences the soil organic carbon levels through variations in the soil water content and the aboveground biomass of vegetation.Three months after fertilization,nitrogen fertilizer showed a direct positive effect on soil organic carbon.However,organic mixed fertilizer indirectly reduced soil organic carbon by increasing biomass and decreasing soil moisture.After 15 months,none of the fertilizers significantly affected the soil organic carbon level.In summary,it can be inferred that the addition of nitrogen fertilizer lacks sustainability in positively influencing the organic carbon content.

Analysis of water vapour flux between alpine wetlands underlying surface and atmosphere in the source region of the Yellow River

An underlying wetland surface comprises soil, water and vegetation and is sensitive to local climate change. Analysis of the degree of coupling between wetlands and the atmosphere and a quantitative assessment of how environmental factors influence latent heat flux have considerable scientific significance. Using data from observational tests of the Maduo Observatory of Climate and Environment of the Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resource, CAS, from June 1 to August 31, 2014, this study analysed the time-varying characteristics and causes of the degree of coupling(Ω factor)between alpine wetlands underlying surface and the atmosphere and quantitatively calculated the influences of different environmental factors(solar radiation and vapour pressure deficit) on latent heat flux. The results were as follows:(1) Due to diurnal variations of solar radiation and wind speed, a trend developed where diurnal variations of the Ω factor were small in the morning and large in the evening. Due to the vegetation growing cycle, seasonal variations of the Ω factor present a reverse "U" trend. These trends are similar to the diurnal and seasonal variations of the absolute control exercised by solar radiation over latent heat flux. This conforms to the Omega Theory.(2) The values for average absolute atmospheric factor(surface factor or total) control exercised by solar radiation and water vapour pressure are 0.20(0.02 or 0.22) and 0.005(-0.07 or-0.06) W/(m2·Pa), respectively. Generally speaking, solar radiation and water vapour pressure deficit exert opposite forces on latent heat flux.(3) At the underlying alpine wetland surface, solar radiation primarily influences latent heat flux through its direct effects(atmospheric factor controls). Water vapour pressure deficit primarily influences latent heat flux through its indirect effects(surface factor controls) on changing the surface resistance.(4) The average Ω factor in the underlying alpine wetland surface is high during the vegetation growing season, with a value of 0.38, and the degree of coupling between alpine wetland surface and atmosphere system is low. The actual measurements agree with the Omega Theory. The latent heat flux is mainly influenced by solar radiation.

Nitrogen Biological Cycle Characteristics of Seepweed(Suaeda salsa) Wetland in Intertidal Zone of Huanghe(Yellow) River Estuary

From April 2008 to November 2009, the nitrogen （N） cycle of plant-soil system in seepweed （Suaeda salsa） wetland in the intertidal zone of the Huanghe （Yellow） River estuary was studied. Results showed that soil N had sig- nificant seasonal fluctuations and vertical distribution, and the net N mineralization rates in topsoil were significantly different in growing season （p 〈 0.01）. The N/P ratio （9.87 ±1.23） of S. salsa was less than 14, indicating that plant growth was limited by N. The N accumulated in S. salsa litter at all times during decomposition, which was ascribed to the N immobilization by microbes from the environment. Soil organic N was the main N stock of plant-soil system, accounting for 97.35% of the total N stock. The N absorption and utilization coefficients of S. salsa were very low （0.0145 and 0.3844, respectively）, while the N cycle coefficient was high （0.7108）. The results of the N turnovers among compartments of S. salsa wetland showed that the N uptake amount of aboveground part and root were 7.764 g/m2and 4.332 g/m2, respectively. The N translocation amounts from aboveground part to root and from root to soil were 3.881 g/m2 and 0.626 g/m2, respectively. The N translocation amount from aboveground living body to litter was 3.883 g/m2, the annual N return amount from litter to soil was more than 0.125（-） g/m2 （minus represented immobili- zation）, and the net N mineralization amount in topsoil （0-15 cm） in growing season was 1.190 g/m2. The assessment of N biological cycle status orS. salsa wetland indicated that N was a very important limiting factor and the ecosystem was situated in unstable and vulnerable status. The S. salsa was seemingly well adapted to the low-nutrient status and vulnerable habitat, and the N quantitative relationships determined in the compartment model might provide scientific base for us to reveal the special adaptive strategy orS. salsa to the vulnerable habitat in the following studies.

Investigation on Water Pollution of Four Rivers in Coastal Wetland of Yellow River Estuary

[Objective] The study aimed at analysing water pollution of four rivers in coastal wetland of Yellow River estuary. [Method] Taking four seriously polluted rivers (Guangli River, Shenxian Ditch, Tiao River and Chao River) in coastal wetland of Yellow River estuary as study objects, water samples were collected from the four rivers in May (dry period), August (wet period) and November (normal period) in 2009 and 2010 respectively, then pollution indices like nutritive salts, COD, chlorophyll-a, petroleum, etc. were measured. Afterwards, the status quo of water pollution was assessed based on Nemero index and comprehensive trophic level index (TLI), so as to find out the integral status quo of water quality of wetland rivers and damages to aquatic ecological environment. [Result] On the whole, water pollution of four rivers in coastal wetland of Yellow River estuary was serious, in the eutrophication state, and the main pollutants were TN, TP, NH+4-N and petroleum. In addition, excessive N and P in the four rivers resulted in water eutrophication of Bohai Bay, so further leading to ride tide, which destroyed the coastal ecological environment of Bohai Sea. Moreover, compared with historical data, water pollution by nitrogen and phosphorus became more serious, while there was no obvious aggravation in the water pollution by petroleum. In a word, water pollution wasn’t optimistic on the whole. [Conclusion] The research could provide theoretical bases for the protection and utilization of river water in coastal wetland of Yellow River estuary and its coastal sea area.

Stable Carbon Isotope and Long-Chain Alkane Compositions of the Major Plants and Sediment Organic Matter in the Yellow River Estuarine Wetlands

Elemental(TOC,TN,C/N)and stable carbon isotopic(δ^13C)compositions and long-chain alkane(n C16-38)concentrations were measured for eight major plants and a sediment core collected from the Yellow River estuarine wetlands.Our results indicate that both C3(-25.4‰to-29.6‰)and C4(-14.2‰to-15.0‰)plants are growing in the wetlands and C3 plants are the predominant species.The biomass of the wetland plants had similar organic carbon(35.5-45.8%)but very different organic nitrogen(0.35-4.15%)contents.Both C3 and C4 plants all contained long-chain alkanes with strong odd-to-even carbon numbered chain predominance.Phragmites australis,a dominant C3 plant contained mainly n C29 and n C31 homologues.Aeluropus littoralis,an abundant C4 plant were concentrated with n C27 and n C29 homologues.Organic matter preserved in the Yellow River estuarine sediments showed strong terrestrial signals(C/N=11-16,δ^13C=-22.0‰to-24.3‰).The distribution of long-chain n-alkanes in sediments also showed strong odd-to-even carbon chain predominance with n C29 and n C31 being the most abundant homologues.These results suggest that organic matter preserved in the Yellow River estuarine sediments were influenced by the wetland-derived organic matter,mainly C3 plants.The Yellow River estuarine wetland plants could play important role affecting both the carbon and nutrient cycling in the estuary and adjacent coastal waters.

Response of the distributary channel of the Huanghe River estuary to water and sediment discharge regulation in 2007

The water and sediment discharge regulation （WSDR） project, which has been performed since 2002 before flood season every year, is of great significance to the river management in China. Until 2007, six experiments have been fulfilled to evaluate the effect of the project on the natural environment. To fill the gap of investigations, a study on flood and suspended sediment transportation and channel changing along the distributary channel of the Huanghe （Yellow） River was conducted during the WSDR project period in 2007. The lower channel was scoured rapidly and the channel became unobstructed gradually several days after the flood peak water was discharged from the Xiaolangdi Reservoir. Within four days after the flood peak at 3 000 m3/s entered the distributary, the channel in the river mouth area was eroded quickly. Both the mean values of area and depth of the main channel were tripled, and the maximum flood carrying capacity increased to 5 500 m3/s or more. Then, the river channel was silted anew in a very short time after completion of the WSDR. Favored by the WSDR project, the fiver status in April 2008 became better than that of the year before. The adjustment ranges of main channel parameters were about 30%, 10%, and 10% at sections C2, Q4, and Q7, respectively. The process of rapid erosion-deposition was more active 15 km away in the channel from the fiver mouth due to the marine influence. It is reasonable for discharging sediment at concentration peak from Xiaolangdi Reservoir at the end of the flood peak. As a result, the sediment peak reached the river mouth about two days later than that of the water current. In addition, the WSDR project has improved the development of the estuarine wetland. Wetland vegetation planted along the river banks restrained the water flow as a strainer and improved the main channel stability. It is suggested to draw water at mean rate of 150 m3/s from the Huanghe River during flood periods, because at the rate the water in the wetland would be stored and replenished in balance. Moreover, we believe that cropland on the river shoal of the lower Huanghe River should be replaced by wetland. These activities should achieve the Huanghe River management strategy of ＂To concentrate flow to scour sediment, stabilize the main channel, and regulate water and sediment＂.

黄河源区高寒湿地土壤团聚体有机碳矿化特征及其温度敏感性

探索土壤碳固存与全球气候变暖的关系是当前环境科学的研究热点。为厘清黄河源区高寒湿地土壤团聚体有机碳矿化特征,本研究利用碱液吸收法测定不同温度(5℃,15℃,25℃)条件下湿地土壤各粒径(>2 mm,2~0.25 mm和<0.25 mm)团聚体有机碳矿化特征,以期明晰全球变暖背景下高寒湿地土壤团聚体固碳特征。结果显示:温度变化对高寒湿地的土壤团聚体有机碳矿化具有显著影响,温度越高,团聚体有机碳矿化量越大;高寒湿地土壤大团聚体(>0.25 mm)有机碳矿化速率显著高于微团聚体(<0.25 mm,P<0.05);高寒湿地土壤团聚体有机碳矿化的温度敏感性系数(Q_(10))随温度升高逐渐增加,随粒径变化由大到小依次为2~0.25 mm,>2 mm,<0.25 mm。综上所述,温度升高降低了黄河源区高寒湿地土壤团聚体的固碳能力。

黄河口城市湿地景观格局演变与产业高质量发展研究

以黄河口城市湿地景观格局演变为切入点,借助GIS和CA-Markov模型分析产业结构与湿地利用之间的互动关系。研究发现,“十二五”至“十三五”期间,城市建设等人为活动和国家政策对湿地景观格局演变的影响最为深刻,反映在相关产业对湿地的利用上表现为第一产业和第二产业对湿地的利用占据绝对优势,但结构处于不断优化之中;预计“十四五”到“十五五”期间,沼泽湿地的保护与生态修复成果显著,生态经济效益得以彰显。从未来发展趋势看,单一湿地类型的支配地位明显,产业集聚迎来机遇,而绿色产业发展迫在眉睫。建议从新旧动能转换、产业转型升级、延伸产业链条、发展绿色产业、强化文化引领、打造国家文化公园等方面促进黄河口湿地相关产业实现高质量发展。

黄河中游湿地优势植物水分利用的同位素研究

在黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展战略背景下,探究沿黄湿地植物水分利用来源是揭示黄河湿地生态系统演替机制的重要基础.本文以汾河入黄典型河口湿地为研究区,分析旱季(5月)和雨季(9月)不同水源(降水、土壤水、地下水和河水)和优势植物的氢氧同位素特征,辨析湿地水分的补给来源和植物水分利用比例,探讨植物干湿季水分利用策略.结果发现,湿地地下水δ^(18)O、δD值同当地降水和汾河水相比明显贫化,地下水接受当地降水的有效补给仅在雨季,地下水主要来自黄河水侧渗并向汾河排泄.浅层土壤水(0~20cm)主要受降水补给,深层土壤水(20~80cm)则来自毛细地下水和汾河水补给.旱季,不同植物出现了水分利用的生态位分离现象,小型草本小香蒲(Typha minima,(46%±7%))和假苇拂子茅(Calamagrostis pseudophragmites,(95%±1%))对浅层土壤水利用率最高,大型草本水莎草(Juncellus serotinus)主要利用深层土壤水和地下水(89%±23%),而芦苇(Phragmites australis)主要利用河水、地下水和深层土壤水(86%±19%);雨季草本植物均主要利用深层土壤水、地下水和河水,表现出水分利用的生态位重叠.灌木柽柳(Tamarix chinensis)的水源存在季节转换,旱季均衡利用多种水源,雨季主要利用浅层土壤水(68%±5%).在未来暖干气候背景下,柽柳灵活的水分利用模式具有更大的生存优势,而草本植物间的水分竞争可能加剧.研究结果可加强对黄河中游湿地生态系统演变机制的认识,为湿地生态环境建设提供科学依据.

黄河口盐沼湿地沉积物碳储量调查评估

文章依据2021年9月黄河口盐沼湿地沉积物调查数据,分析了沉积物粒度、容重、有机碳分布特征,并对黄河口盐沼湿地沉积物碳密度及碳储量进行评估。结果显示,黄河口盐沼湿地沉积物类型以粉砂为主,部分层次为砂质粉砂和黏土质粉砂;4种植被类型中,不同深度的沉积物容重差异性不大,互花米草和盐地碱蓬分布区容重整体大于柽柳和芦苇分布区;互花米草、盐地碱蓬、芦苇和柽柳分布区沉积物中有机碳含量分别为0.199%、0.200%、0.184%和0.161%,互花米草和盐地碱蓬分布区底质中有机碳含量较芦苇和柽柳分布区偏高,这与互花米草和盐地碱蓬分布区含有更多的黏土组分有关;计算得出,黄河口盐沼湿地沉积物总碳储量为33.47万t,其中互花米草分布区为14.31万t,芦苇分布区为12.05万t,柽柳分布区为5.27万t,盐地碱蓬分布区为1.84万t。

黄河口湿地表层沉积物中重金属的分布特征及其影响因素

在黄河口湿地的枯水期(2009年4月)和丰水期(2009年6月)分别采集表层沉积物样品,分析了Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、As、Hg的含量与分布特征.结果表明,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、As、Hg的平均含量分别为(22.1±5.2),(53.8±7.6),(78.4±13.2),(60.5±8.9),(0.250±0.099),(7.7±2.7),(0.055±0.039)μg/g.黄河口湿地表层沉积物中重金属含量处于国内河口湿地中等水平,低于欧美发达国家河口湿地的含量.有机质的含量影响了枯水期黄河口湿地表层沉积物中重金属的含量.Cu、Zn在枯水期以及As、Hg在丰水期与细粒径颗粒物显著正相关,<16μm的细颗粒物能吸持较多的重金属.

黄河口盐地碱蓬湿地土壤-植物系统重金属污染评价

以黄河口盐地碱蓬湿地为例,评价了淹水和非淹水区湿地表层土壤As、Cd、Cu、Cr、Pb和Zn 6种重金属的污染程度及其在土壤-植物系统中的迁移、富集特征,分析了不同积水深度和土壤理化性质对研究区土壤重金属含量的影响。研究结果表明,与土壤或沉积物质量标准相比,黄河口盐地碱蓬湿地土壤受As和Cd污染最严重,而其它重金属污染较轻;非淹水土壤Cd、Cr和Zn含量高于淹水湿地,而As、Cu和Pb则较低;而且淹水土壤As含量随积水深度增加而呈下降趋势,但积水深度对其他重金属含量的影响不明显。相关性分析结果表明,按照受土壤关键影响因子的不同重金属(除As外)可以分为两类:第一类为Cd、Cr和Zn,这些重金属含量受土壤pH值和盐分影响较大,且相互间存在显著正相关关系,表明它们可能有相同的来源;第二类为Pb和Cu,它们受土壤pH值、盐分和有机质的影响,且Pb和Cu之间存在显著正相关关系。除Cr、Cu和Zn外,重金属在盐地碱蓬的根系内一般不发生显著富集,但绝大多数重金属都表现出地上部分的含量比根系更高的现象。

黄河口滨海湿地水质污染物现状研究

于2009年5月(枯水期)、8月(丰水期)和11月(平水期)在黄河入海口滨海湿地典型水域选取14个调查站点采集水样,测定水体营养盐、重金属、石油类等22项污染指标,采用内梅罗指数和综合营养状态指数评价法对水质污染现状进行研究和评价.结果表明,滨海湿地整体水质属于轻度富营养化水平,并呈现逐年加剧趋势.湿地湖泊、黄河故道、国家自然保护区、养殖池塘等静态水域污染较轻,以广利河、挑河、神仙沟、小岛河、孤东油田排涝沟为代表的支流水体污染较重,明显超过黄河主干河道.调查发现滨海湿地水体主要污染物为TN、TP、石油烃、Hg、NH4+-N、UIA和Chl-a等.与历史数据对比,湿地水体氮磷污染明显加剧,石油烃和Hg污染未见显著增长,其他重金属含量均未超标,整体水质污染形势不容乐观.

江河源区主要自然生物资源概述

广袤的草地、特有的高寒湿地以及丰富而有又独特的生物多样性是江河源区重要的自然生物资源。草地占江河源区总土地面积的 84 .5 3% ,是源区畜牧业经济发展的基础 ,同时也是长江、黄河和澜沧江三大江河的源头区域 ,为江河中、下游地区生态环境稳定和经济持续发展提供无可替代的服务。江河源区是世界上海拔最高的高寒湿地主要分布区 ,湿地总面积达 80 0 0km2 。江河源区独特的生态环境孕育了种类繁多的特有动、植物种类 ,源区约有哺乳动物、鸟类和鱼类 1 33、2 4 9和 2 1 9种 ,牧草植物、药用植物、食用植物和观赏植物约 80 0、80 8、80和 4 0 0种 ,是世界海拔最高的生物多样性集中分布区。然而 ,由于超载放牧、盲目采挖、盗猎等不合理的开发和利用以及气候变化等诸多因素的综合影响 ,江河源区草地生态系统退化、高寒湿地萎缩、生物多样性锐减等生态环境危机不断加剧。正确权衡江河源区自然生物资源的短期经济价值及其所拥有的巨大生态公益和潜在开发价值 ,科学决策 。

黄河河口生态需水研究进展与展望

黄河河口生态需水包括河流生态需水、湿地生态需水和近海生态需水。系统梳理了近20年来黄河河口生态需水目标、需水类别和需水量计算结果;结合黄河河口演变特点,提出生态需水研究的重点和主要方向。河流生态需水以满足重要渔业物种生境为主,重点研究指示物种对天然径流量节律的响应特征,量化水文-生态响应关系,在某种程度上恢复自然水文情势的生态功能。湿地生态需水应深入研究植被、土壤、水体的水盐平衡和蒸散发规律,从植被和鸟类生态位的合理设计以及生物多样性维持出发构建生态系统结构,确定湿地合理规模。近海生态需水应研究入海冲淡水对渔业物种低盐产卵育幼场的塑造和维持机制,以及重要渔业物种习性、适宜营养盐水平与磷酸盐输送扩散机制。小浪底水库运用以来,利津断面径流量满足已有生态需水径流量各项研究成果要求的年份比例为37%~58%,春季经流过程经常缺乏流量脉冲。初步分析以湿地、河道鱼类和近海鱼类为主要目标的全年生态需水量为86亿m^3,径流过程需要阶段性场次洪水。建议对小浪底水库调度方案进行多年优化调整,兼顾春季流量脉冲的塑造,在更大程度上满足河口生态需求。

中国北方典型河口芦苇湿地土壤有机碳库比较研究

以2008年10月和2009年5月黄河口和辽河口芦苇湿地野外调查获取的数据为基础,研究中国北方典型河口芦苇湿地表层和剖面土壤有机碳库的分布特征,并探讨其土壤有机碳库差异的原因。结果表明：5和10月份,黄河口芦苇湿地表层土壤有机碳变幅分别为2.15-10.13和10.98-28.82kg/m^3,无显著性季节差异;辽河口芦苇湿地表层土壤有机碳库变幅分别为0.8-31.38和18.95-68.7kg/m^3,10月份显著高于5月份。两河口剖面土壤有机碳库分布特征相同,均表现为0-10cm土层含量明显高于各底层,0-20cm土层集中了整个剖面50%以上的有机碳。辽河口芦苇湿地表层土壤有机碳含量及碳库均高于黄河口湿地,且10月份其差异达到了显著性水平。相对于我国其它河口芦苇湿地,黄河口湿地有机碳含量严重偏低,具有很大的可提升潜力。辽河口湿地芦苇地上生物量的均值达到2.96kg/m^2,是黄河口的5.82倍,而表观土壤呼吸通量显著低于黄河口湿地,有机碳的高输入和低输出是其土壤有机碳库高于黄河口湿地的根本原因;土壤盐渍化程度高、黏粒含量低和氮素匮乏是影响黄河口芦苇湿地土壤有机碳库严重偏低的主要因素。因此,在开展黄河口退化湿地的生态恢复重建技术中降低土壤盐渍化程度、提高黏粒含量和全氮含量是提高土壤有机碳库的关键。

黄河入海口湿地区底质重金属污染的Pb同位素示踪

利用等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)和多接收同位素质谱仪(HR-MC-ICP-MS)等技术,对黄河入海口湿地区3个典型区(湿地保护区、采油区和河道)表层沉积物进行了系统的重金属微量元素和Pb同位素分析。结果表明,湿地保护区、采油区和黄河河道三个子区域表层沉积物重金属含量依次降低,受粒度控制明显,且符合第一类沉积物质量标准,处于较清洁水平。Pb同位素数据表明,黄河入海口湿地保护区表层沉积物样品207 Pb/206 Pb和208 Pb/206 Pb比值(0.839,2.090)与已发表文献的中国黄土207Pb/206Pb和208 Pb/206 Pb比值(0.841,2.083)接近,表明黄河湿地保护区内表层沉积物中的重金属Pb的主要来源为黄河自然源(黄土)。采油区及河道样品207 Pb/206 Pb,208 Pb/206 Pb比值(0.848,2.100;0.849,2.105)均高于湿地保护区样品,介于黄河悬浮体(0.865,2.131)及中国黄土之间,表明采油区和河道表层沉积中的Pb主要来源于自然源和人类生产活动。

黄河口湿地土壤中生物硅的分布与植硅体的形态特征

硅是地壳中重要元素之一,深刻影响着地表物质循环。湿地是全球碳、硅循环和气候变化研究的重要组成部分,然而针对湿地硅循环方面的研究较少。本文分别运用化学提取法和无损提取法,得出了黄河口三角洲湿地地表土壤中生物硅的含量、组成,并对湿地硅的分布特征与影响因素进行了研究。结果发现：黄河口湿地生物硅含量介于2.48~19.3 g/kg之间,并具有冬季高、秋季低的特点;生物硅与颗粒有机碳和颗粒有机氮含量具有显著的正相关关系,表明三者具有相似的来源;生物硅和植物可利用硅之间显著的相关性表明生物硅在土壤硅循环中起着主要作用。土壤中生物硅的含量与距离河道和海岸的长度均呈负相关关系,在生物硅的“距离效应”中海洋的作用较为显著。湿地表层土壤中植硅体的形态丰富,在黄河沿岸分别以哑铃形或突起棒形为主要植硅体形态,这与其植被特点有关;在II区域则主要以平滑棒形为主,且硅藻对生物硅的贡献比例明显增加。I区大部分站位发现的硅藻为圆筛藻,而在II区发现的硅藻主要为月形藻和舟形藻（羽纹硅藻纲）,这与湿地水陆相互作用有关。植硅体主要来源于本地植物,是土壤中生物硅的最主要贡献者,同时黄河泥沙携带的来自上游流域的植硅体也对湿地生物硅含量和组成有一定的贡献。黄河口湿地土壤中生物硅的含量和组成受到河流和海洋的共同影响,具有一定的区域特性,并可能对河流和海洋硅循环产生重大影响。

基于典范对应分析的滨海湿地土壤季节性盐渍化特征

为了更好地开发利用黄河三角洲湿地土壤资源和生态环境建设,运用单因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA)和典范对应分析方法(CCA),对黄河口湿地0—10 cm土壤全盐量(TS)、盐分离子组成、pH、钠吸附比(SAR)、电导率(EC)的季节性变化特征及数量关系进行了分析。结果表明:该区土壤属于盐土类型,春季(5月)、夏季(8月)、秋季(10月)全盐含量均高于17.9 g/kg,且春季、秋季的含盐量高于夏季,造成春、秋季积盐,夏季脱盐。盐分阳离子以Na+为主,阴离子以Cl-为主,除Mg2+在夏季、秋季和Cl-在秋季表现出强烈的变异性外,其余离子在不同季节均表现出中等强度的变异性。春季,Cl-与Na+、Mg2+,SO■与K+;夏季,Cl-与HCO-3,SO■与Mg2+、Ca2+,Ca2+与Mg2+;秋季,Cl-与SO■,SO■与Mg2+,Ca2+与Mg2+,均有很好的关联性。pH值均介于7.7—8.1之间,各个季节受盐分离子的影响较小,分布较为均匀。SAR介于3.08—5.29之间,春季受控于HCO-3;夏季受控于K+;秋季受各离子的影响均较小,分布较为均匀。EC介于7.16—13.04 mS/cm,春季受各离子的影响均较小,其空间分布较为均匀;夏季受控于SO■、Ca2+、Mg2+;秋季受控于Na+。TS与Cl-、Na+、Mg2+在季节变化上的差异性一致,且各个季节均受控于Cl-。故通过合理的措施控制或减少Cl-来源是一条减轻黄河口湿地土壤盐渍化的合适途径。

黄河口湿地土壤磷素动态分布特征及影响因素

以黄河口湿地为研究对象,对2008年10月、2009年5月和8月、2010年8月4次野外调查所获取的样品进行室内分析,研究土壤磷素的时空分布特征,并分析土壤理化性质、植被及微生物对磷素分布的影响。结果表明:农业种植区表层土壤全磷(TP)、有效磷(Olsen-P)含量均高于自然湿地的。自然湿地土壤全磷水平和垂直分异均较小,变幅分别为429.19～693.30mg/kg,408.55～663.03mg/kg;有效磷含量水平和垂直分异均较大,变幅分别为0.27～13.48mg/kg,0.08～9.57mg/kg,研究区有效磷含量处于四级及以下水平。土壤全磷水平和垂直方向季节动态变化幅度很小,变异系数分别为5.80%和1.15%;有效磷季节变化明显大于全磷的季节变化,变异系数分别为29.21%和31.09%。土壤磷素分布特征与土壤理化性质、植被分布和微生物的作用相吻合,土壤全磷含量与粘土和粉砂含量、全氮、有机碳含量呈显著正相关关系,与容重呈极显著负相关关系,有效磷含量与土壤粘土和粉砂含量呈显著正相关关系;不同植被群落土壤全磷含量水平和季节变化较小,有效磷含量水平和季节变化明显;植被根际土全磷含量略高于非根际的,碱蓬有效磷的根际效应显著,根际土有效磷含量明显高于非根际的;植被对磷素的吸收累积量与根际土壤磷素含量呈弱的负相关关系;植被根际微生物活性与根际土壤有效磷含量呈极显著正相关关系。