Effects of Lateral Motion on the Creep Forces in Wheel/Rail Rolling Contact

The influences of the lateral motion of a single wheelset running on a tangent railway on the creepages and creep forces between wheel and rail are investigated with numerical methods. The effect of the yaw motion of wheelset is neglected in the analysis, and Kalker’s theory of three dimensional elastic bodies in rolling contact is employed to analyze the creep forces in the wheel/rail rolling contact with Non Hertzian form.

Numerical Study on Characteristics of Supercavitating Flow Around the Variable-Lateral-Force Cavitator

A control scheme named the variable-lateral-force cavitator, which is focused on the control of lift force, drag force and lateral forces for underwater supercavity vehicles was proposed, and the supercavitating flow around the cavitator was investigated numerically using the mixture multiphase flow model. It is verified that the forces of pitching, yawing, drag and lift, as well as the supercavity size of the underwater vehicle can be effectively regulated through the movements of the control element of the variable-lateral-force cavitator in the radial and circumferential directions. In addition, if the control element on either side protrudes to a height of 5% of the diameter of the front cavitator, an amount of forces of pitching and yawing equivalent to 30% of the drag force will be produced, and the supercavity section appears concave inwards simultaneously. It is also found that both the drag force and lift force of the variable-lateral-force cavitator decline as the angle of attack increases.

Lateral ice force acting on a vertical cylinder

In general, forward directed ice force is only considered by the designer. But experiments prove that thelateral ice force caused by the uneven contact between ice sheet and the pile also exists. The lateral ice force does notobject to normal or Gumbel distribution, and is not relevant to the forward directed one in numerical value. Preventivemeasures should be taken to avoid the damage caused by the lateral ice force to the structure in design phase.

Levitation and lateral forces between a point magnetic dipole and a superconducting sphere

The dipole–dipole interaction model is employed to investigate the angular dependence of the levitation and lateral forces acting on a small magnet in an anti-symmetric magnet/superconducting sphere system. Breaking the symmetry of the system enables us to study the lateral force which is important in the stability of the magnet above a superconducting sphere in the Meissner state. Under the assumption that the lateral displacement of the magnet is small compared to the physical dimensions of our proposed system, analytical expressions are obtained for the levitation and lateral forces as a function of the geometrical parameters of the superconductor as well as the height, the lateral displacement, and the orientation of the magnetic moment of the magnet. The dependence of the levitation force on the height of the levitating magnet is similar to that in the symmetric magnet/superconducting sphere system within the range of proposed lateral displacements. It is found that the levitation force is linearly dependent on the lateral displacement whereas the lateral force is independent of this displacement. A sinusoidal variation of both forces as a function of the polar and azimuthal angles specifying the orientation of the magnetic moment is observed. The relationship between the stability and the orientation of the magnetic moment is discussed for different orientations.

ANALYTICAL SOLUTION FOR BENDING BEAM SUBJECT TO LATERAL FORCE WITH DIFFERENT MODULUS

A bending beam,subjected to state of plane stress,was chosen to investigate.The determination of the neutral surface of the structure was made,and the calculating formulas of neutral axis,normal stress,shear stress and displacement were derived.It is concluded that, for the elastic bending beam with different tension-compression modulus in the condition of complex stress, the position of the neutral axis is not related with the shear stress, and the analytical solution can be derived by normal stress used as a criterion, improving the multiple cyclic method which determines the position of neutral point by the principal stress. Meanwhile, a comparison is made between the results of the analytical solution and those calculated from the classic mechanics theory, assuming the tension modulus is equal to the compression modulus, and those from the finite element method (FEM) numerical solution. The comparison shows that the analytical solution considers well the effects caused by the condition of different tension and compression modulus. Finally, a calculation correction of the structure with different modulus is proposed to optimize the structure.

Chiral lateral optical force near plasmonic ring induced by Laguerre–Gaussian beam

Owing to the good adjustability and the strong near-field enhancement,surface plasmons are widely used in optical force trap,thus the optical force trap can achieve excellent performance.Here,we use the Laguerre–Gaussian beam and a plasmonic gold ring to separate enantiomers by the chiral optical force.Along with the radial optical force that traps the particles,there is also a chirality-sign-sensitive lateral force arising from the optical spin angular momentum,which is caused by the interaction between optical orbit angular momentum and gold ring structure.By selecting a specific incident wavelength,the strong angular scattering and non-chiral related azimuthal optical force can be suppressed.Thus the chiral related azimuthal optical force can induce an opposite orbital rotation of the trapped particles with chirality of different sign near the gold ring.This work proposes an effective approach for catchingand separating chiral enantiomers.

Influence of Angle of Attack and Lateral Force between Wheel and Rail on Wear of Rail ——a Laboratory Study

Angle of attack and lateral force are two important parameters influencing wheel rail wear. This paper deals with the question of influences of the angle of attack and the lateral force on the wear of rail. A series of experiments are conducted on 1/4 JD 1 Wheel/Rail Tribology Simulation Facility. The angles of attack selected in the tests are 0°16′30″, 0°37′40″ and 1°0′0″ respectively. The lateral forces selected in the tests are 0.694 kN, 1.250 kN and 2.083 kN, respectively corresponding to the lateral forces of 25 kN, 45 kN and 75 kN measured in the field, with the aim of keeping the same ratio of L/V between laboratory and field conditions. It is found that the larger the angle of attack is, the more serious the wear of rail is. The relation of rail wear rate versus angle of attack is non linear, and the relation of rail wear rate versus lateral force is approximately linear. The influence of angle of attack is more serious than that of lateral force. For the tractive wheelset, the wear index involving linear and quadratic function terms of angle of attack has good agreement with the limited experimental data. Some conclusions are given.

Lateral magnetic stiffness under different parameters in a high-temperature superconductor levitation system

Magnetic stiffness determines the stability of a high-temperature superconductor(HTS)magnetic levitation system.The quantitative properties of the physical and geometrical parameters that affect the stiffness of HTS levitation systems should be identified for improving the stiffness by some effective methods.The magnetic stiffness is directly related to the first-order derivative of the magnetic force with respect to the corresponding displacement,which indicates that the effects of the parameters on the stiffness should be different from the relationships between the forces and the same parameters.In this paper,we study the influences of some physical and geometrical parameters,including the strength of the external magnetic field(B0)produced by a rectangular permanent magnet(PM),critical current density(Jc),the PM-to-HTS area ratio(α),and thickness ratio(β),on the lateral stiffness by using a numerical approach under zero-field cooling(ZFC)and field cooling(FC)conditions.In the first and second passes of the PM,the lateral stiffness at most of lateral positions essentially increases with B0 increasing and decreases withβincreasing in ZFC and FC.The largest lateral stiffness at every lateral position is almost produced by the minimum value of Jc,which is obviously different from the lateral force–Jc relation.Theα-dependent lateral stiffness changes with some parameters,which include the cooling conditions of the bulk HTS,lateral displacement,and movement history of the PM.These findings can provide some suggestions for improving the lateral stiffness of the HTS levitation system.

Study on Ultimate Pullout Force of Grouting Anchors of the Anchor-Pull Retaining Wall

Determination of the grouting anchor pullout force is a key step during the design of anchor-pull retaining wall, but it is mostly determined relied on empirical formula at present, and the rationality and the safety cannot be effectively guaranteed. Based on the engineering case of the gravity retaining wall of Qinglin Freeway, the model test was designed, and combined with the results of the ABAQUS finite element numerical analysis, it was analyzed that how the anchor axial pulling force distributes. The results showed that the force of the anchor near the wall bolt was large and which far from the wall was small and the ultimate pullout force was proportional to the length, diameter and shear strength. When the end tension of the anchor was small, the top load played a leading role on the anchor tension. This conclusion confirmed the calculation formula of ultimate pullout force was and provided a theoretical basis for anchor-pull retaining wall design and calculation.

Theoretical and experimental research on characteristics of lateral vibration for a pre-stress bolt supporting system

According to the structure and stress trait of bearing bolts,a lateral-vibrationmechanics model was established for them,and the relation between lateral-vibration frequencyand axial load was analyzed;then,lateral-vibration trait of bearing bolts was studiedthrough laboratory simulation test.The results indicate that vibration frequency of boltsupport system increases as well as axial force,the detection on axial load of bolts can bemade by generating lateral vibration of bearing bolts.Theoretical and experimental researchresults show that frequency method is effective for detecting the axial force of boltsupport system.

Structural System to Resist Seismic Loads on High Rise Reinforced Concrete Structures

The forces of nature represent the biggest challenge for engineering work in general and perhaps the most prominent of these forces. This generated by earthquake where engineering structure is exposed abnormal loads and stresses which places areal burden on structural engineers to find solutions and structural systems to increase resistance and effectiveness of engineering structure especially high rise concrete structures.

The Use of Tamping Machine for Diagnosising the Longitudinal Forces in Rails of CWR Track

In the novel approach to the diagnostic tests of continuous welded rail （CWR） track by the use of the tamping machine, the fundamental statement related to the recording of the curvature with a definite value of the lateral displacement being subjected to verification, can provide a basis for the determination of the longitudinal axial force in the rail. An attempt has also been made to define an alternative factor which by means of the measured signals, could be used for the determination of the axial forces in the rail sections. A power engineering approach has been adopted to this concept. Within the framework of the experimental investigations, measurements were carried out in the track test section. The investigations were based on stretching the rail sections by stretchers and on lateral displacements of the track by the tamping machine. The operation of the measuring apparatus was also tested in the experimental railway track section while carrying out the geometrical adjustments by the tamping machine. As a result of next series of the investigation carried out in 2006-2007, the authors worked out a procedure of estimating the longitudinal forces in rails of CWR track.

有限元仿真分析不同矫形方式治疗青少年特发性脊柱侧凸的生物力学特征

背景:青少年特发性脊柱侧凸不对称的生物力学环境会导致椎体进一步楔形变,严重时或可影响心肺功能,压迫神经。不同侧凸程度的青少年特发性脊柱侧凸应进行运动、支具或手术治疗,然而,因患者的个体差异性,选择不同矫形方式的力学机制仍不明确。目的:基于青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者的脊柱模型,探究不同矫形方式治疗的生物力学机制,为临床治疗方式的选择提供依据。方法:基于1例青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患儿脊柱CT图像,于Mimics软件中三维重建出脊柱侧凸模型(C7-L5),在T8/T9胸廓处施加横向侧推力,在C7椎体上方施加纵向撑开力,力的大小为20,40,60,80,100,120 N,分析两种矫形方式下椎间盘凹凸侧应力、椎体凹凸侧位移和脊柱Cobb角变化。结果与结论:①横向侧推力下,C7T1-T7T8椎间盘应力无明显变化,T7T8-L4L5节段凹凸侧应力随着侧推力的增加先减小后增大,侧推力对T8T9附近节段的矫正效果明显,随着节段延伸至头端和尾端,矫正效果减弱;侧推120 N时,胸部Cobb角由53.2°变为32.5°,腰部Cobb角由50.2°变为43.9°;②纵向撑开力下,胸椎椎间盘应力先减小后增大,腰椎椎间盘应力均减小,C7位移最明显,节段延伸至尾端,矫正效果逐渐减弱;撑开力120 N时,胸部Cobb角由53.2°变为39.4°,腰部Cobb角由50.2°变为47.6°;③提示两种矫形方式均对脊柱侧凸程度有一定改善,胸部矫正大于腰部矫正,同时凹凸侧不对称的应力分布也得到改善,这有助于骨逐渐恢复正常生长;脊柱侧凸Cobb角较大时,适合采用纵向撑开方式,脊柱侧凸Cobb角较小时,适合采用横向侧推方式;研究结果有助于理解脊柱矫形机制并为矫形方式的选择提供理论依据。

Using the traditional model to evaluate the active force of the human lateral rectus muscle

The information on the force of extraocular muscles(EOMs)is beneficial for strabismus diagnosis and surgical planning,and a direct and simple method is important for surgeons to obtain these forces.Based on the traditional model,a numerical simulation method was proposed to achieve this aim,and then the active force of the lateral rectus(LR)muscle was successfully simulated when the eye rotated every angle from 0°to 30°in the horizontal plane from the nasal to the temporal side.In order to verify these simulations,the results were compared with the previous experimental data.The comparison shows that the simulation results diverged much more than the experimental data in the range of 0°–10°.The errors were corrected to make the simulation results closer to the experimental data.Finally,a general empirical equation was proposed to evaluate the active force of the LR muscle by fitting these data,which represent the relationship between the simulation forces and the contractive amounts of the LR muscle.

Lateral Force Characteristics of Cartridge Valve Core

The flow field of eccentric conical crevices is formed into the working process of hydraulic valves.Therefore, the valve core is readily subjected to a large lateral force which affects the dynamic response speed.Here, a new type of cartridge valve core structure is proposed to solve this problem. The numerical simulationmethod is applied to analyze the flow characteristics of clearance flow field on velocity distribution, pressuredistribution, valve core motion speed, and leakage. The results using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) showthat the guide groove is set on the surface of the cartridge valve core, increasing the connecting length of thevalve core, forming a uniform radial pressure distribution and velocity distribution, effectively reducing the lateralforce, and at the same time ensuring that the leak is not too big. These findings provide theoretical guidance anda basis for optimizing cartridge valve to reduce the occurrence of jamming and improve the response frequency.

基于时程分析法的中美隔震设计对比研究

介绍了中国《建筑隔震设计标准》(GB/T 51408—2021)(以下简称《隔标》)和美国Minimum design loads and associated criteria for buildings and other structures(ASCE 7-16)隔震设计的相关要求,并针对基于《建筑抗震设计规范》(GB 50011—2010)(2016年版)(以下简称《抗规》)设计的某9度区近场隔震结构,进行了两国规范的设计对比。按《抗规》设计的隔震结构,仍然能满足《隔标》的设计要求。ASCE 7-16对于隔震支座考虑了老化和环境、测试、制造等因素引起的性能参数变化,并按隔震支座的上限及下限属性进行了结构设计。基于相同地震概率水准(50年超越概率2%)的设计对比研究表明,ASCE 7-16的等效侧力法计算值高于《隔标》,按ASCE 7-16要求选择的地震波反应谱明显高于《隔标》,其时程分析结果也大于中国规范,对隔震支座的性能要求更高。

基于改进CSM模型的硬岩掘进机刀盘危险点应力分析方法

TBM刀盘受载后的危险点应力获取缺少直接的测量方法,工况复杂的情况下也难以测量,这就制约了刀盘载荷分析在刀盘寿命分析及其再制造方向上的应用问题,为此本文提出了一种基于改进CSM模型的TBM刀盘危险点应力分析方法.在CSM模型基本压力假设的基础上,提出了滚刀刀刃侧面基本压力的概念,推导计算了滚刀刀刃侧面受到的压力和摩擦力,并将二者逐个引入CSM模型中的三向力的计算,建立了改进的CSM模型;通过与公开的滚刀载荷实验数据对比,计算得到的三向力误差均在5%以内,弥补了CSM模型不能预测侧向力的不足.基于改进的CSM模型,通过分析滚刀载荷三向力的差值关系,建立了滚刀载荷差值与滚刀刀间距离的指数关系,得到了计算刀盘滚刀载荷的理论模型,使用ABAQUS的实体耦合功能,加载上各滚刀的载荷,分析整个刀盘的载荷分布,进一步获得刀盘危险点的位置.由此建立了一套刀盘滚刀群载荷获取及危险点应力分布计算的方法.通过与辽宁大伙房水库引水隧道工程中公开的实验数据及危险点统计数据对比,验证了基于改进CSM模型的TBM刀盘危险点应力计算方式的有效性.该研究对经典的CSM模型进行了改进,所提出的刀盘危险点的应力分析方法可为刀盘再制造寿命预测提供可靠的载荷分析依据,并指导刀盘服役阶段的操控参数设置.

基于桥梁响应的高速列车横向摇摆力取值研究

研究目的:列车的横向摇摆力是桥梁结构横向刚度设计的重要影响因素,然而现行设计横向摇摆力取值未充分考虑动力作用。本文采用车桥耦合仿真分析方法,分析列车车速、桥梁跨度和墩高对横向动力响应的影响。结合移动荷载列过桥理论,研究桥梁横向基频与横向动力响应之间的关系,得到桥梁横向共振发生条件。根据运营活载动效应不大于设计活载动效应的原则,通过设计横向摇摆力乘以横向动力放大系数的方式来更全面地考虑横向摇摆力的动力作用。研究结论:(1)在特定的速度范围内,桥梁结构的横向动力响应超过了设计横向摇摆力计算得出的静力响应,现行设计横向摇摆力取值偏于不安全;(2)简支梁的横向动力响应与跨度之间没有明显的相关性,墩高的影响更加显著,横向动力峰值出现的速度区间随着墩高的增加而减小;(3)对于横向基频在3.5~5 Hz范围内的简支梁,横向动力放大系数可取1.44,而在其他频率范围内,可以不考虑动力放大系数修正;(4)本研究可为高速列车横向摇摆力设计取值提供参考与借鉴。

地铁小半径曲线段双非减振扣件系统横向力传递特性分析

为了探究地铁小半径曲线段上部锁紧式双层非线性减振扣件系统在服役时横向力的传递特性,通过室内试验测得荷载-位移曲线,根据实际尺寸建立减振扣件系统精细化有限元模型,在与试验对比验证的基础上,分析其内部的横向力传递过程及各个部件的受力情况,并由此开展相关因素对减振扣件系统横向力传递的影响规律。研究结果表明:上部锁紧式双层非线性减振扣件系统在横向荷载的作用下,横向力的内部传递过程较为复杂,表现出明显的非线性特征;同时施加垂向和横向荷载时,减振扣件系统的整个横向传力过程分为工作边轨距块静摩擦力被克服、非工作边轨距块静摩擦力被克服、非工作边侧轨下垫板压缩变形、非工作边轨距块横向支承、轨下垫板静摩擦力增幅减缓5个阶段;钢轨轨底和轨距块之间的摩擦因数、扣压力是影响轨距块由最大静摩擦力变为动摩擦力所需要外荷载大小的关键因素,摩擦因数越大,所需要的外荷载越大;而钢轨轨底与轨下垫板之间的摩擦因数对减振系统的横向力传递行为影响较小,这是因为钢轨轨底与轨下垫板之间一直都是静摩擦力,削弱了因摩擦因数的变化对整个横向力传递过程的影响。该研究旨在为今后减振扣件系统的横向刚度设计优化及轮轨动力学仿真计算提供实验依据和理论指导。

鸭舵转速对双旋弹追随稳定性影响研究

发展了适合双旋弹虚拟飞行仿真的高保真计算流体力学和刚体动力学耦合平台,以此为基础研究了旋转鸭舵对双旋弹弹道追随稳定性的影响。为了准确刻画双旋弹前后体的差动旋转效应,将滑移网格算法引入自研非结构混合网格流场数值模拟程序HUND3D。通过对双旋弹进行定轴转动非定常模拟,考察了不同鸭舵转速下双旋弹的流动特征与气动特性。通过耦合求解非定常雷诺平均NS方程和七自由度刚体动力学方程,实现了双旋弹不同弯度弹道的虚拟飞行仿真,分析了弹道追随过程的动力学机理,并结合气动特性分析结果研究了控制鸭舵转速改善弹道追随稳定性的策略。研究结果表明:鸭舵旋转所产生的气动干扰,能够显著影响弹体的侧向力与偏航力矩。通过控制前体鸭舵转速以产生有利于弹道追随的偏航力矩,能够在一定程度上改善弹道追随稳定性。