The profit margin in the flour milling industry is quite narrow,so high-quality raw materials and efficiency of milling operations are crucial for every company. Many flour mills,especially those which import wheat fr...The profit margin in the flour milling industry is quite narrow,so high-quality raw materials and efficiency of milling operations are crucial for every company. Many flour mills,especially those which import wheat from other countries and have limited storage space for the different varieties or classes of wheat,can not afford to buy low quality wheat. Consequently,a mathematical model which can test the impact and interactions of raw materials,in technical point of view,would be a useful decision-making tool for the milling industry. A flour miller tests wheat for physical and chemical characteristics,cleanness and soundness. The miller also performs experimental milling,if available,to have some idea how the given wheat will behave during commercial milling. Based on these test results,the miller can only guess the commercial milling results such as flour yields and flour ash and protein contents. Thus,the objective of this study was to develop empirical equations to estimate commercial milling results,using the physical,chemical and experimental milling data of the given wheat blend and also,additionally,flour ash and protein specifications of the end-user. This was done by using the actual commercial milling procedures and their wheat physical,chemical,experimental milling data,and other vital data. Data were collected from a commercial mill located in East Asia that had four production lines and used wheat blend combinations from five different wheat classes,i.e. Hard Red Winter (HRW),Dark Northern Spring (DNS),Soft White (SW),Australian Soft (AS),and Australian Standard White (ASW) wheat to produce over 40 different products. The wheat physical and chemical characteristics included test weight,thousand kernel weight,ash and protein contents. The experimental milling data were straight-grade and patent flour yields,along with patent flour ash and protein contents from a Buhler experimental mill. The commercial milling results included the flour yields of patent,first clear,and second clear flours,as well as the ash and protein contents of commercial patent flours. Using multiple linear regression procedures,we have developed empirical equations to be able to estimate the commercial patent flour yields with R2 values above 0.90 for all four production lines,and commercial first clear flour yields with R2 values ranging 0.76 to 0.98,and the commercial patent flour protein contents with R2 values of 0.89 to 0.92. However,the yields of commercial second clear flours and the commercial patent flour ash contents were not able to be estimated with high coefficients of determination (R2 values). We recommend that the empirical equations for estimating commercial milling parameters should be derived using data from each individual flour milling company,for each production line of a given mill,and furthermore,tailored to specific products at a given ash and/or protein contents desired by end-users.展开更多
为改善小麦加工品质,以新收获小麦为研究对象,对其进行辉光放电冷等离子体处理,研究处理后小麦面粉理化特性、面团流变学特性的变化,进一步分析蛋白质分子质量分布及二级结构。结果表明,两种气源(氧气/氩气)冷等离子体处理后小麦的面筋...为改善小麦加工品质,以新收获小麦为研究对象,对其进行辉光放电冷等离子体处理,研究处理后小麦面粉理化特性、面团流变学特性的变化,进一步分析蛋白质分子质量分布及二级结构。结果表明,两种气源(氧气/氩气)冷等离子体处理后小麦的面筋指数均显著增加(P<0.05);面团的形成时间、稳定时间有所提高;揉混特性参数中8 min中线曲线面积(midline integral at 8 min,MTxI)、8 min中线曲线带宽(midline width at 8 min,MTxW)显著增加(P<0.05),弱化斜率(weakeningslope,WS)显著降低(P<0.05);储藏蛋白组分中大分子聚合体蛋白(F1)相对含量有所增加,大分子聚合体蛋白与小分子聚合体蛋白相对含量比值(F1/F2)显著升高(P<0.05);蛋白二级结构β-折叠、β-转角向更为有序的蛋白结构分子间β-折叠转变。综上,辉光放电冷等离子体处理改变了小麦籽粒中储藏蛋白的分子质量分布及二级结构,明显增强了面团弹性、耐揉性并提高了面团抗拉伸特性,一定程度改善了小麦加工品质。展开更多
文摘The profit margin in the flour milling industry is quite narrow,so high-quality raw materials and efficiency of milling operations are crucial for every company. Many flour mills,especially those which import wheat from other countries and have limited storage space for the different varieties or classes of wheat,can not afford to buy low quality wheat. Consequently,a mathematical model which can test the impact and interactions of raw materials,in technical point of view,would be a useful decision-making tool for the milling industry. A flour miller tests wheat for physical and chemical characteristics,cleanness and soundness. The miller also performs experimental milling,if available,to have some idea how the given wheat will behave during commercial milling. Based on these test results,the miller can only guess the commercial milling results such as flour yields and flour ash and protein contents. Thus,the objective of this study was to develop empirical equations to estimate commercial milling results,using the physical,chemical and experimental milling data of the given wheat blend and also,additionally,flour ash and protein specifications of the end-user. This was done by using the actual commercial milling procedures and their wheat physical,chemical,experimental milling data,and other vital data. Data were collected from a commercial mill located in East Asia that had four production lines and used wheat blend combinations from five different wheat classes,i.e. Hard Red Winter (HRW),Dark Northern Spring (DNS),Soft White (SW),Australian Soft (AS),and Australian Standard White (ASW) wheat to produce over 40 different products. The wheat physical and chemical characteristics included test weight,thousand kernel weight,ash and protein contents. The experimental milling data were straight-grade and patent flour yields,along with patent flour ash and protein contents from a Buhler experimental mill. The commercial milling results included the flour yields of patent,first clear,and second clear flours,as well as the ash and protein contents of commercial patent flours. Using multiple linear regression procedures,we have developed empirical equations to be able to estimate the commercial patent flour yields with R2 values above 0.90 for all four production lines,and commercial first clear flour yields with R2 values ranging 0.76 to 0.98,and the commercial patent flour protein contents with R2 values of 0.89 to 0.92. However,the yields of commercial second clear flours and the commercial patent flour ash contents were not able to be estimated with high coefficients of determination (R2 values). We recommend that the empirical equations for estimating commercial milling parameters should be derived using data from each individual flour milling company,for each production line of a given mill,and furthermore,tailored to specific products at a given ash and/or protein contents desired by end-users.
文摘为改善小麦加工品质,以新收获小麦为研究对象,对其进行辉光放电冷等离子体处理,研究处理后小麦面粉理化特性、面团流变学特性的变化,进一步分析蛋白质分子质量分布及二级结构。结果表明,两种气源(氧气/氩气)冷等离子体处理后小麦的面筋指数均显著增加(P<0.05);面团的形成时间、稳定时间有所提高;揉混特性参数中8 min中线曲线面积(midline integral at 8 min,MTxI)、8 min中线曲线带宽(midline width at 8 min,MTxW)显著增加(P<0.05),弱化斜率(weakeningslope,WS)显著降低(P<0.05);储藏蛋白组分中大分子聚合体蛋白(F1)相对含量有所增加,大分子聚合体蛋白与小分子聚合体蛋白相对含量比值(F1/F2)显著升高(P<0.05);蛋白二级结构β-折叠、β-转角向更为有序的蛋白结构分子间β-折叠转变。综上,辉光放电冷等离子体处理改变了小麦籽粒中储藏蛋白的分子质量分布及二级结构,明显增强了面团弹性、耐揉性并提高了面团抗拉伸特性,一定程度改善了小麦加工品质。
