Transmission of the Chromosome 1R in Winter Wheat Germplasm Aimengniu and Its Derivatives Revealed by Molecular Markers

In order to clarify the transmission of the rye chromosome 1R in winter wheat germplasm Aimengniu and its derivatives, 17 derivatives and 7 types of Aimengniu were examined through molecular-marker technology. The results showed that the chromosome arm 1RS of Neuzucht was transmitted to 5 of the 7 types of Aimengniu, i.e., Aimengniu Ⅱ and Aimengniu Ⅳ-Aimengniu VII, no segment of t RS was identified in Aimengniu Ⅰ or Aimengniu Ⅲ. As for the 17 derivatives, the 1RS chromosome arm of Aimengniu was transmitted to 11 derivatives, part segments of 1RS were found in 1 derivative, while no segment was found in the remaining 5 ones. The results provided the evidence that molecular-marker technology was an efficient approach and suitable for analysis of the transmission of chromosome 1R.

Advances in Localization and Molecular Markers of Wheat Leaf Rust Resistance Genes

Genetic resistance is the most economical method of reducing yield losses caused by wheat leaf rust. To identify the leaf rust resistance genes in commonly used parental germplasm and released cultivars become very important for utilizing the genetic resistance to wheat leaf rust fully. Up to date, about 90 leaf rust resistance genes have been found, of which 51 genes have been located and mapped to special chromosomes, and 56 genes have been designated officially according to the standards set forth in the Catalogue of Gene Symbols for wheat. Twenty-four wheat leaf rust resistance genes have been developed for their molecular markers. It is very important to isolate, characterize, and map leaf rust resistance genes due to the resistance losses of the genes caused by the pathogen continuously.

Identification of AFLP Markers Linked to Lr19 Resistance to Wheat Leaf Rust

AFLP analyses were carried out on Thatcher, 23 near-isogenic lines and F2 generation of TcLr19 × Thatcher, to develop molecular markers for gene Lr19 resistance to wheat leaf rust. Seven markers linked to Lr19 resistance trait were obtained, which were P-AGT/M-GAG289 bp （3.3 cM）, P-ACA/M-GGT102 bp （4.1 cM）, P-ACA/M-GGT106 bp （4.1 cM）, P-AAC/M-CAG123 bp （4.9 cM）, P-AAC/M-GGT203bp （5.0 cM）, P-ACA/M-GGT290bp （5.7 cM）, and P-ATC/M-GAG293bp （9.6 cM）. All of these specific fragments were isolated from the polyacrylamide gels, reamplified, cloned, and sequenced. The research may facilitate genetic mapping, physical mapping, and the eventual cloning of Lr19.

Molecular Screening and Resistance Evaluation of American Wheat Cultivars to Chinese Stripe Rust Races

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is one of the major diseases of wheat in China. In order to asses the resistance levels and existing Yr genes among 59 wheat cultivars （lines） from the Pacific Northwest （PNW） of the United States, to provide resistance resources for genetic improvement of wheat stripe rust resistance in China, 59 wheat cultivars （lines） from PNW of the United States were infected by 3 mixed races of predominant Chinese stripe rust races CRY31, CRY32, and CRY33 to evaluate their resistance at seedling and adult plant stages, and screened with molecular markers tightly linked to currently effective all-stage resistance genes YrlO, Yrl5 and adult plant resistance genes Yrl8, Yr39. Of 59 American cultivars （lines）, five cultivars （lines）, Expresso, 02W50076, ACS52610, WA008012, and WA00801833, had all-stage resistance, showing resistance to mixed races of CRY31, CRY32, and CRY33 at both seedling and adult plant stages. 33 cultivars （lines） had adult plant resistance, only showing resistance to stripe rust at adult stage. Based on the molecular screening, none of the 59 PNW cultivars （lines） had the polymorphic bands of linked markers to YrlO. There were 12, 33 and 29 cultivars （lines） which bad polymorphic bands of linked markers to Yr15, Yr18 and Yr39, accounting for 20, 55 and 49% of the 59 PNW cultivars （lines）, respectively. All these results suggested that Yr15, Yr18 and Yr39 were widespread among PNW cultivars （cultivars） and could be utilized in Chinese wheat stripe rust resistance breeding.

Mapping of Fertility Restoring Gene for Aegilops kotschyi Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Wheat Using SSR Markers

LK783 was found to be a good fertility restorer for K-type male sterility of wheat. Microsatel-lite markers were employed to map the major restoring gene in LK783. Maintainer and restorer DNA pools were established using the extreme sterile and fertile plants among (KJ5418A//911289/LK783)F1 population, respectively. Seventy-nine sets of SSR primers were screened for polymorphism between the two pools, 6 of which were found polymorphic. Linkage analysis showed that Xgwm11, Xgwm18, Xgwm264a and Xgwm273 were linked to the restoring gene in LK783, while Xgwm11, Xgwm18 and Xgwm273 were co-segregated. The distance between the Rf gene in LK783 and the three co-segregated markers was 6.54 ± 4.37 cM, the distance between Rf gene and Xgwm264a was 5. 71 ± 4.10 cM. The four SSR markers were located on chromosome IBS by amplifying the DNA of nulli-tetrasomics and ditelosomics of CS with the 4 sets of primers, indicating that the major restoring gene in LK783 was located on IBS, but the relative location of the gene was different from Rfv1, allelism of the two genes should be further investigated. The breeding for new fertility restorer lines of K-type cytoplasmic male sterility in wheat would be facilitated by using the four polymorphic markers.

Anatomical and chemical characteristics associated with lodging resistance in wheat

Anatomical and chemical characteristics of stems affect lodging in wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. Traits associated with lodging resistance, such as plant height, stem strength, culm wall thickness, pith diameter, and stem diameter, were extensively investigated in earlier studies. However, the solid stem trait was rarely considered. In this study, we measured a range of anatomical and chemical characteristics on solid and hollow stemmed wheat cultivars. Significant correlations were detected between resistance to lodging and several anatomical features, including width of mechanical tissue, weight of low internodes, and width of stem walls. Morphological features that gave the best indication of improved lodging resistance were increased stem width, width of mechanical tissue layer, and stem density. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that 99% of the variation in lodging resistance could be explained by the width of the mechanical tissue layer, suggesting that solid stemmed wheat has several anatomical features for increasing resistance to lodging. In addition, microsatellite markers GWM247 and GWM340 were linked to a single solid stem QTL on chromosome 3BL in a population derived from the cross Xinongshixin(solid stem)/Line 3159(hollow stem). These markers should be valuable in breeding wheat for solid stem.

Postulation of seedling leaf rust resistance genes in 84 Chinese winter wheat cultivars

Wheat leaf rust（caused by Puccinia triticina） is one of the most important fungal diseases in China. There are tens of winter wheat cultivars which are approved to be released by the government at a national level and more than 100 wheat cultivars at the provincial level. But there is no information about leaf rust（Lr） genes in these cultivars, which makes it difficult for farmers and breeders to select which cultivars they should plant in their fields and use in their breeding programs. The objective of this paper was to identify the leaf rust resistant genes at seedling stage present in the 84 commercial wheat cultivars from China that have been released in the past few years. A set of 20 near isogenic lines with Thatcher background and 6 lines with known Lr genes were used to test the virulence of 12 races of P. triticina（Pt）. By comparing the infection types（ITs） produced on the 84 cultivars by the 12 Pt races with the ITs on the differential sets, the Lr genes were postulated. In addition, 8 molecular markers of Lr genes such as Lr9, Lr10, Lr19, Lr20, Lr21, Lr24, Lr26 and Lr29, which are closely linked to or co-segregated with the Lr gene, were used for further validation of the genes in the 84 Chinese winter wheat cultivars. Twelve Lr genes, including Lr1, Lr3,（Lr3bg）,（Lr3ka）, Lr11, Lr13, Lr14 a, Lr16, Lr26, Lr27, Lr30 and Lr31 were postulated to be present either singly or in combinations in these Chinese wheat cultivars. Lr3 and Lr26 were detected most often in the tested cultivars, with frequencies of 51.2 and 38.1%, respectively. No wheat Lr genes were detected in 16 cultivars, and 4 cultivars may carry unknown Lr genes other than those used in this study. Lr9, Lr20, Lr21, Lr24, Lr25 and Lr29 were not present in any of the 84 tested accessions.

Development of EST-PCR markers specific to the long arm of chromosome 6V of Dasypyrum villosum

Expressed sequence tags-derived polymerase chain reaction(EST-PCR) molecular markers specific for alien chromosomes can be used to not only monitor the introgressed alien chromatin in wheat background, but also provide the evidence of the syntenic relationship between homoeologous chromosomes. In the present study, in order to develop high density and evenly distributed molecular markers specific for chromosome 6 VL of Dasypyrum villosum, 297 primer pairs were designed based on the expressed sequence tags(EST) sequences, which were previously mapped in different bins of the long arms of wheat homoeologous 6 AL, 6 BL, and 6 DL. By using the Triticum aestivum, D. villosum, T. durum-D. villosum amphiploid, and T. aestivum-D. villosum alien chromosome lines involving chromosome 6 V, it was found that 32(10.77%) primers could amplify specific bands for chromosome 6 V, and 31 could be allocated to chromosome arm 6 VL. These 6 VL specific markers provided efficient tools for the characterization of structural variation involving the chromosome 6 VL in common wheat background as well as for the selection of useful genes located on 6 VL in breeding programs.

Development and genetic analysis of wheat double substitution lines carrying Hordeum vulgare 2H and Thinopyrum intermedium 2Ai#2 chromosomes

Thinopyrum intermedium and barley are two close relatives of wheat and carry many genes that are potentially valuable for the improvement of various wheat traits. In this study we created wheat double substitution lines by hybridizing different wheat–Th. intermedium and wheat–barley disomic alien substitution lines, with the aim of using genes in Th. intermedium and barley for wheat breeding and investigating the genetic behavior of alien chromosomes and their wheat homoeologs. As expected, we obtained two types of wheat double substitution lines,2D2Ai#2(2B)2H( A) and 2A2 Ai#2(2B)2H(2D), in which different group 2 wheat chromosomes were replaced by barley chromosome 2 H and Th. intermedium chromosome 2Ai#2. The new materials were characterized using molecular markers, genomic in situ hybridization(GISH), and fluorescent in situ hybridization(FISH). GISH and FISH experiments revealed that the double substitution lines harbor 42 chromosomes including 38 wheat chromosomes, a pair of barley chromosomes, and a pair of Th. intermedium chromosomes. Analysis using specific DNA markers showed that two pairs of wheat homoeologous group 2 chromosomes in the new lines were substituted by a pair of 2H and a pair of 2Ai#2 chromosomes. Chromosome 2H showed a higher transmission rate than 2Ai#2, and both chromosomes were preferentially transmitted between generations via female gametes. Evaluation of botanic and agronomic traits demonstrated that,compared with their parents, the new lines showed similar growth habits and plant type but differences in plant height, flowering date, and self-fertility. Cytological observations using different probes suggested that the double substitution lines showed nearly normal genetic behavior before and during meiosis. The novel substitution lines can potentially be used in wheat meiosis research and breeding programs.

Identification and genetic analysis of multiple P chromosomes of Agropyron cristatum in the background of common wheat

Agropyron cristatum, a wild relative of common wheat(Triticum aestivum L.), provides many desirable genetic resources for wheat improvement, such as tolerance to cold, drought, and disease. To transfer and utilize these desirable genes, in this study, two wheat-A. cristatum derivatives II-13 and II-23 were identified and analyzed. We found that the number of root tip cell chromosomes was 44 in both II-13 and II-23, but there were four and six P genome chromosomes in II-13 and II-23, respectively, based on genomic in situ hybridization(GISH). The chromosome configurations of II-13 and II-23 were both 2 n=22 II by the meiotic analysis of pollen mother cells(PMCs) at metaphase I, indicating that there were two and three pairs of P chromosomes in II-13 and II-23, respectively. Notably, wheat chromosome 7 D was absent in derivative line II-13 while II-23 lacked chromosomes 4 B and 7 A based on SSR analysis combining fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH) analysis with p As1 and p Sc119.2 as probes. Chromosomes 2 P and 7 P were detected in both II-13 and II-23. Another pair of P genome chromosomes in II-23 was determined to be 4 P based on expressed-sequences tags-sequence tagged sites(EST-STS) markers specific to A. cristatum and FISH with probes p Ac TRT1 and p Acp CR2. Overall, these results suggest that II-13 was a 7 P(7 D) substitution line with one pair of additional 2 P chromosomes and II-23 was a multiple 4 P(4 B), 7 P(7 A) substitution line with one pair of additional 2 P chromosomes. Moreover, we obtained six alien disomic addition lines and five alien disomic substitution lines by backcrossing. These new materials will allow desirable genes from A. cristatum to be used in common wheat.

Development of an STS Marker Linked to Powdery Mildew Resistance Genes PmLK906 and Pm4a by Gene Chip Hybridization

Wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） line Lankao 90（6） carries a recessive powdery mildew resistance gene temporarily named PmLK906 on chromosome 2AL. Near PmLK906 there is another known powdery mildew resistance gene locus Pm4. To track the two powdery mildew resistance genes in wheat breeding program by marker assisted selection （MAS）, a linked molecular marker was developed in this study. Wheat gene chip hybridization combined with bulked segregant analysis （BSA） was used to develop an sequence-tagged sites （STS） marker for PmLK906 and Pm4. A new 2 125 bp full-length cDNA clone （GenBank accession no. EU082094） similar to csAtPR5 ofAegilops tauschii was isolated from Lankao 90（6） 21-12, and temporarily named TaAetPR5. Specific products could be amplified from cultivars or lines possessing Pm4a, Pm4b and PmLK906 with primers p9-7pl and p9-7p2 derived from TaAetPR5. TaAetPR5 was linked to PmLK906 at a genetic distance of 7.62 cM, and cosegregated with Pm4a. The p9-7p1 and p9-7p2 could be used as an STS marker for these resistance genes in wheat breeding. Because this marker was cosegregated with Pm4a, it can be used in map-based cloning of the alleles at Pm4 locus also.

小麦条锈病抗性基因定位及分子标记技术研究进展

条锈病流行对小麦生产造成巨大损失,选育和种植持久抗性品种是防治小麦条锈病最经济有效的策略。为达到多基因聚合培育持久抗病品种的目标,必须不断发掘抗病种质、解析其抗病遗传机制并开发分子标记。基于文献,对条锈病抗性基因发掘涉及的抗病性、分子标记、基因定位方法和定位进展及其在育种中的应用进行了综述,明确了小麦条锈病基因定位涉及技术的现状、局限性及优势,从而为后续的条锈病抗性基因发掘、多基因聚合和持久抗性小麦品种的选育与生产布局提供技术指导,以降低西北麦区和小麦主产区条锈病流行的频率,进一步促进国家粮食安全。

55个小麦主栽及后备品种抗赤霉病评价与籽粒DON毒素含量分析

为发掘赤霉病的抗性种质资源,评估小麦品种籽粒DON毒素含量与赤霉病抗性内在联系,本研究分别以‘华麦1169’‘小偃22’‘郑9023’和‘苏麦3号’为高感、中感、中抗和高抗赤霉病对照品种,于2021年春季对生产上种植面积超过10万hm2的16个主栽品种和湖北的39个主栽和后备品种,采用双花滴注接种法开展田间赤霉病抗性鉴定,同时对供试材料用与Fhb1、Fhb2、Fhb4、Fhb5和Fhb7和QFhs.crc-2DL连锁的分子标记进行检测,并对55个小麦品种测定其收获后籽粒DON毒素含量。结果表明,55个供试小麦品种中有21个表现为中抗赤霉病。结合分子检测结果发现,抗性鉴定为中抗的21个小麦品种中,16个品种未检测出目标抗赤霉病基因,推测其可能含有其他未知或未检测的抗赤霉病基因;55个小麦中仅‘华麦169’携带Fhb1,平均病小穗率22.34%;‘新麦18’‘扬麦11’和‘西农979’等5个品种携带Fhb2,平均病小穗率为28.34%~45.92%;‘偃展4110’‘衡观35’和‘烟农19’等5个品种携带Fhb4,平均病小穗率为26.73%~65.59%;‘良星99’‘华麦1123’和‘襄麦35’等13个品种携带QFhs.crc-2DL,平均病小穗率为32.96%~70.81%;未检测到携带Fhb5的品种。籽粒DON毒素测定结果表明,田间鉴定为中抗赤霉病的21个品种中,其籽粒DON毒素含量最高的品种超过最低的8倍,有8个品种籽粒DON毒素含量超过3500μg/kg,田间鉴定为中感赤霉病的13个品种中,DON毒素含量最高的品种超过最低的4倍,除‘扬麦13’‘鄂麦352’和‘荆麦66’这3个品种DON毒素含量低于3500μg/kg,其余10个均高于3500μg/kg。这些检测结果充分说明对小麦抗赤霉病遗传改良的种质资源筛选来说,田间抗病鉴定取得的信息量远远不够,即使田间鉴定为中抗,也有必要对品种的籽粒DON毒素进行测定,更客观全面地反映品种的综合抗赤霉病潜力。

小麦茎基腐病抗性位点研究进展

对小麦茎基腐病(FCR)抗性位点研究进行综述。目前,在小麦所有的21条染色体上定位了140个抗性QTL,含10个抗性基因,虽然报道的抗性位点很多,但主效位点不明确,严重影响小麦FCR抗性改良进程。分析了小麦FCR抗性位点研究中的主要问题,提出了统一抗性鉴定标准、增强成株期抗性研究等建议,以明确抗FCR主效位点/基因并开发分子标记,通过分子标记辅助选择促进FCR抗性改良进程。

麦穗干插花加工型小麦种质资源的筛选

本研究以麦穗干插花(以下简称麦穗花)加工企业认可的云生1号、云麦53号品种为对照,采用芒长、穗长和茎秆强度3个加工企业认为影响麦穗花加工和销售的重要指标,对42份长芒小麦种质资源进行性状筛选与评价,并利用文献报道的与小麦茎秆强度相关的SSR分子标记对参试资源进行茎秆强度辅助选择,挑选出在农艺性状和分子遗传学上都适合加工麦穗花的优异种质资源,为云南干花产业发展提供新的原材料。结果表明,通过两年的田间种植观测与数据分析,未发现3个性状都较两个对照优异的资源。其中,C6(小黑麦)两年的芒长都较两对照显著优异且穗长和茎秆强度差异不明显或也显著优异,是比两个对照更适合加工麦穗花的优异资源;其次是C3和C9,两年的穗长和茎秆强度都显著优于或与两个对照差异不显著,也是加工麦穗花的较理想资源;C4、C5、C7和C8的穗长较云麦53号显著优异,芒长和茎秆强度则差异不显著或也显著优异。对茎秆强度的SSR分子标记辅助选择结果表明,C4、C6可能携带有与云麦53号相同的BARC59、BARC134和WMC48位点以及与云生1号相同的BARC59位点,C3、C5、C8也可能携带与云麦53号相同的BARC59、BARC134和WMC48位点以及与云生1号相同的BARC59、BARC358位点,C9可能携带有与云麦53号相同的BARC59、BARC134位点以及与云生1号相同的BARC59、WMC48位点。但是,用这些引物获得的分子标记结果与表型评价结果之间的一致性都在50%及以下,可能这些分子标记都不适宜用作供试小麦材料茎秆强度的辅助筛选。今后还需进一步筛选适合评价麦穗花加工型小麦种质资源的指标及分子标记,为选育满足生产需求的优良小麦品种提供技术支持。

俄罗斯春小麦抗白粉病基因检测及其组成分析

为了解俄罗斯春小麦抗白粉病基因的组成及分布规律,利用已开发的Pm2、Pm3b、Pm4、Pm8、Pm13和Pm21标记对外引俄罗斯251份春小麦品种进行了检测和分析。结果表明,在251份小麦品种中,分布5种抗白粉病基因,其中Pm2和Pm3分布频率较高,均为90.44%;Pm13为57.77%,抗病基因Pm4分布频率为10.36%,Pm8基因的分布频率为5.58%,抗病基因Pm21在引入的俄罗斯春小麦中没有分布,有6份材料没有检测出含有上述基因标记。俄罗斯251份春小麦品种中小麦抗白粉病基因组合共有15种类型,其中116份小麦品种以Pm2/Pm3/Pm13类型所占比例为46.22%;其他14种类型所占比例依次为,Pm2/Pm3类型比例为23.90%;Pm2/Pm3/Pm4类型比例为4.78%;Pm2/Pm3/Pm4/Pm13类型比例为4.38%;Pm2类型比例为3.58%;Pm3和Pm2/Pm13类型比例均为2.79%;Pm3/Pm13和Pm2/Pm3/Pm8类型比例均为2.39%;Pm2/Pm3/Pm4/Pm8和Pm2/Pm3/Pm8/Pm13类型比例均为1.20%;Pm13类型比例为0.79%;Pm2/Pm8、Pm3/Pm4/Pm13和Pm3/Pm8/Pm13比例为0.40%;本研究明确了俄罗斯春小麦品种抗白粉病基因的组成和分布频率,可进一步利用外引材料开展抗白粉病育种。

江苏淮北地区小麦穗发芽抗性鉴定及其等位基因检测

为了解江苏淮北地区小麦品种穗发芽抗性以及相关基因的分布,以该地区近20年通过审定的44份小麦品种作为材料,采用整穗发芽和籽粒发芽两种方法鉴定其穗发芽抗性;利用分子标记对主要穗发芽抗性相关基因TaVp-1B、TaMFT-3A、TaMKK3-A、TaPM19-A1、Tamyb10-D1和TaDFR-B进行检测,并结合其表型分析不同抗性基因的效应。结果显示,44份品种的SGR(整穗发芽率)均值为52.5%,变化范围为10.5%~88.8%;GI(发芽指数)均值为53.9%,变化范围为12.4%~96.7%;有7份品种的SGR和GI值达到了中抗水平,可以作为抗穗发芽种质资源;未发现高抗品种。在6个与穗发芽抗性相关的基因中,TaDFR-Bb分布频率最高,达到95.5%,其余基因依次为TaMFT-3Aa(68.2%)、TaVp-1Bc(50.0%)、TaMKK3-Ac(25.0%)、TaPM19-A1a(13.6%)、Tamyb10-D1b(0)。与表型结合分析发现,只有TaMFT-3Aa和TaMKK3-Ac与穗发芽抗性显著相关,TaVp-1Bc和TaPM19-A1a与表型相关性不显著。因此,在抗穗发芽育种过程中,可以结合分子标记对TaMFT-3Aa和TaMKK3-Ac基因进行筛选并加以利用。

217份一粒系小麦苗期抗条锈病鉴定及抗病基因检测

小麦条锈病是影响小麦生产的重要病害之一。发掘新的抗病基因,培育新的抗病品种是防治小麦条锈病最经济有效的措施。一粒系小麦作为普通小麦的二级基因源,蕴含了丰富的抗病资源。为了从一粒系小麦中发掘新抗病基因,促进其利用,本文对217份一粒系小麦材料进行了苗期抗条锈病鉴定和A基因组的部分抗条锈病基因检测。结果表明,共有55份材料在苗期对CYR32表现抗病,占25.35%;抗病基因分子标记检测显示,携带Yr1、Yr34/Yr48、Yr69、Yr76抗性基因的材料分别有26、22、16、34份。共有4份表现高抗或免疫的材料同时携带2个抗性基因:2份材料携带Yr69和Yr34,2份携带Yr1和Yr34。所有供试材料中均未检测到Yr17。此外,有23份抗病材料未检测到以上抗病基因,其中7份表现高抗及免疫,可能携带其他已知或新的抗条锈病基因。本研究为一粒系小麦的利用提供了参考信息。

小麦TabHLH112-2B基因克隆及每穗小穗数相关功能标记开发

bHLH(basic Helix-Loop-Helix)转录因子在植物生长发育过程中发挥着重要作用。本研究克隆了小麦TabHLH112-2B,该基因由7个外显子和6个内含子构成,编码444个氨基酸,在315~364位氨基酸处具有一个典型的HLH保守结构域。组织表达模式分析表明TabHLH112-2B在小麦幼苗期、拔节期、抽穗期和开花期的各个组织中均有表达,其中在叶和根中表达量较高。顺式作用元件分析发现TabHLH112-2B启动子区含有植物激素应答、胁迫响应、与分生组织发育相关的多种顺式作用元件, qRT-PCR结果显示其表达响应ABA、IAA、MeJA等植物激素和干旱、高盐、低温、高温等胁迫处理。基因组序列多态性分析检测到启动子区域的2个SNP,分为2种单倍型。根据SNP-682开发分子标记并进行关联分析,发现该标记与干旱、高温等多种环境下的每穗小穗数显著相关,Hap-2B-2为每穗小穗数多的优异单倍型。研究结果为培育高产广适小麦新品种的分子标记辅助育种提供了优异基因资源和技术支撑。

国内外153份小麦种质条锈病抗性鉴定与评价

【目的】条锈病是威胁小麦安全生产的重要真菌病害,了解国内外育种材料抗性水平和抗病基因的分布,发掘新的抗性资源,为提高抗病基因利用效率提供依据。【方法】利用中国当前条锈菌优势生理小种CYR33和CYR34对153份国内外小麦育种材料进行苗期抗性鉴定,于2018—2019、2019—2020和2020—2021年,在湖北鄂州,利用这两个小种对供试材料进行成株期抗性鉴定;结合已知抗性基因Yr5、Yr9、Yr10、Yr15、Yr17、Yr18、Yr26、Yr29和YrSP等功能标记或紧密连锁分子标记进行基因型检测。【结果】苗期结果显示,10份材料对CYR33表现免疫(反应型IT为0),包括7份国内材料(即山农28、漯麦163、石麦13、中意6号、郯麦98-2、中麦175和泰山21)和3份国际玉米小麦改良中心(CIMMYT)材料(CIM-53、CIM-60和CIM-71);仅2份国内材料在苗期对CYR34小种表现免疫(郯麦98-1和山农102)。此外,成株期条锈病田间鉴定显示,64份材料在田间3年均表现出稳定抗性(最终严重度≤5%),包括7份国内材料和57份CIMMYT材料。利用抗病基因功能标记或紧密连锁分子标记检测显示,153份材料中携带Yr9、Yr10、Yr17、Yr18、Yr26、Yr29和YrSP抗性基因的材料分别有31、23、73、2、4、50和2份,未检测到含有Yr5和Yr15的材料。综合苗期和成株期表型,仅CIM-53对2个生理小种在苗期和成株期均表现为免疫(IT=0,严重度为0),分子标记检测显示,该材料可能含有已知抗病基因Yr17和Yr29。【结论】国内外153份小麦种质对当前条锈菌流行生理小种的抗性主要以成株抗性为主,其中国内小麦品种主要携带Yr9、Yr10和Yr26抗性基因,而CIMMYT小麦品系则携带Yr17、Yr18和Yr29为主,表明通过聚合1—2个非免疫苗期抗性基因和2—3个成株抗性基因,在成株期多个环境条件下均表现出近免疫抗性水平,是CIMMYT小麦品系保持持久抗性的主要原因。亟待广泛挖掘抗源,发掘新的抗病基因,充分利用现代生物技术手段快速培育具有持久抗性且农艺性状优良的小麦新品种,进一步提高中国麦区条锈病整体抗性水平。