A critical review of wheel/rail high frequency vibration-induced vibration fatigue of railway bogie in China

Purpose–This review aims to give a critical view of the wheel/rail high frequency vibration-induced vibration fatigue in railway bogie.Design/methodology/approach–Vibration fatigue of railway bogie arising from the wheel/rail high frequency vibration has become the main concern of railway operators.Previous reviews usually focused on the formation mechanism of wheel/rail high frequency vibration.This paper thus gives a critical review of the vibration fatigue of railway bogie owing to the short-pitch irregularities-induced high frequency vibration,including a brief introduction of short-pitch irregularities,associated high frequency vibration in railway bogie,typical vibration fatigue failure cases of railway bogie and methodologies used for the assessment of vibration fatigue and research gaps.Findings–The results showed that the resulting excitation frequencies of short-pitch irregularity vary substantially due to different track types and formation mechanisms.The axle box-mounted components are much more vulnerable to vibration fatigue compared with other components.The wheel polygonal wear and rail corrugation-induced high frequency vibration is the main driving force of fatigue failure,and the fatigue crack usually initiates from the defect of the weld seam.Vibration spectrum for attachments of railway bogie defined in the standard underestimates the vibration level arising from the short-pitch irregularities.The current investigations on vibration fatigue mainly focus on the methods to improve the accuracy of fatigue damage assessment,and a systematical design method for vibration fatigue remains a huge gap to improve the survival probability when the rail vehicle is subjected to vibration fatigue.Originality/value–The research can facilitate the development of a new methodology to improve the fatigue life of railway vehicles when subjected to wheel/rail high frequency vibration.

An experimental study on the effects of friction modifiers on wheel-rail dynamic interactions with various angles of attack

By modifying friction to the desired level,the application of friction modifiers(FMs)has been considered as a promising emerging tool in the railway engineering for increasing braking/traction force in poor adhesion conditions and mitigating wheel/rail interface deterioration,energy consumption,vibration and noise.Understanding the effectiveness of FMs in wheel–rail dynamic interactions is crucial to their proper applications in practice,which has,however,not been well explained.This study experimentally investigates the effects of two types of top-of-rail FM,i.e.FM-A and FM-B,and their application dosages on wheel–rail dynamic interactions with a range of angles of attack(AoAs)using an innovative well-controlled V-track test rig.The tested FMs have been used to provide intermediate friction for wear and noise reduction.The effectiveness of the FMs is assessed in terms of the wheel–rail adhesion characteristics and friction rolling induced axle box acceleration(ABA).This study provides the following new insights into the study of FM:the applications of the tested FMs can both reduce the wheel–rail adhesion level and change the negative friction characteristic to positive;stick–slip can be generated in the V-Track and eliminated by FM-A but intensified by FM-B,depending on the dosage of the FMs applied;the negative friction characteristic is not a must for stick–slip;the increase in ABA with AoA is insignificant until stick–slip occurs and the ABA can thus be influenced by the applications of FM.

Investigation into rail corrugation in high-speed railway tracks from the viewpoint of the frictional self-excited vibration of a wheel–rail system

A finite element vibration model of a multiple wheel-rail system which consists of four wheels, one rail, and a series of sleepers is established to address the problem of rail corrugation in high-speed tracks. In the model, the creep forces between the wheels and rail are considered to be saturated and equal to the normal contact forces times the friction coefficient. The oscillation of the rail is coupled with that of wheels in the action of the saturated creep forces. When the coupling is strong, self- excited oscillation of the wheel-rail system occurs. The self-excited vibration propensity of the model is analyzed using the complex eigenvalue method. Results show that there are strong propensities of unstable self-excited vibrations whose frequencies are less than 1,200 Hz under some conditions. Preventing wheels from slipping on rails is an effective method for suppressing rail corrugation in high-speed tracks.

Numerical Analysis of Rolling-sliding Contact with the Frictional Heat in Rail

Thermal damage caused by frictional heat of rolling-sliding contact is one of the most important failure forms of wheel and rail. Many studies of wheel-rail frictional heating have been devoted to the temperature field, but few literatures focus on wheel-rail thermal stress caused by frictional heating. However, the wheel-rail creepage is one of important influencing factors of the thermal stress In this paper, a thermo-mechanical coupling model of wheel-rail rolling-sliding contact is developed using thermo-elasto-plastic finite element method. The effect of the wheel-rail elastic creepage on the distribution of heat flux is investigated using the numerical model in which the temperature-dependent material properties are taken into consideration. The moving wheel-rail contact force and the frictional heating are used to simulate the wheel rolling on the rail. The effect of the creepage on the temperature rise, thermal strain, residual stress and residual strain under wheel-rail sliding-rolling contact are investigated. The investigation results show that the thermally affected zone exists mainly in a very thin layer of material near the rail contact surface during the rolling-sliding contact. Both the temperature and thermal strain of rail increase with increasing creepage. The residual stresses induced by the frictional heat in the surface layer of rail appear to be tensile. When the creepage is large, the frictional heat has a significant influence on the residual stresses and residual strains of rail. This paper develops a thermo-meehanical coupling model of wheel-rail rolling-sliding contact, and the obtained results can help to understand the mechanism of wheel/rail frictional thermal fatigue.

A numerical study on tread wear and fatigue damage of railway wheels subjected to anti-slip control

Tread wear and rolling contact fatigue (RCF) damage propagated on railway wheels are the two extremely important focal points as they can tremendously deteriorate wheel/rail interactions and hunting stability and destroy wheel surface materials, and subsequently, cut down the lifetime of the wheels. The on-board anti-slip controllers are of essence aiming to hold back the striking slipping of the powered wheelsets under low-adhesion wheel/rail conditions. This paper intends to investigate the impact of anti-slip control on wheel tread wear and fatigue damage under diverse wheel/rail friction conditions. To this end, a prediction model for wheel wear and fatigue damage evolution on account of a comprehensive vehicle–track interaction model is extended, where the wheel/rail non-Hertzian contact algorithm is used. Furthermore, the effect of frictional wear on the fatigue damage at wheel surface is considered. The simulation results indicate that the wheel/rail contact is full-slip under the low-adhesion conditions with braking effort. The wear amount under the low-adhesion conditions is observably higher than that under the dry condition. It is further suggested that the wheel tread is prone to suffering more serious wear and fatigue damage issues with a higher anti-slip control threshold compared to that with a lower one.

考虑材料温变特性的三维轮轨接触热分析

为研究材料温变特性对轮轨接触行为和摩擦温升的影响,提出了一种考虑材料温变特性的三维轮轨热力耦合模型,能够考虑纵、横向蠕滑率和自旋的影响,更为真实地模拟轮轨系统的服役状态.首先,研究了热力耦合建模方式对轮轨界面摩擦温升及接触应力的影响;随后,将该模型应用于地铁小半径曲线处车辆-轨道相互作用模拟.结果表明:当轮轨界面温度达到450℃时,轮轨接触应力显著降低,降幅可达20%;考虑热力耦合建模后,轮轨界面的预测温升明显低于不考虑热力耦合建模时的结果,在蠕滑率为0.16时,两者的差异可达51%;地铁车辆在小半径曲线线路上运行时轮轨摩擦温升因过大的蠕滑率与自旋会急剧增大到750℃,应考虑轮轨热力耦合建模以避免过高估计轮轨摩擦温升以及轮轨接触应力.

轮轨摩擦系数对低地板轻轨动力响应及车轮磨耗的影响

为了确保低地板轻轨车辆安全且平稳地运行,以某轻轨线路为依托,利用多体动力学软件UM(Universal Mechanism)建立了低地板轻轨车辆-轨道耦合动力学模型。选用LM磨耗型车轮踏面以及R50标准钢轨,以美国六级不平顺轨道谱作为线路激扰。基于Hertz及Kalker简化理论、Archard模型,进行不同摩擦系数共5个工况下车辆动力响应以及车轮磨耗变化规律的仿真分析。在此基础上进一步分析了4个不同运行里程阶段对应共96组车轮磨耗型面下轻轨车辆安全性指标的变化规律。研究了4个不同运行里程阶段对应的不同车轮磨耗型面下车辆过曲线时安全性指标随摩擦系数的变化情况。结果表明:脱轨系数、轮轴横向力、轮轨横向力、车体横向加速度受摩擦系数的影响较为显著,而轮重减载率、车体垂向加速度对摩擦系数的改变并不敏感。车轮磨耗深度随里程和摩擦系数的增加而增大,且相同工况下独立旋转车轮的磨耗情况更加严重。在车辆运行40000 km后,其轮轨横向力、轮轴横向力、脱轨系数整体呈现随里程增加而增大的规律,而轮重减载率基本不受运行里程的影响。在不同摩擦系数及运行里程的叠加影响下,轮轨横向力、轮轴横向力、脱轨系数的峰值出现的位置不同,而轮重减载率却始终处于较为稳定的状态。

基于轮轨力测量的新型轨道交通轮对智能运维监测系统研制

轮轨力直接反映了列车-线路耦合状态及车轮服役损伤水平,创新发展轮轨力在线测量技术对保障列车运行安全至关重要。简述了现有直接轮轨力测量系统的工作原理及存在的不足,通过传感器结构设计、数据融合算法及软件处理系统开发,研制了一种新型轨道交通轮对智能运维监测系统(RIM)。基于剪力法轮轨力测量原理,利用设计研发的钢轨卡装式H型剪力传感器组桥阵列及多通道信号重构技术实现了轮轨力的连续测量。同时,通过制定系统测区布置方案,提出各检测功能评价方法,并构建监测系统网络架构,能满足对车轮踏面损伤、车辆偏载及超员检测等功能需求。经某地铁公司现场实测验证,本系统无需对轨道结构进行任何改动,拆装方便快捷,并能连续重叠采集测量区间内的轮轨力信号,有效弥补了单个剪力测量点独立工作产生的测量盲区,实现了轮轨垂向力的米级连续在线测量。

列车轮缘润滑材料性能分析与应用研究

通过基础摩擦磨损试验研究了干态摩擦和3种轮缘润滑棒条件下的轮箍材料试样的摩擦磨损行为,结合扫描电镜和表面测量仪观察磨损表面形貌、损伤特征和磨痕几何形状,对3种轮缘润滑棒进行能谱分析,探究了润滑成分对轮轨材料减摩的影响,并根据试验结果进行了2个月的现场机车轮缘磨耗跟踪测量.研究结果表明施加轮缘润滑棒作为润滑介质后可降低界面摩擦系数至0.15~0.50,试样表面摩擦损伤均有不同程度降低,3种轮缘润滑棒工况相比干态摩擦工况的试样磨损率分别降低17.21%、28.58%和20.50%;润滑剂成分研究表明,石墨-二硫化钼的轮缘润滑棒能在摩擦接触表面形成延展性强、覆盖率高的致密固体润滑膜,抗磨减摩性能最优;轮缘润滑棒B在DF12机车1轴轮对安装使用后轮缘磨耗有明显减缓,第1、4轴轮对轮缘磨耗之比下降50%.

变摩擦条件下高速钢轨焊缝处轮轨滚动接触-冲击行为研究

采用变摩擦系数能够较为准确地刻画轮轨滚动接触行为。为研究变摩擦系数对钢轨焊缝处轮轨滚动接触行为的影响,建立三种不同钢轨焊缝工况的三维轮轨瞬态滚动接触有限元模型,通过对比库伦型摩擦系数的结果,计算分析变摩擦系数对轮轨力、接触斑内的微滑以及黏滑分布等接触行为的影响。结果表明:变摩擦系数接触斑内的滑动区域占比会更大且在滑动区域会引起黏滑振荡现象,当轮轨界面滑动现象越明显时,黏滑振荡越剧烈;变摩擦系数对法向接触解的影响不大,切向接触解会因接触状态的改变显著受到影响,造成凸形1焊缝的不均匀磨耗;变摩擦系数会影响von Mises应力分布,其最大von Mises应力发生的位置会向轨底移动,对伤损出现的位置产生影响。

轮轨滑动磨损对应力和温度影响的研究

列车在启动、制动或通过曲线轨道、长大下坡道时,轮轨之间将出现滑动接触,这种现象在地铁中较为常见。滑动接触引起的磨损对接触区域应力和温度有着显著影响。根据数值计算方法和摩擦传热理论,建立轮轨接触磨损模型和摩擦传热模型,引入与磨损相关的接触应力,采用移动热源模拟轮轨之间的摩擦热,考虑温度对材料参数的影响,研究滑动磨损对应力和温度的影响。结果显示,随着滑动距离的增加,轮轨接触斑面积逐渐变大,接触应力从尖凸状变为扁平状,最大接触应力逐渐减小,接触应力分布趋于均匀。当磨损深度超过0.2 mm时,采用初始接触应力计算得到的轮轨节点温度值要显著高于采用与磨损相关的接触应力计算得到的温度值,并且随着滑动距离的增加,温度之间的差异逐渐变大。滑动接触时刻末,用初始接触应力计算的轮轨接触区域温度场中的最高温度比磨损相关的接触应力计算得到的最高温度分别高113.9℃和61.0℃。研究结果显示,磨损对应力和温度的影响较为显著,在计算应力和摩擦热时应充分考虑磨损对其的影响。

轮轨摩擦自激振动导致曲线啸叫研究

在地铁车辆通过狭窄的曲线轨道时,往往伴随着啸叫噪声的产生。为深入研究这一现象,该研究考虑了列车在曲线轨道行驶时的轮轨接触状态,进而建立了轮对-轨道系统的摩擦耦合有限元模型。随后,通过复特征值分析对该模型进行深入研究,并探讨了不同摩擦因数以及钢轨吸振器的类型及其参数对曲线啸叫产生趋势的影响。研究结果表明,轮对-轨道系统由于摩擦自激振动而引起的曲线啸叫噪声频率为482.4 Hz、1 205.1 Hz和2 153.9 Hz,这与现场测试结果相一致。此外,当摩擦因数大于或等于0.25时,轮对-轨道系统才会出现2 153.9 Hz的曲线啸叫噪声频率;而安装钢轨侧面吸振器及增大其连接阻尼或者选择合适的轨底吸振器结构均能有效地缓解轮对-轨道系统的摩擦自激振动。

Cu,Fe和SiO_(2)粉末对轮轨间摩擦性能影响试验

为寻找可替代硬质氧化物颗粒且能增加摩擦系数,并能减少对轮轨表面损伤的增黏材料,利用销盘摩擦试验机,在试验压力为0.5 MPa、转速为100,200,350,500 r·min^(-1)条件下,采用向轮轨摩擦表面添加粉末并观测摩擦表面形貌的方法,比较测试Cu,Fe与SiO_(2)粉末对摩擦系数、磨损量及表面硬度影响的差异性。结果表明:Cu,Fe粉末增加轮轨间摩擦系数的作用大于硬质SiO_(2)粉末,在摩擦表面添加Cu粉后摩擦系数增加0.2~0.3,添加Fe粉后增加0.1~0.2,添加SiO_(2)粉后在转速低于200 r·min^(-1)条件下增幅低于0.1,但在转速高于200 r·min^(-1)条件下并没有增加;低转速条件下SiO_(2)和Fe粉末使磨损量增加40%以上,而在转速大于200 r·min^(-1)时Cu粉末使磨损量降低50%,原因在于高硬度粒子加剧了对摩擦表面的犁削程度,导致磨损量成倍增加,而Cu粉末在剪切力的作用下易发生大塑性变形,从而黏附在摩擦表面,起到增大摩擦力和减小磨损量的作用;低速条件下Fe粉末和SiO_(2)粉末硬度高,与摩擦表面形成咬合作用,导致摩擦系数增加,而在转速提高时Fe和SiO_(2)粉末被粉碎细化,微细颗粒具有滚动效应,弱化了摩擦表面间的剪切力,难以起到增加摩擦系数的作用。

钢轨打磨对小半径曲线钢轨滚动接触疲劳的影响研究

为研究钢轨打磨对小半径曲线钢轨滚动接触疲劳的影响,基于国内某重载铁路小半径曲线和运行车辆建立实参数轨道-车辆多体动力学仿真模型,对钢轨打磨前后轮轨接触几何关系、轮轨接触应力和轮轨蠕滑力进行分析,现场测试打磨前后车辆通过该曲线的轮轨力,结合Burstow钢轨损伤函数模型对该曲线轨面裂纹萌生寿命进行分析。结果表明:钢轨打磨后,轮轨接触点集中问题得到缓解,轮轨接触应力、轮轨蠕滑力减小和轨面裂纹法向分力减小,实测轮轨力减小,相同载荷下对应的载荷循环数增大。各项指标较打磨前更有利于抑制钢轨滚动接触疲劳的萌生及扩展,轨面裂纹萌生寿命明显延长。打磨后3.5个月轨面裂纹未见明显发展,仿真计算结果与实际情况吻合良好。

道岔辙叉区磨耗车轮动力学分析及摩擦因数影响

研究磨耗车轮通过道岔辙叉区的轮轨相互作用特性及控制摩擦因数减缓轮轨磨耗的措施,以CRH2型动车组和18号高速道岔辙叉区为研究对象,基于迹线法原理,计算不同运行里程的磨耗车轮与辙叉区钢轨特征截面的接触点分布。采用UM建立车辆-道岔耦合动力学模型,结合非椭圆多点接触Kik-Piotrowski的轮轨接触算法,计算不同摩擦因数下磨耗车轮通过辙叉区的轮轨动力学变化特性及轮轨磨耗特性。研究结果表明:随着车轮磨耗加剧,岔区轮轨匹配趋向不良,接触点跳跃更为复杂、剧烈,跳跃宽度增大;车轮磨耗初期,轮轨动力学特性有所改善,车轮磨耗对横向力的影响较大;相对于标准新轮,运行里程为20.3万km的磨耗车轮通过辙叉区的轮载过渡位置延后0.134 m;减小轮轨摩擦因数会降低列车通过辙叉区的安全性和平稳性,但有利于减缓轮轨磨耗;当车轮运行里程达到20.3万km时,摩擦因数由0.55分别降低至0.45,0.35,0.25和0.15,钢轨磨耗指数分别下降6.3%,15.5%,34.0%和49.8%,钢轨润滑有利于减缓辙叉区钢轨磨耗,提高道岔区钢轨的使用寿命。

轮轨黏着状态对曲线区段轮轨动态相互作用的影响

基于车辆-轨道耦合动力学理论,建立了考虑不同轮轨黏着状态的地铁车辆-轨道耦合动力学模型,分析了轮轨界面黏着状态和曲线半径对轮轨系统动态相互作用的影响。结果表明:车辆通过曲线区段时,轮轨界面黏着状态对轮对运动姿态和轮轨系统动态相互作用的影响显著;轮轨界面存在低黏着接触状态会削弱轮对导向能力,致使脱轨系数增大,尤其当外侧轮轨界面存在低黏着接触状态时影响更大;通过润滑适当减小内侧轮轨摩擦因数,同时保持较大外侧轮轨摩擦因数可有效减小脱轨系数,提高车辆横向运行安全性;内外侧轮轨磨耗指数主要由所在侧轮轨黏着状态决定,且随曲线半径增大而减小。

轮轨滑动对高速铁路扣件弹条振动特性的影响

针对高速铁路纵坡区段ω型扣件弹条的失效现象,采用复特征值法研究了轮轨滑动工况下车轮-钢轨-扣件系统有限元模型的稳定性。通过对比系统摩擦自激振动模态和扣件弹条结构模态,分析了弹条共振现象的发生。通过重新编译钢轨有限元模型节点坐标,模拟了高速铁路钢轨波磨的真实廓形,分析了钢轨波磨激励的强迫振动对弹条共振的影响。研究结果表明,当高速列车在纵坡区段牵引或制动时,轮轨间纵向蠕滑力易趋于饱和,可引起约603 Hz不稳定振动的发生。该振动不仅可以激发扣件弹条第3阶模态,还可导致钢轨波磨。当列车以300 km/h速度运行时,波磨激励的强迫振动也可导致弹条共振。轨下垫板静刚度、扣件预紧力对轮轨滑动引起的603 Hz不稳定振动发生趋势的影响较小。

考虑轮轨蠕滑的高速列车制动非线性振动行为研究

为了揭示在制动工况下轮轨蠕滑对高速列车非线性振动的影响,考虑Polach轮轨蠕滑和盘片Stribeck摩擦,建立了高速列车盘式制动系统的3自由度非线性动力学模型,采用数值积分法求解制动系统的振动响应,并与线路试验数据进行对比,验证了模型的有效性。通过该模型进一步研究了低速下盘式制动系统非线性动力学行为,对比分析了Polach轮轨蠕滑模型与双线性轮轨蠕滑模型的差异;探究了平均蠕滑率和轨面条件对制动系统振动的影响;揭示了轮轨黏着与盘式制动系统非线性行为的相互作用机理。结果表明:相比于双线性轮轨蠕滑模型,Polach轮轨蠕滑模型受车速影响更为明显,更加符合实际服役情况;平均蠕滑率增大、轨面条件变差将导致混沌运动出现时的制动压力更小,混沌-周期振动交替出现的次数增加,制动系统振动行为更为复杂。

不同介质下ER8车轮钢滑动摩擦磨损性能

为探讨车轮在不同环境下服役时摩擦因数的变化机制,通过滑动摩擦试验机考察不同载荷下,ER8车轮钢分别在干燥空气、纯水、3.5%氯化钠溶液3种环境下的摩擦磨损性能。利用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、非接触三维表面轮廓仪、X射线衍射仪对磨痕及元素组成进行了分析,探讨不同环境下ER8车轮钢的摩擦磨损机制。结果表明:随着载荷的增大,ER8车轮钢的摩擦因数明显增大;列车的服役环境对车轮的摩擦磨损性能有较大影响,在干燥空气环境下,ER8车轮钢无腐蚀状况,磨痕宽度最小,但摩擦因数最大,可达0.503;在盐水环境下,ER8车轮钢出现腐蚀现象,磨痕宽度最大,但摩擦因数最小;干摩擦下ER8车轮钢的磨损机制为黏着磨损、磨粒磨损和氧化磨损,纯水摩擦和3.5%NaCl溶液环境下的磨损机制为磨粒磨损和氧化磨损。

基于牵引制动性能的轮轨接触行为研究

为了探明在牵引工况和制动工况下的列车轮轨滚动接触行为,从而为今后轮轨损伤机理的研究提供理论基础,以CRH2-300型动车组轮轨为研究对象,通过有限元仿真研究了基于牵引制动性能摩擦系数模型的轮轨接触力学行为,结果表明:基于经验模型的摩擦系数显著大于基于牵引、制动模型的摩擦系数及新干线模型的摩擦系数,新干线模型的摩擦系数与基于牵引制动性能模型的摩擦系数较为接近;牵引工况下的切向力云图呈现两点接触形态,且沿运行方向前端的点接触切向力明显大于运行方向后端,而在制动工况下,切向力在起始时刻为单点接触,随后变为两点接触;在轮轨接触点处,车轮S23切应力呈圆弧形且走势与车轮角速度方向一致,钢轨与车轮S23切应力圆弧走势对称。