Hypertension is a primary risk factor for the progression of cognitive impairment caused by cerebral small vessel disease,the most common cerebrovascular disease.Howeve r,the causal relationship between hypertension a...Hypertension is a primary risk factor for the progression of cognitive impairment caused by cerebral small vessel disease,the most common cerebrovascular disease.Howeve r,the causal relationship between hypertension and cerebral small vessel disease remains unclear.Hypertension has substantial negative impacts on brain health and is recognized as a risk factor for cerebrovascular disease.Chronic hypertension and lifestyle factors are associated with risks for stro ke and dementia,and cerebral small vessel disease can cause dementia and stroke.Hypertension is the main driver of cerebral small vessel disease,which changes the structure and function of cerebral vessels via various mechanisms and leads to lacunar infarction,leukoaraiosis,white matter lesions,and intracerebral hemorrhage,ultimately res ulting in cognitive decline and demonstrating that the brain is the to rget organ of hypertension.This review updates our understanding of the pathogenesis of hypertensioninduced cerebral small vessel disease and the res ulting changes in brain structure and function and declines in cognitive ability.We also discuss drugs to treat cerebral small vessel disease and cognitive impairment.展开更多
This paper presents a nonlinear family of stochastic SEIRS models for diseases such as malaria in a highly random environment with noises from the disease transmission and natural death rates,and also from the random ...This paper presents a nonlinear family of stochastic SEIRS models for diseases such as malaria in a highly random environment with noises from the disease transmission and natural death rates,and also from the random delays of the incubation and immunity periods.Improved analytical methods and local martingale characterizations are applied to find conditions for the disease to persist near an endemic steady state,and also for the disease to remain permanently in the system over time.Moreover,the ergodic stationary distribution for the stochastic process describing the disease dynamics is defined,and the statistical characteristics of the distribution are given mumerically.The results of this study show that the disease will persist and become permanent in the system,regardless of(1)whether the noises are from the discase transmission rate and/or from the natural death rates or(2)whether the delays in the system are constant or random for individuals in the system.Furthermore,it is shown that"weak"noise is associated with the existence of an endemic stationary distribution for the disease,while"strong"noise is associated with extinction of the population over time.Numerical simulation examples for Plasnodiurr vitar malaria are given.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.82274611 (to LZ),82104419 (to DM)Capital Science and Technology Leading Talent Training Project,No.Z1 91100006119017 (to LZ)+3 种基金Beijing Hospitals Authority Ascent Plan,No.DFL20190803 (to LZ)Cultivation Fund of Hospital Management Center in Beijing,No.PZ2022006 (to DM)R&D Program of Beijing Municipal Education Commission,No.KM202210025017 (to DM)Beijing Gold-Bridge Project,No.ZZ20145 (to DM)。
文摘Hypertension is a primary risk factor for the progression of cognitive impairment caused by cerebral small vessel disease,the most common cerebrovascular disease.Howeve r,the causal relationship between hypertension and cerebral small vessel disease remains unclear.Hypertension has substantial negative impacts on brain health and is recognized as a risk factor for cerebrovascular disease.Chronic hypertension and lifestyle factors are associated with risks for stro ke and dementia,and cerebral small vessel disease can cause dementia and stroke.Hypertension is the main driver of cerebral small vessel disease,which changes the structure and function of cerebral vessels via various mechanisms and leads to lacunar infarction,leukoaraiosis,white matter lesions,and intracerebral hemorrhage,ultimately res ulting in cognitive decline and demonstrating that the brain is the to rget organ of hypertension.This review updates our understanding of the pathogenesis of hypertensioninduced cerebral small vessel disease and the res ulting changes in brain structure and function and declines in cognitive ability.We also discuss drugs to treat cerebral small vessel disease and cognitive impairment.
文摘This paper presents a nonlinear family of stochastic SEIRS models for diseases such as malaria in a highly random environment with noises from the disease transmission and natural death rates,and also from the random delays of the incubation and immunity periods.Improved analytical methods and local martingale characterizations are applied to find conditions for the disease to persist near an endemic steady state,and also for the disease to remain permanently in the system over time.Moreover,the ergodic stationary distribution for the stochastic process describing the disease dynamics is defined,and the statistical characteristics of the distribution are given mumerically.The results of this study show that the disease will persist and become permanent in the system,regardless of(1)whether the noises are from the discase transmission rate and/or from the natural death rates or(2)whether the delays in the system are constant or random for individuals in the system.Furthermore,it is shown that"weak"noise is associated with the existence of an endemic stationary distribution for the disease,while"strong"noise is associated with extinction of the population over time.Numerical simulation examples for Plasnodiurr vitar malaria are given.
