Due to the less stringent emission technology requirement,motorized two and three-wheelers(2&3W)generate more pollutants than cars.About 20%of the world's registered motorcycles are known to be in Africa.Vehic...Due to the less stringent emission technology requirement,motorized two and three-wheelers(2&3W)generate more pollutants than cars.About 20%of the world's registered motorcycles are known to be in Africa.Vehicle pollution is one of the major causes of death and health problems in Africa.The electrification of transportation provides an opportunity for E2&3W in Africa.To assess this transition,this study quantifies the number of E2&3W present in some African countries.Surveys of electric vehicle start-ups,drivers,and owner experiences are used to determine the E2&3W's technical feasibility and ability to compete with petrol scooters(p-scooters).SimaPro 9.4 software together with Ecoinvent 3.8 database was used to conduct a cradle-to-the-grave analysis of the environmental impact of using electric scooters(e-scooters).The research found that Africa's E2&3W's have a 0.2%market share compared to gasoline versions.The main disadvantage of e-scooters is their limited range and battery life.The average range and speed are 50 km and 50 km/h,respectively.Overloading of E2&3W caused damage to traction motors and was of major concern to distributors.The main advantages of E2&3W are their low operating costs and low environmental impact.In South Africa,the total environmental impact of e-scooters outweighed that of p-scooters.Emissions that have a direct impact on human health,were significantly lower for e-scooters than for p-scooters.The lack of battery performance standards,battery swapping station standards,and charging station standards negatively affects the quality of imported e-scooters.African countries need to implement electric vehicle standards,and battery recycling policies,and establish electric vehicle training and research centers.展开更多
The ownership of motorised two wheelers(MTWs)has been on the rise across various countries across the globe.The growth has been especially higher in developing countries which have typical traffic characteristics and ...The ownership of motorised two wheelers(MTWs)has been on the rise across various countries across the globe.The growth has been especially higher in developing countries which have typical traffic characteristics and higher populations.This steady rise has resulted in increased accident and fatalities.This abrupt increase warranted attention from the researchers to carry out specific studies for MTWs,which have a very different behaviour as compared to cars in terms of physical and dynamic parameters.Moreover,the unique traffic patterns usually found in the developing countries pose an additional challenge to the researchers,since the conventional focus of transportation safety researchers was a homogeneous car-based traffic.Many such studies have been attempted,especially in the recent decades,which have considered various risk factors related to MTW safety.However,the studies have considered different sets of risk factors and have given surprising and even conflicting results.Therefore,a comprehensive review of the diverse studies needs to be carried out which incorporates all the risk factors considered in previous research.This study reviews such research papers which have analysed various risk factors related to safety of MTWs,especially in heterogeneous,non-lane based traffic.Specifically,this paper aims to incorporate results from those studies and highlight the conclusions from state of the art.The paper also discusses about the research gaps that are crucial for MTW safety in mixed traffic conditions.The review will be useful for researchers working in the field of MTW safety and for policy implementation and analysis.展开更多
There is a vast colony of microbes in the human gut that not only maintains intestinal function but also has intricate links to the brain via the “microbiota-gut-brain” (MGB) axis. The axis now has been demonstrated...There is a vast colony of microbes in the human gut that not only maintains intestinal function but also has intricate links to the brain via the “microbiota-gut-brain” (MGB) axis. The axis now has been demonstrated to have implications for the treatment of several neuro-psychological illnesses, including Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), a condition that affects a person’s ability to connect socially and communicate effectively. Previously thought to be a rare disorder, it is now thought to affect 1 in 9 individuals in the United States. Unfortunately, there is not FDA-approved drug for the primary symptoms of AD, and the current cognitive-behavioral therapy procedures for the condition are time-consuming and expensive. Scientists are currently investigating the MGB axis to identify potential treatment targets to reduce AD symptoms. This review aims to highlight the functioning of the MGB axis;research into this dysfunction may effectively demonstrate the need of innovative AD treatment approaches, ranging from probiotics and dietary changes to more contemporary techniques like fecal transplants, vagal nerve stimulation, and gene therapy. Not simply behavioral intervention therapy, but also microbes, may hold the key to curing AD.展开更多
文摘Due to the less stringent emission technology requirement,motorized two and three-wheelers(2&3W)generate more pollutants than cars.About 20%of the world's registered motorcycles are known to be in Africa.Vehicle pollution is one of the major causes of death and health problems in Africa.The electrification of transportation provides an opportunity for E2&3W in Africa.To assess this transition,this study quantifies the number of E2&3W present in some African countries.Surveys of electric vehicle start-ups,drivers,and owner experiences are used to determine the E2&3W's technical feasibility and ability to compete with petrol scooters(p-scooters).SimaPro 9.4 software together with Ecoinvent 3.8 database was used to conduct a cradle-to-the-grave analysis of the environmental impact of using electric scooters(e-scooters).The research found that Africa's E2&3W's have a 0.2%market share compared to gasoline versions.The main disadvantage of e-scooters is their limited range and battery life.The average range and speed are 50 km and 50 km/h,respectively.Overloading of E2&3W caused damage to traction motors and was of major concern to distributors.The main advantages of E2&3W are their low operating costs and low environmental impact.In South Africa,the total environmental impact of e-scooters outweighed that of p-scooters.Emissions that have a direct impact on human health,were significantly lower for e-scooters than for p-scooters.The lack of battery performance standards,battery swapping station standards,and charging station standards negatively affects the quality of imported e-scooters.African countries need to implement electric vehicle standards,and battery recycling policies,and establish electric vehicle training and research centers.
文摘The ownership of motorised two wheelers(MTWs)has been on the rise across various countries across the globe.The growth has been especially higher in developing countries which have typical traffic characteristics and higher populations.This steady rise has resulted in increased accident and fatalities.This abrupt increase warranted attention from the researchers to carry out specific studies for MTWs,which have a very different behaviour as compared to cars in terms of physical and dynamic parameters.Moreover,the unique traffic patterns usually found in the developing countries pose an additional challenge to the researchers,since the conventional focus of transportation safety researchers was a homogeneous car-based traffic.Many such studies have been attempted,especially in the recent decades,which have considered various risk factors related to MTW safety.However,the studies have considered different sets of risk factors and have given surprising and even conflicting results.Therefore,a comprehensive review of the diverse studies needs to be carried out which incorporates all the risk factors considered in previous research.This study reviews such research papers which have analysed various risk factors related to safety of MTWs,especially in heterogeneous,non-lane based traffic.Specifically,this paper aims to incorporate results from those studies and highlight the conclusions from state of the art.The paper also discusses about the research gaps that are crucial for MTW safety in mixed traffic conditions.The review will be useful for researchers working in the field of MTW safety and for policy implementation and analysis.
文摘There is a vast colony of microbes in the human gut that not only maintains intestinal function but also has intricate links to the brain via the “microbiota-gut-brain” (MGB) axis. The axis now has been demonstrated to have implications for the treatment of several neuro-psychological illnesses, including Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), a condition that affects a person’s ability to connect socially and communicate effectively. Previously thought to be a rare disorder, it is now thought to affect 1 in 9 individuals in the United States. Unfortunately, there is not FDA-approved drug for the primary symptoms of AD, and the current cognitive-behavioral therapy procedures for the condition are time-consuming and expensive. Scientists are currently investigating the MGB axis to identify potential treatment targets to reduce AD symptoms. This review aims to highlight the functioning of the MGB axis;research into this dysfunction may effectively demonstrate the need of innovative AD treatment approaches, ranging from probiotics and dietary changes to more contemporary techniques like fecal transplants, vagal nerve stimulation, and gene therapy. Not simply behavioral intervention therapy, but also microbes, may hold the key to curing AD.
