Analysis of wheel-rail adhesion redundancy considering the thirdbody medium on the rail surface

Purpose–In response to the problem of insufficient traction/braking adhesion force caused by the existence of the third-body medium on the rail surface,this study aims to analyze the utilization of wheel-rail adhesion coefficient under different medium conditions and propose relevant measures for reasonable and optimized utilization of adhesion to ensure the traction/braking performance and operation safety of trains.Design/methodology/approach–Based on the PLS-160 wheel-rail adhesion simulation test rig,the study investigates the variation patterns of maximum utilized adhesion characteristics on the rail surface under different conditions of small creepage and large slip.Through statistical analysis of multiple sets of experimental data,the statistical distribution patterns of maximum utilized adhesion on the rail surface are obtained,and a method for analyzing wheel-rail adhesion redundancy based on normal distribution is proposed.The study analyzes the utilization of traction/braking adhesion,as well as adhesion redundancy,for different medium under small creepage and large slip conditions.Based on these findings,relevant measures for the reasonable and optimized utilization of adhesion are derived.Findings–When the third-body medium exists on the rail surface,the train should adopt the low-level service braking to avoid the braking skidding by extending the braking distance.Compared with the current adhesion control strategy of small creepage,adopting appropriate strategies to control the train’s adhesion coefficient near the second peak point of the adhesion coefficient-slip ratio curve in large slip can effectively improve the traction/braking adhesion redundancy and the upper limit of adhesion utilization,thereby ensuring the traction/braking performance and operation safety of the train.Originality/value–Most existing studies focus on the wheel-rail adhesion coefficient values and variation patterns under different medium conditions,without considering whether the rail surface with different medium can provide sufficient traction/braking utilized adhesion coefficient for the train.Therefore,there is a risk of traction overspeeding/braking skidding.This study analyzes whether the rail surface with different medium can provide sufficient traction/braking utilized adhesion coefficient for the train and whether there is redundancy.Based on these findings,relevant measures for the reasonable and optimized utilization of adhesion are derived to further ensure operation safety of the train.

Influence of railway wheel tread damage on wheel-rail impact loads and the durability of wheelsets

Dynamic wheel-rail contact forces induced by a severe form of wheel tread damage have been measured by a wheel impact load detector during full-scale field tests at different vehicle speeds.Based on laser scanning,the measured three-dimensional damage geometry is employed in simulations of dynamic vehicle-track interaction to calibrate and verify a simulation model.The relation between the magnitude of the impact load and various operational parameters,such as vehicle speed,lateral position of wheel-rail contact,track stiffness and position of impact within a sleeper bay,is investigated.The calibrated model is later employed in simulations featuring other forms of tread damage;their effects on impact load and subsequent fatigue impact on bearings,wheel webs and subsurface initiated rolling contact fatigue of the wheel tread are assessed.The results quantify the effects of wheel tread defects and are valuable in a shift towards condition-based maintenance of running gear,and for general assessment of the severity of different types of railway wheel tread damage.

Gaps,challenges and possible solution for prediction of wheel-rail rolling contact fatigue crack initiation

The prediction of wheel/rail rolling contact fatigue(RCF)crack initiation during railway operations is an important task.Since RCF crack evolution is influenced by many factors,its prediction process is complex.This paper reviews the existing approaches to predict RCF crack initiation.The crack initiation region is predicted by the shakedown map.By combining the shakedown map with various initiation criteria and the critical plane method,the crack initiation life is calculated.The classification,methodologies,theories and applications of these approaches are included in this paper.The advantages and limitations of these methods are analyzed to provide recommendation for RCF crack initiation prediction.This review highlights that wheel/rail dynamic characteristic,complex working conditions,surface defects and wear all affect the RCF crack initiation.The optimal selection of criteria is essential in the crack initiation prediction.Based on the research gap regarding the challenging process of crack initiation prediction detailed in this review,a proposed prediction process of RCF crack initiation is proposed to achieve a more accurate result.

Wheel-rail contact model for railway vehicle-structure interaction applications:development and validation

An enhancement in the wheel-rail contact model used in a nonlinear vehicle-structure interaction(VSI)methodology for railway applications is presented,in which the detection of the contact points between wheel and rail in the concave region of the thread-flange transition is implemented in a simplified way.After presenting the enhanced formulation,the model is validated with two numerical applications(namely,the Manchester Benchmarks and a hunting stability problem of a sus-pended wheelset),and one experimental test performed in a test rig from the Railway Technical Research Institute(RTRI)in Japan.Given its finite element(FE)nature,and contrary to most of the vehicle multibody dynamic commercial software that cannot account for the infrastructure flexibility,the proposed VSI model can be easily used in the study of train-bridge systems with any degree of complexity.The validation presented in this work proves the accuracy of the proposed model,making it a suitable tool for dealing with different railway dynamic applications,such as the study of bridge dynamics,train running safety under different scenarios(namely,earthquakes and crosswinds,among others),and passenger riding comfort.

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Status of Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Bacteria on Handheld Shopping Trolleys and Baskets in Supermarkets in Ndola, Zambia

Background: Supermarkets are a place visited by individuals with different health conditions daily where microbiological contaminants through touch onto fomites such as trolleys and baskets can be passed on to other people hence potentially spreading infectious diseases. This study aimed to investigate the presence of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria on handheld shopping trolleys and baskets and their antimicrobial susceptibility status against commonly used antibiotics in Zambia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Trolleys and basket handles were swabbed and standard microbiological methods were used to identify the bacteria and disc diffusion to determine their antimicrobial susceptibility status. Data was collected from December 2021 to April 2022. Data was analysed using IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 22. Results: Twenty-eight percent of the 200 total samples were found to be culture-positive and predominant isolates were Staphylococcus aureus (17.3%), Pseudomonas species (4.5%), Escherichia coli (2%), Corynebacterium species (2%), Staphylococcus species (1.5%) and Enterobacter aerogenes (0.5%). Staphylococcus aureus showed the most resistance to azithromycin (17%) followed by ciprofloxacin (2.8%), nitrofurantoin (2.8%) and chloramphenicol (2.8%). Escherichia coli showed 100% resistance to amoxicillin, cloxacillin and ampicillin, 75% resistance to ciprofloxacin and the least resistance to azithromycin (25%) while it was susceptible to nitrofurantoin. Staphylococcus species, Corynebacterium species, Enterobacter aerogenes and Pseudomonas species showed no resistance to any antibiotics. Conclusion: The study showed the presence of microorganisms with considerable antimicrobial resistance to antibiotics in Zambia on trolley and basket handles indicating the need for more initiatives to address proper hygiene in public environmental sites for better infection prevention and control.

地铁列车刨削式防爬吸能结构冲击力平稳行为参数优化

为提升地铁列车在碰撞过程的平稳性和耐撞性,提出一种刨削式吸能防爬器。该吸能结构因其抗偏载能力强,结构紧凑等优点被广泛应用于地铁列车的端部吸能结构中。以某型地铁列车的刨削式防爬器为研究对象,使用有限元仿真的方式建立该吸能结构的对称简化模型,并结合台车冲击的试验数据验证有限元模型的准确性;通过数值仿真的方式,将刨刀前角(α)、刨刀后角(β)、刨刀宽度(w)和刨削深度(d)作为输入变量,以总吸能量(E_(A))和吸能阶段的平均刨削力(M_(PF))为耐撞性指标,以样本方差(S^(2))作为考核参照,通过全因子法对输入变量进行参数化分析;在此基础上,利用径向基函数构建代理模型,并采用多目标遗传算法(MOGA)对该吸能结构的主要设计参数进行优化设计,以确定结构参数的最佳的配置方案。研究结果表明:在该型刨削式防爬吸能结构的主要设计尺寸参数中,β对E_(A)、M_(PF)以及S^(2)的影响均不明显;α对MPF、E_(A)呈负相关,同时与S^(2)呈正相关;w和d对E_(A)与M_(PF)呈正相关、与S^(2)呈负相关;通过优化设计得到的吸能结构的最优的参数设计方案中:d为3.94 mm;α为7.78°,w为34 mm;最优设计方案的E_(A)提高了5.91%,M_(PF)提高了5.89%,S^(2)降低了45.4%,耐撞性与平稳性得到了提高。研究结果可为地铁列车刨削式防爬吸能结构的设计提供工程参考。

基于改进蚁群算法的自动落布车路径规划

针对自动落布车在使用蚁群算法(ant colony algorithm,ACA)进行路径规划过程中出现的收敛次数多、收敛速度较慢且容易陷入局部最优的问题,提出一种改进蚁群算法(improved ant colony algorithm,IACA)。首先对信息素挥发系数ρ进行自适应调整,令其做动态变化,克服算法的收敛次数过多,加快算法收敛速度,减少算法的收敛时间;其次引入细菌觅食算法中趋化操作的趋化步长因子对信息素更新公式进行改进,削减算法迭代的后期信息素浓度值,使算法在后期跳出局部最优值,提高算法全局搜索能力。利用MATLAB将改进后的算法在3种不同的栅格环境中进行仿真验证。结果表明:相比传统蚁群算法,改进后的算法收敛次数减少81.1%,最小路径长度减少6.3%,收敛时间减少20.7%。最后搭建ROS小车实验平台,利用ROS机器人系统对改进蚁群算法在模拟的织布车间环境中进行实验验证。结果表明:对比传统蚁群算法,改进蚁群算法在寻优时间上减少了8.6%。

摩擦驱动焊接小车牵引力和通过性分析

针对焊接小车对变曲率半径工件适应性差的问题,进行了理论研究,改进焊接小车的驱动系统,建立了焊接小车在斜坡工况下的力学模型,分析了焊接小车运动过程中的牵引力变化规律,为焊接小车设计提供了理论支持。在此基础上,研究了焊接小车在外圆曲面和内圆曲面工况下的通过性,并计算出了2种特殊工况下特定结构和尺寸的焊接小车可以通过的最小曲率半径。基于上述分析结果设计出了一款基于摩擦传动的焊接小车,并进行了仿真验证,结果表明该焊接小车在变曲率半径轨道上具有良好的通过性,可以为焊接小车的设计提供技术保障。

小车运行状态下岸桥结构动力响应分析

本文对在役岸桥整机金属结构的动力学响应机理进行分析。基于Euler-Bernoulli梁理论建立起重机单梁结构数值模型,分析不同工况对梁结构动力响应的影响,并分析动力学方程中“离心加速度项”对岸桥的动力学响应的影响。利用一岸桥结构数据建立包含结构重要分析部位如铰点、轨道梁等结构的几何特征的整机精细化数值模型。以简化质量点模拟小车,将质量与板壳单元接触,实现小车与大梁的相互作用,并应用于岸桥结构动力学分析中,考虑轨道梁非中心受力,计算得到大梁铰点的加速度响应,与实测信号结果基本一致。经计算分析发现,岸桥大梁铰点处测点的加速度实测信号频谱和计算信号频谱均表明小车运行对岸桥结构的主要影响为经过轨道接头时产生的高频冲击。同时,岸桥模型大梁上10个测点及小车的位移结果表明,当小车带额定载荷以额定速度匀速运行时,岸桥前大梁前端产生垂向拟静态位移,位移频谱表明小车主要受到垂向强迫振动。

软土地层三线小角度叠交盾构隧道施工影响规律及位移控制

天津地铁6号线入出段线盾构隧道上穿既有隧道,通过现场实测和数值模拟对既有隧道结构变形规律、变形影响因素、不同变形控制措施的效果进行了研究。结果表明:盾构上穿过程中既有隧道竖向位移整体呈现出隆起-沉降-隆起的变化规律;刀盘距叠交部位断面距离L=2.0D(D为隧道直径)时,叠交部位断面轴力达到最大值,L=0~2.0D时,叠交部位断面弯矩逐渐由L≤0时的横8字形转变为L≥2.0D时的三叶草形;新建隧道与既有隧道的叠交角度在15°~60°、竖向净距小于1.0D时,既有隧道竖向位移受新建隧道影响较大,实际工程中应使叠交角度大于60°,竖向净距大于1.0D;设置支撑台车后,支撑台车影响范围约为2倍台车长度,在影响范围内横断面位移得到控制,但随着支撑台车离开,原来位置处对位移的控制效果逐渐消失;与不注浆相比,深孔注浆加固后既有隧道竖向位移最大值和水平位移最大值分别减小了67.4%、76.0%。

带式焙烧机台车车体热力耦合仿真计算

为揭示带式焙烧机台车车体在低温-高温-低温循环往复工况下温度场和各种荷载对车体主梁变形和应力的影响规律,本文以国内某钢铁企业带式焙烧机台车车体为研究对象,利用ANSYS有限元分析软件,采用直接热力耦合方法,对带式焙烧机台车车体在干燥段、预热段、焙烧段、均热段、一冷段和二冷段工作过程的温度分布进行分析,计算焙烧段台车车体在静力作用和热力耦合作用两种工况条件下的变形和应力,分析不同横梁高度、焙烧温度对台车主梁应力和变形的影响规律。结果表明:焙烧段台车车体的最高温度为650℃,上、下表面最大温差为140℃,上表面为压应力,下表面为拉应力,最大应力位置在主梁中间,为21.6 MPa,最大垂向变形为5.37 mm。本文通过仿真计算获得了不同横梁高度、焙烧温度对台车主梁应力和变形的影响关系,可为带式焙烧机台车车体的优化设计提供依据。

高效全自动数控缠绕机的设计开发

随着新能源技术的不断发展,高压气瓶的生产需求日益增长,纤维缠绕成型技术则是生产高压气瓶过程中的一种关键技术.目前纤维缠绕技术在国内发展中依然面临着许多严峻的挑战,如由于有芯纱团自身原因导致纱线缠绕张力控制不均以及缠绕手腕运作时所需的驱动电机过多导致成本过高等问题.故该文以数控龙门式缠绕机为研究对象,设计了一种缠绕手腕装置,然后对纤维缠绕工艺进行优化,提出了一种往复式数控有芯纱团张力控制方法,并通过实验对龙门缠绕机器的性能进行验证.实验表明,经过改进后的缠绕机缠绕速度提升至150 m·min^(-1),缠绕小车运行速度提升至125 m·min^(-1).

特急曲线水利隧洞针梁台车设计与施工

水利基础设施建设过程中,特急曲线水利隧洞具有弯多、弯急的特点。普通针梁台车在此类隧洞工程施工中,出现弯道碰壁、受压变形等诸多问题,传统施工装备与技术的适应性难题亟待解决。以金沙江向家坝灌区北总干渠一期工程望江岩隧洞衬砌施工为依托,在传统全圆针梁台车既有设计方法的基础上,开展加大单次衬砌长度、整体快速拆合、优化结构形式、改变脱模方式、实现高通用性等方面研究;研制特急曲线水利隧洞全圆针梁台车,创新台车不同状态下的施工工法,解决了台车在曲线处行走时会触碰隧洞壁,台车过特急曲线隧洞需重复拆卸及安装,衬砌完成后上、下侧模在受力状态下出现模板反向咬合等问题,有效推动了特急曲线隧洞施工装备设计方法革新。实际应用结果表明,所开发的特急曲线水利隧洞全圆针梁台车及其相关施工技术大幅度提高了特急曲线水利隧洞施工效率,降低了施工成本,保证了施工安全和工程质量。

台车式热处理炉热处理过程模拟与分析

热处理是轧辊产品生产过程中至关重要的环节,合理的热处理工艺对轧辊质量具有重要影响。采用数值模拟的方法,系统研究了热处理炉中轧辊不同摆放位置对炉内流场、温度场以及轧辊表面温度场的影响,为制定轧辊的精准热处理工艺,以及提高轧辊产品质量奠定基础。

AGV小车在玻纤整经车间经轴转运系统中的应用

AGV小车作为一种无人驾驶的激光导引运输车,在计算机调度和管理下,可自主完成一系列自动化运输。近年来,随着玻纤需求量的不断提升,玻纤工厂生产方式面临着巨大挑战。在玻纤整经车间,国内大部分生产企业还是依靠人工完成生产操作、质量检测、出入库及报表统计等,生产管理效率低、质量控制难度大、用工难、管理成本高,严重影响玻璃纤维企业的竞争力。通过采用计算机调度系统与AGV小车之间的相互配合完成了玻纤整经车间的一系列自动化转运路径,实现玻纤整经车间的自动化。

高铁大断面隧道衬砌智能化建造及质量控制技术

隧道智能建造技术作为中国“智能铁路”重要组成部分,引领了隧道修建技术的发展方向。为提高隧道施工智能化水平,保证衬砌及断面整体施工质量和使用寿命,以京张高铁八达岭隧道为背景,提出了一系列复杂大断面隧道衬砌智能化建造及质量控制技术。二衬结构混凝土智能振捣和浇筑技术可实现混凝土的自动化施工,减少现场作业人员50%,降低现场数据记录耗时90%;自主设计了一套以智能温湿控制系统为核心的衬砌智能养护台车,智能控制和调节养护区域内温度和湿度,显著降低人工投入和减少人为质量缺陷,提高施工效率;提出二衬防脱空自动报警、防顶裂技术,有效防止衬砌空洞和开裂的发生,使空洞发生概率由16%降为6%,二衬开裂概率由22%降为8%;衬砌智能化建造及质量控制技术在新八达岭隧道的成功应用,提高了隧道衬砌的施工质量水平和综合管理能力。

Influence of Anteroposterior Symmetrical Aero-Wings on the Aerodynamic Performance of High-Speed Train

The running stability of high-speed train is largely constrained by the wheel-rail coupling relationship,and the continuous wear between the wheel and rail surfaces will profoundly affect the dynamic performance of the train.In recent years,under the background of increasing train speed,some scientific researchers have proposed a new idea of using the lift force generated by the aerodynamic wings(aero-wing)installed on the roof to reduce the sprung load of the carriage in order to alleviate the wear and tear of the wheel and rail.Based on the bidirectional running characteristics of high-speed train,this paper proposes a scheme to apply aero-wings with anteroposterior symmetrical cross-sections on the roof of the train.After the verification of the wind tunnel experimental data,the relatively better airfoil section and extension formof anteroposterior symmetrical aero-wing is selected respectively in this paper,and the aero-wings are fixedly connected to the roof of the train through the mounting column to conduct aerodynamic simulation analysis.The research shows that:compared with the circular-arc and oval crosssections,this paper believes that the crescent cross-section can form greater aerodynamic lift force in a limited space.Considering factors such as aerodynamic parameters,ground effect,and manufacturing process,this paper proposes to adopt aero-wings with arc type extension form and connect them to the roof of the train through mounting columns with shuttle cross-section.When the roof of the train is covered with aero-wings and runs at high speed,the sprung load of the carriages can be effectively reduced.However,there are certain hidden dangers in the tail carriage due to the large amount of lift force,so,the intervention of the aero-wing lifting mechanism is required.At the same time,it is necessary to optimize the overall aerodynamic drag force reduction in the followup work.

基于改进蜂群算法的拱架台车机械臂逆解

拱架台车机械臂为七自由度的冗余机械臂且带有移动关节,其逆运动学求解困难,文中设计了一种基于Levy飞行的混沌蜂群算法(Chaotic Levy Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm,CFABC)。首先利用D-H(Denavit-Hartenberg)法建立机械臂运动学模型,通过正运动学的解建立末端位姿误差目标函数,求取逆运动学的最优解,接着引入混沌映射对蜜源进行初始化,再引入Levy飞行改变搜索策略来提升算法的收敛速度,最后利用Matlab编程进行仿真验证,为拱架台车机械臂逆运动学的求解提供了一种新的途径。结果表明,该算法的收敛速度相较于传统的蜂群算法和混沌蜂群算法求解速度快、稳定性好,证明了算法的可行性。

Research on the influence of flexible wheelset rotation effect on wheel rail contact force

Purpose-Under the high-speed operating conditions,the effects of wheelset elastic deformation on the wheel rail dynamic forces will become more notable compared to the low-speed condition.In order to meet different analysis requirements and selecting appropriate models to analyzing the wheel rail interaction,it is crucial to understand the influence of wheelset flexibility on the wheel-rail dynamics under different speeds and track excitations condition.Design/methodology/approach-The wheel rail contact points solving method and vehicle dynamics equations considering wheelset flexibility in the trajectory body coordinate system were investigated in this paper.As for the wheel-rail contact forces,which is a particular force element in vehicle multibody system,a method for calculating the Jacobian matrix of the wheel-rail contact force is proposed to better couple the wheel-rail contact force calculation with the vehicle dynamics response calculation.Based on the flexible wheelset modeling approach in this paper,two vehicle dynamic models considering the wheelset as both elastic and rigid bodies are established,two kinds of track excitations,namely normal measured track irregularities and short-wave irregularities are used,wheel-rail geometric contact characteristic and wheel-rail contact forces in both time and frequency domains are compared with the two models in order to study the influence of flexible wheelset rotation effect on wheel rail contact force.Findings-Under normal track irregularity excitations,the amplitudes of vertical,longitudinal and lateral forces computed by the flexible wheelset model are smaller than those of the rigid wheelset model,and the virtual penetration and equivalent contact patch are also slightly smaller.For the flexible wheelset model,the wheel rail longitudinal and lateral creepages will also decrease.The higher the vehicle speed,the larger the differences in wheel-rail forces computed by the flexible and rigid wheelset model.Under track short-wave irregularity excitations,the vertical force amplitude computed by the flexible wheelset is also smaller than that of the rigid wheelset.However,unlike the excitation case of measured track irregularity,under short-wave excitations,for the speed within the range of 200 to 350 km/h,the difference in the amplitude of the vertical force between the flexible and rigid wheelset models gradually decreases as the speed increase.This is partly due to the contribution of wheelset's elastic vibration under short-wave excitations.For low-frequency wheel-rail force analysis problems at speeds of 350 km/h and above,as well as high-frequency wheel-rail interaction analysis problems under various speed conditions,the flexible wheelset model will give results agrees better with the reality.Originality/value-This study provides reference for the modeling method of the flexible wheelset and the coupling method of wheel-rail contact force to the vehicle multibody dynamics system.Furthermore,by comparative research,the influence of wheelset flexibility and rotation on wheel-rail dynamic behavior are obtained,which is useful to the application scope of rigid and flexible wheelset models.

电气盘柜的翻转运输小车设计

电气盘柜具有尺寸大、质量大及内部线路复杂的特点,为了解决定期维护和更换过程中的电器盘柜的搬运难题,设计了一种专用的翻转搬运小车。该小车由驱动系统、液压系统和倾斜机构3部分组成,可实现多尺寸盘柜在大范围倾角下的高效安全装卸和运输。