STUDY ON WETLAND RESOURCES IN DELTASAROUND BOHAI SEA

Based on the data of wetlands in Huanghe delta and Liaohe delta which were go by the combination of Remote Sensing(RS), Geographical Information System(GIS) and Global Position System(GPS), the paper discusses the sindlarities and differences of wetlands in the two regions by comparing them in composition, distribuhon, spatial pattern of landscape and ecology. Problems in using and conserving weiland resources are shown in the paper, which aimto provide basis for the further study on the landscape ecology, function, and sustainable use of weilands in the deltas. The study shows that the wedands in the two deltas are characterized by peat variety of weiland types, distribution with the shape of strip, abundant resources of wild plants and animals, intense effects of human activities on the structure of the landscapes, broad prospects for development and great environmental pressure. It is necessary to successfull solve the contradiction between development and protection. At present, the most pressing matter of the moment is to protect environment and control pollution.

Valuation of Lake and Marsh Wetlands Ecosystem Services in China

Wetlands are highly productive natural ecosystems, providing valuable goods and services. There is growing interest in transferring ecosystem service value from the existing wetlands studied to other wetlands ecosystems at a large geographic scale. The benefit transfer method uses the known values from wetlands to predict the value of other wetland sites. This methodology requires only limited time and resources. The present study calculated the value of the ecological services provided by lake and marsh wetlands in China in terms of biodiversity indices, water quality indices and economic indices. Basic data on wetlands were obtained through remote sensing images. The results show that: 1) The total ecosystem service value of the lake and marsh wetlands in 2008 was calculated to be 8.1841 × 1010 United States Dollars(USD), with the marsh and lake wetlands contributing 5.6329 × 1010 and 2.5512 × 1010 USD, respectively. Values of marsh ecosystem service were concentrated in Heilongjiang Province(2.5516 × 1010 USD), Qinghai Province(1.2014 × 1010 USD), and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(1.1884 × 1010 USD). The value of the lakes were concentrated in Tibet Autonomous Region(6.223 × 109 USD), Heilongjiang(5.810 × 109 USD), and Qinghai(5.500 × 109 USD). 2) Waste treatment and climate regulation services contributed to 26.29% and 24.74% respectively, of the total ecosystem service value of the marsh wetlands. Hydrological regulation and waste treatment contributed to 41.39% and 32.75%, respectively, of the total ecosystem service value of the lake wetlands. 3) The total ecological service value of the lake and marsh wetlands was 54.64% of the total service value of natural grassland ecosystems and 30.34% of the total service value of forests ecosystems in China.

Hydrochemical characteristics of salt marsh wetlands in western Songnen Plain

In western Songnen Plain of China, the saline-alkaline degree of water bodies is high in salt marsh wetlands. Generally, pH is above 8.0, and the hydrochemical types belong to HCO3 2?-Na+. Through analysis on the basic saline variables such as CO3 2?, HCO3 2?, Cl?, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO4 2?, Na+, and the derivative variables such as SAR, SDR, RSC, SSP, the relationships between different variables are found, and the discriminant equations are established to identify different saline-alkaline water bodies by using principal component analysis.

Effects of Vegetation Type on Surface Elevation Change in Liaohe River Delta Wetlands Facing Accelerated Sea Level Rise

Rising sea levels threaten the sustainability of coastal wetlands around the globe. The ability of coastal marshes to maintain their position in the intertidal zone depends on the accumulation of both organic and inorganic materials, and vegetation is important in these processes. To study the effects of vegetation type on surface elevation change, we measured surface accretion and elevation change from 2011 to 2016 using rod surface elevation table and feldspar marker horizon method(RSET-MH) in two Phragmites and two Suaeda marshes in the Liaohe River Delta. The Phragmites marshes exhibited higher rates of surface accretion and elevation change than the Suaeda marshes. The two Phragmites marsh sites had average surface elevation change rates at 8.78 mm/yr and 9.26 mm/yr and surface accretion rates at 17.56 mm/yr and 17.88 mm/yr, respectively. At the same time, the two Suaeda marsh sites had average surface elevation change rates at 5.77 mm/yr and 5.91 mm/yr and surface accretion rates at 13.42 mm/yr and 14.38 mm/yr, respectively. The elevation change rates in both the Phragmites marshes and the Suaeda marshes in the Liaohe River Delta could keep pace and even continue to gain elevation relative to averaged sea level rise in the Bohai Sea reported by the 2016 State Oceanic Administration, People's Republic of China projection(2.4–5.5 mm/yr) in current situations. Our data suggest that vegetation is important in the accretionary processes and vegetation type could regulate the wetland surface elevation. However, the vulnerability of coastal wetlands in the Liaohe River Delta need further assessment considering the accelerated sea level rise, the high rate of subsidence, and the declining sediment delivery, especially for the Suaeda marshes.

STUDY ON THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF WETLAND RESOURCES IN THE USSURI /WUSULI RIVER BASIN

The Ussuri/Wusuli River basin joins the border between the Northeast region of Heilongjiang Province of China and the Far East region of Russia. The watershed consists of approximately 26 000 000 ha and the shared border stretches more than 1100 km. The Ussuri River forms part of the border between Russia and China. Two thirds of the watershed ecosystem is in Russia, one third in China. Khanka / Xingkai Lake is the border Lake of Russia and China, with the area of 4380 km2. The Ussuri / Wusuli River Basin is rich in wetland resources, including surface water resources and wetlands. There are about more than 100 rivers belonging to one and two branch rivers, wetlands are mainly distributed in the Sanjiang Plain in China, which is the largest marsh area in China, with an area of 114 million ha. Human activities and agriculture reclamation for many years have led to many environment problems: 1)decreasing of wetland area led to loss of wetland environment functions, decreasing of biodiversity and increasing the number of natural disasters such as disastrous drought and waterlogging, which affect directly sustainable utilization of resources and economical development. 2) water supply is not evenly distributed, water pollution in rivers, marshes and lakes are more serious than before. Based on above study, some suggests of sustainable development in the basin have been made, which include: 1) developing the international wetland natural reserve and domestic comprehensive protected area to prevent wetlands from destruction and disturbance by human activities, 2) strengthening the protection and management of wetlands in lake shorelines and riparian zones (rivers and streams) to prevent water quality of rivers and lakes from pollution, 3) restoring the destroyed marsh in riparian zones and the  island like forests" of wetlands 4) developing positively transnational ecological tourist trade to promote the economic development in the river basin scope, 5) developing international cooperation research to promote sustainable utilization and protection of wetland resources.

Status Quo of Wetland Resources in Lincang City and Protection Countermeasures

Remote sense image interpretation and on-the-spot verifi cation were applied to investigate wetland resources in Lincang City. The investigation shows that wetland area in the city totals 29,102.61 hm^2, including natural wetland 12,949.86 hm^2, artifi cial wetland 16,152.75 hm^2. Characteristics of the wetland resources in the city are concluded as "diversifi ed wetland types, small wetland area, high proportion of artifi cial wetland, and significant ecological niche. This paper pointed out problems in the wetland protection, such as aggravated pollution of wetland environment, invasion of alien species, and biocenosis changed by hydropower engineering, then gave corresponding protection countermeasures.

ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF COASTAL VEGETATED WETLANDS IN CHINA

This paper discusses in detail the distributions, plant charactenstics and environmental conditions of the coastal vegetated wetlands in China. In contrast to most of fhe European and American salt marshes where Spartina is dominant, the China's ones are dominated by Suaeda in area. Given a great amount of fine sediments by rivers, China's coastal wetlands are accumulated rapidly. Ths factor combined with the human's ruthless reclaimation makes the marshes inmature. The vegetated wetlands are classified into four types, each having differential features in geomorphological background, deposits and vegetation.

Current Situation and Protection Measures concerning the Wetland Resources in Yunnan Province

Yunnan has various and rich wetland resources because of the special geographical environment. In recent years,Yunnan has made great achievement in the management,protection and development of the wetland resources,but many problems still exist. Based on the threats,this paper puts forward the protection and use measures for the wetland resources in Yunnan by analyzing and studying the wetland resources as well as types and basic features.

Investigation on Wetland Resources of Bashan Lake in Chongqing Municipality

Based on the investigation on the wetland resources of Bashan Lake in Chongqing, the existing problems in the protection and utilization of Bashan Lake wetland and Chongqing Bashan National Wetland Park were analyzed. Specific suggestions were put forward, which provided basic references for the protection of Bashan Lake wetland and construction of Chongqing Bashan Lake National Wetland Park.

Denitrification Potential of Marsh Soils in Two Natural Saline-alkaline Wetlands

Little information is available on denitrification potential of marsh soils in natural saline-alkaline wetlands. The denitrification potentials of an open wetland in the floodplain(Erbaifangzi wetland) and a closed wetland(Fulaowenpao wetland) in backwater areas in Jilin Province of Northeast China were monitored by an anaerobic incubation at 30℃ for 25 days. Our results showed that the relative denitrification index(RDI) increased gradually with incubation time, and showed a rapid increase in the first 5 days of incubation. The RDI values declined quickly from surface soils to subsurface soils and then kept a small change in deeper soils along soil profiles over the incubation time. Denitrification proceeded much faster in the top 20 cm soils of open wetland than in the closed wetland, whereas no significant differences in RDI values were observed in deeper soils between both wetlands. The RDIs were significantly negatively correlated with bulk density and sand content, while a significantly positive correlation with clay content, soil organic matter, total nitrogen and phosphorous. The maximum net NO–3-N loss through denitrification in 1 m depth were higher in the open wetland than the closed wetland with higher soil pH values. Future research should be focused on understanding the influencing mechanisms of soil alkalinity.

Preliminary Study on Wetland Resources and Management in China

China is rich in wetland resources.It is an important way to improve the ecological environment and realize the sustainable development strategy by strengthening the protection and sustainable utilization of wetland resources.In this paper,based on the analysis of the current situation of wetland resources and management,it is proposed that wetland management should be included in the social and economic system as well as land and water system management.

Sustainable utilization of biological resources from coastal wetlands in China

The main utilization of biological resources from coastal wetlands in China and the major limiting factors on sustainable utilization of these resources are reviewed. Strategies for the sustainable utilization of coastal wetlands are proposed. These include further studies on saline agriculture and wetland ecosystems, optimizing methods for maximizing metabolic production from organisms, developing microbial resources and efficient utilization of biological genetic resources, and exploiting bioenergy from coastal wetlands.

Using remote sensing to research Beijing wetlands dynamics

In Beijing, where wetlands are important to municipal freshwater conservation and biodiversity retention, three different types of wetlands were identified: riverside wetlands, wetlands surrounding lakes and reservoirs, and wetlands in municipal parks.Remote sensing technology was applied in combination with field investigations to monitor and analyze the changes in these wetlands, and a combination of fusion technologies,Landsat TM/ETM+ and IKONOS imaging, was used to investigate and map them. This study indicates that not only have wetland areas been reduced by half, but also their ecological environments have been degraded because of rapid economic development and population increase. Suggestions based on this research are made to reconstruct the ecological environment of the wetlands and return them to their previous state.

Exploitation of groundwater resources and protection of wetland in the Yuqia Basin

In Yuqia Basin, the climate is arid and the ecologic environment is fragile, and shortage of water resources has seriously restricted the sustainable development of local economy. In order to meet the needs of industrial and domestic water in the Yuqia Basin, numerical simulation was used to evaluate the groundwater resources and potential for exploitation. The results showed that the mathematical model and calculation parameters used were mainly in accordance with practical situation. The calculated value of the underground water level is consistent with measured value during the period of identification and validation. The total recharge of groundwater resources was 22.02×10~4 m^3/d, and the total drainage was 21.95×10~4 m^3/d at present. The Yuqia River leakage is the main supply source of groundwater. There is no significant effect on area of wetland when water source place exploited by 2.5×10~4 m^3/d at alluvial-diluvial fan of Yuqia River. After long-term exploitation, the spring flow reduces from 1.42×10~4 m^3/d to 1.01×10~4 m^3/d and wetland area reduces by 32.7% of original area. The calculation of water balance shows that it is safe to the Yuqia Basin, Da Qiadam Lake, the Mahai Basin at downstream of Yuqia River and wetland under the condition of water source place exploited by 2.5×10~4 m^3/d.

The Research of Ecology-Oriented Reasonable Deployment of Water Resources at Shuangtaizi Estuary Wetland

Shuangtaizi estuary wetland, the largest natural conservation district in China, and one of the best preserved, largest ecological lands with the most complete vegetation types in the world, is located in Panjin city, Liaoning Province. In recent years, the degradation of Shuangtaizi estuary wetland is very serious. In order to rescue lives in the wetland and protect valuable natural resources, the information system of Shuangtaizi estuary wetland was built with '3S' technology, and the minimum, optimum, and maximum eco-environmental water requirements were calculated respectively. Furthermore, for restoring the ecological functions of wetland and preventing wetland degradation, the balance between supply and demand of water resource was analyzed , and an optimal allocation scheme of water resources was proposed based on three kinds of equilibrium.

台风期间盐沼消波效应的观测研究——以珠江口芒洲湿地为例

滨海盐沼可以减少风暴潮和台风浪的冲击,从而增强海岸抵御台风等自然灾害的能力,减少经济损失,在保护海岸和防灾减灾等方面起到重要作用。本研究利用2020年6月台风“鹦鹉”活动期间珠江口芒洲湿地的现场实测波浪数据来分析其消浪功能,以定量研究盐沼植被的消波效应。结果表明,台风“鹦鹉”期间,芒洲湿地测得风暴潮最大增水达0.43 m,漫滩时间大于6 h;实测波浪通过宽度100 m和230 m盐沼植被带的波高衰减率分别为90.5%和97.2%,植被减灾能力为优;根据波高衰减率经验公式的估算结果,波浪经过植被宽度100 m和200 m的波高衰减率分别为94.0%和97.0%,与实测结果基本一致。由于台风“鹦鹉”影响时间短、强度弱,现场测得水位均在1 m以下,而盐沼植被的平均株高约为2 m,植被冠顶未被淹没,因此可将植被看作透空式堤防,其茎叶的摩擦阻尼作用导致波能衰减;并且现场测得有效波高均在0.10 m以下,同时也未发生植被大量倒伏甚至茎秆断裂的情形,因此盐沼植被充分发挥了消波作用。综上,虽然芒洲盐沼面积仅为3.39 km 2,但是其消波效果仍然非常显著。

基于国土调查数据的湿地资源更新方法探索

根据《自然资源调查监测体系构建总体方案》提出以“三调”成果作为自然资源管理的“统一底版”和“唯一底版”的要求,提出了一种以国土调查数据为基础开展湿地资源更新的方法,分别设置标识字段用于记录地表编码与变化情况,同时保留本底数据的关键属性与边界。实验结果表明更新与标识方法可以面向不同管理需求,便捷有效地提取湿地资源数据,同时可快速开展湿地资源流入、流出分析,为自然资源调查监测工作的全面开展提供一种可参考的思路。

国内外滨海湿地旅游资源保护利用研究进展与展望

近年来滨海湿地资源的保护和利用逐渐被各界所关注,但作为重要的利用方式,缺乏旅游视角的系统性梳理和总结。论文通过检索Web of Science、Science Direct、Springer数据库和中国知网中相关文献,借助Cite Space文献计量工具,总结国内外滨海湿地旅游资源保护与利用研究的阶段特征、研究热点和研究内容。研究发现:国内外滨海湿地旅游资源保护与利用研究分为探索阶段、起步阶段和快速发展阶段。国内研究限于资源评价、资源开发、资源环境承载力、价值评估等方面,处于描述性分析和定量分析的初级阶段。国外研究内容较为全面,除对资源开发、资源管理、资源保护等领域进行广泛探讨外,更在气候变化影响、综合效益等领域取得系列成果。论文在总结分析研究理论和方法的基础上,着重从资源调查与评价、资源开发与利用、生态环境影响、资源管理、综合效益分析方面进行了系统梳理,并提出下一阶段应当重视调查评估与可持续利用、气候变化响应机制、社区参与和利益机制、价值转化机制和路径、创新研究手段和方法五个方面。

云南省沼泽湿地资源现状、问题与建议

沼泽湿地在维护区域生态安全和生态平衡发挥着至关重要的作用。云南省沼泽湿地面积共40578.94hm^(2),主要分布于迪庆州、丽江市、昭通市,3个州市合计占全省沼泽湿地面积的77.33%。长江流域是云南沼泽湿地的主要分布区,占全省沼泽湿地总面积的79.06%。海拔在3000m以上的高山亚高山沼泽湿地占全省沼泽湿地总面积的74.48%。云南省沼泽湿地资源保护率达70.85%,但沼泽湿地生态系统相对脆弱,面临着重要性认识不足、系统性修复不强以及管理协作机制不健全等问题。建议从沼泽湿地保护、修复、科研监测和管护等方面加强云南省沼泽湿地的保护工作。

1973—2020年黄河三角洲滨海盐沼湿地景观格局演化模式和驱动因素

明晰滨海盐沼湿地景观格局演化模式和驱动因素,有助于制定合理的盐沼湿地修复策略、维护区域生态系统健康和可持续发展。以黄河三角洲滨海盐沼湿地为例,基于Landsat系列卫星影像获取1973—2020年共十个时期土地利用/覆被数据,得出盐沼湿地时空变化及其与周边土地利用/覆被的相互转化;利用改进的景观格局状态与演化识别模型(SEDMS),分析盐沼湿地景观格局演化模式,并利用地理探测器探究其空间分异驱动因素。结果表明:(1)1973—2020年,盐沼湿地面积减少了252.35 km^(2),空间范围总体向外海迁移且趋于集中。盐沼湿地转出类型主要为草地、养殖池/盐田和耕地,转入类型主要为滩涂未利用地和水体。(2)盐沼湿地景观格局演化模式呈明显的阶段性特征:1973—1995年为动荡期,演化模式以消失和破碎为主导;1995—2010为过渡期,格局演化模式逐渐由消失和破碎为主导转变为扩张为主导;2010年后为稳定期,格局发生演化的区域较少,总体以新增和扩张为主。(3)36%的盐沼湿地出现了多次格局演变模式的转变,滩涂未利用地、耕地对于景观格局演化频数的影响最为显著,人工表面、养殖池/盐田和道路堤坝的建设导致了盐沼湿地的破碎和消失。