A general phase retrieval algorithm based on a ptychographical iterative engine for coherent diffractive imaging

Coherent diffractive imaging （CDI） is a lensless imaging technique and can achieve a resolution beyond the Rayleigh or Abbe limit. The ptychographical iterative engine （PIE） is a CDI phase retrieval algorithm that uses multiple diffraction patterns obtained through the scan of a localized illumination on the specimen, which has been demonstrated successfully at optical and X-ray wavelengths. In this paper, a general PIE algorithm （gPIE） is presented and demonstrated with an He-Ne laser light diffraction dataset. This algorithm not only permits the removal of the accurate model of the illumination function in PIE, but also provides improved convergence speed and retrieval quality.

Three-dimensional coherent diffraction imaging of Mie-scattering spheres by laser single-orientation measurement

Three-dimensional imaging with single orientation is a potential and novel technique. We successfully demonstrate that three-dimensional（3D） structure can be determined by a single orientation diffraction measurement for a phase object of double-layer Mie-scattering silica spheres on a Si3N4 membrane. Coherent diffraction pattern at high numerical aperture was acquired with an optical laser, and the oversampled pattern was projected from a planar detector onto the Ewald sphere.The double-layered spheres are reconstructed from the spherical diffraction pattern and a 2D curvature-corrected pattern,which improve convergence speed and stability of reconstruction.

Large aperture phase-coded diffractive lens for achromatic and 16°field-of-view imaging with high efficiency

Diffractive lenses(DLs)can realize high-resolution imaging with light weight and compact size.Conventional DLs suffer large chromatic and off-axis aberrations,which significantly limits their practical applications.Although many achromatic methods have been proposed,most of them are used for designing small aperture DLs,which have low diffraction efficiencies.In the designing of diffractive achromatic lenses,increasing the aperture and improving the diffraction efficiency have become two of the most important design issues.Here,a novel phase-coded diffractive lens(PCDL)for achromatic imaging with a large aperture and high efficiency is proposed and demonstrated experimentally,and it also possesses wide field-of-view(FOV)imaging at the same time.The phase distribution of the conventional phase-type diffractive lens(DL)is coded with a cubic function to expand both the working bandwidth and the FOV of conventional DL.The proposed phase-type DL is fabricated by using the laser direct writing of grey-scale patterns for a PCDL of a diameter of 10 mm,a focal length of 100 mm,and a cubic phase coding parameter of 30π.Experimental results show that the working bandwidth and the FOV of the PCDL respectively reach 50 nm and 16°with over 8%focusing efficiency,which are in significant contrast to the counterparts of conventional DL and in good agreement with the theoretical predictions.This work provides a novel way for implementing the achromatic,wide FOV,and high-efficiency imaging with large aperture DL.

First commissioning results of the coherent scattering and imaging endstation at the Shanghai soft X-ray free-electron laser facility

The Shanghai soft X-ray free-electron laser(SXFEL)user facility project started in 2016 and is expected to be open to users by 2022.It aims to deliver ultra-intense coherent femtosecond X-ray pulses to five endstations covering a range of 100–620 eV for ultrafast X-ray science.Two undulator lines are designed and constructed,based on different lasing modes:self-amplified spontaneous emission and echo-enabled harmonic generation.The coherent scattering and imaging(CSI)endstation is the first of five endstations to be commissioned online.It focuses on high-resolution single-shot imaging and the study of ultrafast dynamic processes using coherent forward scattering techniques.Both the single-shot holograms and coherent diffraction patterns were recorded and reconstructed for nanoscale imaging,indicating the excellent coherence and high peak power of the SXFEL and the possibility of‘‘diffraction before destruction’’experiments at the CSI endstation.In this study,we report the first commissioning results of the CSI endstation.

Quantitative phase imaging(QPI)through random diffusers using a diffractive optical network

Quantitative phase imaging(QPI)is a label-free computational imaging technique used in various fields,including biology and medical research.Modern QPI systems typically rely on digital processing using iterative algorithms for phase retrieval and image reconstruction.Here,we report a diffractive optical network trained to convert the phase information of input objects positioned behind random diffusers into intensity variations at the output plane,all-optically performing phase recovery and quantitative imaging of phase objects completely hidden by unknown,random phase diffusers.This QPI diffractive network is composed of successive diffractive layers,axially spanning in total~70λ,where is the illumination wavelength;unlike existing digital image reconstruction and phase retrieval methods,it forms an all-optical processor that does not require external power beyond the illumination beam to complete its QPI reconstruction at the speed of light propagation.This all-optical diffractive processor can provide a low-power,high frame rate and compact alternative for quantitative imaging of phase objects through random,unknown diffusers and can operate at different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum for various applications in biomedical imaging and sensing.The presented QPI diffractive designs can be integrated onto the active area of standard CCD/CMOS-based image sensors to convert an existing optical microscope into a diffractive QPI microscope,performing phase recovery and image reconstruction on a chip through light diffraction within passive structured layers.

肾脏相位衬度两种成像技术的比较及分析

目的:分别采用衍射增强成像(DEI)和同轴成像(IOXI)技术进行小鼠肾脏组织的相位衬度成像研究,旨在评估两种成像方法的特性和效果。方法:分别在北京同步辐射装置(BSRF)4W1A及上海光源(SSRF)BL13W1上进行实验(分别实施DEI和IOXI)。经福尔马林溶液固定的不同月龄(10、18、24月龄)小鼠的肾脏标本置于成像台进行成像,以图像衬度及分辨率等指标评估电荷耦合器件(CCD)获得的图像,具体评估指标包括显示的图像形态结构、衬度、分辨率等参数。结果:DEI技术获得的图像主要是显示血管结构。而IOXI技术获得的图像包含更多的细节,除了血管结构外,还能清晰显示包括肾小球在内的小鼠肾脏的微细结构,尤其在高分辨成像下,通过比较不同月龄的小鼠肾脏,初步获得小鼠老化的过程:首先从皮质肾小球的分布、走行及数量发生变化,到后期乃至终末期累及髓质,直小管及血管结构紊乱、皱缩以及肾脏呈硬化萎缩改变。结论:DEI和IOXI技术均能较好显示小鼠的肾脏血管结构,但IOXI技术更能显示包括肾小球在内的细微结构,这对未来研究肾脏病变乃至其余实质脏器的研究具有更加重要的价值。

基于虚像相位阵列的光谱检测中角色散均匀性的研究

随着光谱学的不断发展,光谱检测作为一种快速无损的检测手段逐渐被应用于越来越多的领域中。而随着对信息精度要求的不断提高,如何得到高分辨率和低波长误差的光谱信息,是设计光谱检测系统时必须解决的问题。传统的色散元件如衍射光栅,虽然有较大的波长响应范围,但是通常只能提供nm量级的分辨率而无法满足当下的高光谱分辨率的要求。虚像相位阵列(VIPA)具有大角度色散特性,可以有效提高系统的光谱分辨率,因而近年来不断被用于精细光谱检测的研究。但其波长和色散角度对应关系存在非线性,而且同一波长易产生多个衍射级次的光斑,从而造成额外的光能损失。因此,本文主要基于VIPA的交叉色散光路就如何降低VIPA色散的非均匀性的问题进行了理论分析和实验验证。首先基于傍轴理论的色散定律展开理论分析探讨了入射光腰尺寸、入射角度等参数对于VIPA色散的非线性程度和衍射级次数量的影响。然后通过进行仿真记录了宽光谱光源在不同VIPA倾斜角度条件下各波长衍射级次的数量,以及各波长对应的光斑质心的坐标值。计算各情况下的质心坐标与拟合曲线之间的距离均差,比较了不同角度条件下线性度的好坏。最后根据理论分析和仿真实验的结果进行实验。实验中记录了VIPA的交叉色散光路在不同的VIPA倾斜条件下出现的衍射级次数量,并利用一个波长可变的激光器得到了不同波长的光源在VIPA倾斜2°的实验条件下各衍射级次光斑的质心坐标。同样通过计算不同衍射级次光斑的质心与拟合曲线之间的距离均差分析不同衍射级次的线性度好坏。实验证明通过控制入射光束参数,可以一定程度上降低VIPA色散的非均匀性。VIPA倾斜角度越大且越靠近探测器中央位置的衍射级次线性度越好。

An ART iterative reconstruction algorithm for computed tomography of diffraction enhanced imaging

X-ray diffraction enhanced imaging （DEI） has extremely high sensitivity for weakly absorbing low- Z samples in medical and biological fields. In this paper, we propose an Algebra Reconstruction Technique （ART） iterative reconstruction algorithm for computed tomography of diffraction enhanced imaging （DEI-CT）. An Ordered Subsets （OS） technique is used to accelerate the ART reconstruction. Few-view reconstruction is also studied, and a partial differential equation （PDE） type filter which has the ability of edge-preserving and denoising is used to improve the image quality and eliminate the artifacts. The proposed algorithm is validated with both the numerical simulations and the experiment at the Beijing synchrotron radiation facility （BSRF）.

Hard X-ray diffraction enhanced imaging only using two crystals

Different configurations for the monochroma-tor crystals and the analyzer crystals have been used in hard X-ray diffraction enhanced imaging (DEI) methods to over-come the complex task to adjust each of them to the ideal position. Here we present a very compact DEI configuration, and preliminary results of experiments performed at the Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility (BSRF) using only two crystals: the first one acting as monochromator and the second one as analyzer in the Bragg geometry. Refraction contrast images characterized by high contrast and spatial resolution are obtained and compared with absorption im-ages. Differences among these images will be outlined and discussed emphasizing the potential capabilities of this very simple layout that guarantees a high transmission efficiency.

X-ray diffraction enhanced imaging study of intraocular tumors in human beings

Diffraction enhanced imaging （DEI） with edge enhancement is suitable for the observation of weakly absorbing objects. The potential ability of the DEI was explored for displaying the microanatomy and pathology of human eyeball in this work. The images of surgical specimens from malignant intraocular tumor of hospitalized patients were taken using the hard X-rays from the topography station of Beamline 4W1A at Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility （BSRF）. The obtained radiographic images were analyzed in correlation with those of pathology. The results show that the anatomic and pathologic details of intraocular tumors in human beings can be observed clearly by DEI for the first time, with good visualization of the microscopic details of eyeball ring such as sclera, choroids and other details of intraocular organelles. And the best resolution of DEI images reaches up to the magnitude of several tens of μm. The results suggest that it is capable of exhibiting clearly the details of intraocular tumor using DEI method.

Non-Linear Phase Tomography Based on Fréchet Derivative

Phase imaging coupled to micro-tomography acquisition has emerged as a powerful tool to investigate specimens in a non-destructive manner. While the intensity data can be acquired and recorded, the phase information of the signal has to be “retrieved” from the data modulus only. Phase retrieval is an ill-posed non-linear problem and regularization techniques including a priori knowledge are necessary to obtain stable solutions. Several linear phase recovery methods have been proposed and it is expected that some limitations resulting from the linearization of the direct problem will be overcome by taking into account the non-linearity of the phase problem. To achieve this goal, we propose and evaluate a non-linear algorithm for in-line phase micro-tomography based on an iterative Landweber method with an analytic calculation of the Fréchet derivative of the phase-intensity relationship and of its adjoint. The algorithm was applied in the projection space using as initialization the linear mixed solution. The efficacy of the regularization scheme was evaluated on simulated objects with a slowly and a strongly varying phase. Experimental data were also acquired at ESRF using a propagation-based X-ray imaging technique for the given pixel size 0.68 μm. Two regularization scheme were considered: first the initialization was obtained without any prior on the ratio of the real and imaginary parts of the complex refractive index and secondly a constant a priori value was assumed on ?. The tomographic central slices of the refractive index decrement were compared and numerical evaluation was performed. The non-linear method globally decreases the reconstruction errors compared to the linear algorithm and is achieving better reconstruction results if no prior is introduced in the initialization solution. For in-line phase micro-tomography, this non-linear approach is a new and interesting method in biomedical studies where the exact value of the a priori ratio is not known.

探测器光电特性对叠层相干衍射成像的影响

从叠层相干衍射成像的解析求解模型出发,通过在频域中将叠层相干衍射成像描述为待测样品与照明光空间频谱的线性方程组,将探测器的光电参数和线性方程组的个数以及每个方程的未知数个数直接关联.根据方程组存在唯一解的条件,从理论上定量分析叠层相干衍射成像对探测器采样间隔、靶面宽度、像元尺寸、灵敏度和动态范围等关键光电参数的要求以及图像重建所受影响.通过数值模拟,对理论分析和预测的正确性进行了数值验证,得出了参数不理想情况下叠层相干衍射成像仍能获得高质量重建像的物理机制,对于提高重建质量和改进实验装置具有直接促进意义.

衍射相位显微成像的发展综述

定量相位成像(Quantitative Phase Imaging,QPI)作为无标记显微成像,已成为生物医学应用中最有价值的方法之一。衍射相位显微成像(Diffraction Phase Microscopy,DPM)是一种微离轴共路径的高灵敏度QPI方法,具有无标记、高稳定性和低时空噪声等特点。本文系统介绍了干涉成像原理、系统参数选择与相位恢复算法,综述了一系列DPM改进方法,包括白光衍射相位成像、多波长衍射相位成像、结构光照明衍射相位成像、多模式衍射相位成像,以及这些方法在生物医学中的应用,最后讨论了现有DPM方法的局限性以及今后可能的发展方向。

用TEM分析材料在实验教学中的实践

透射电子显微镜的快速发展使人类对客观世界的认识深入到了原子尺度。目前,透射电子显微镜的分辨率已经达到了亚埃级别,是材料研究领域十分重要的测试表征手段。针对材料类本科专业实验教学的特点,以分析金纳米颗粒的微观结构为实例,从理论讲解、实验观摩到结果分析与讨论三个方面开展了透射电子显微分析的实验教学工作,使学生理解透射电子显微镜的基本原理、功能和应用。

基于内-外部互补先验的亚像素分辨率衍射成像算法研究

亚像素分辨率衍射成像旨在利用观测的低分辨率衍射强度图样重建高分辨率图像,它在多个科学与工程领域具有重要应用。现有算法大都存在重建质量低且重建图像丢失了大量细节信息的问题。为解决这些问题,本文融合复图像的内部先验和外部先验提出了能够重建高质量图像的亚像素分辨率衍射成像方法。本文利用基于内部先验的三维块匹配滤波框架表示模型与蕴含外部先验的深度展开卷积稀疏编码模型结合复数表示模型提出了融合内-外部互补先验的复数域正则化模型,基于该正则化模型构建了面向亚像素分辨率衍射成像的优化模型,并利用交替优化方法对构建的优化模型进行了有效求解。仿真实验表明,提出的算法能够充分利用复图像内-外部互补先验知识进行亚像素分辨率衍射成像,并且在超分辨率因子为2时重建复图像的平均峰值信噪比较基于全变差的算法提升了1.58 dB。实际无透镜片上显微镜的实验结果表明提出算法较基于全变差的算法能够重建出更多的细节信息。

X射线相衬成像

本文介绍了近年来X射线位相衬度成像技术的发展状况,详细论述了X射线干涉相衬、衍射增强相衬,类同轴相衬和数字位相重构等几种典型的成像原理,讨论了影响成像衬度与分辨率的若干因素,并对位相成像的发展趋势作了展望。

散射介质超衍射极限技术研究进展

综述了已有散射介质超衍射极限聚焦和成像技术的研究现状及进展。首先介绍了这一领域的研究背景及意义,以及已有超衍射极限成像技术的发展现状;然后给出了应用于超衍射极限成像的散射介质定义;其次分析了时间反演技术在声学、微波领域聚焦上的应用,介绍了时间反演法在光学领域超衍射极限聚焦应用中的实现方法,总结了散射介质加入到光学系统中的作用,分析了利用反馈控制调节和光学相位共轭方法进行散射介质超衍射极限聚焦方法的特点;讨论了基于空域和空频域传输矩阵测量的散射介质宽场成像方法及在该目的下的散射介质制备方法;最后给出了散射介质光学超衍射极限成像技术研究前景及展望。

微焦点源X射线相衬成像技术

相衬成像方法利用硬X射线对低密度弱吸收物质成像,可获得高衬度图像。用菲涅尔衍射理论分析了X射线图像的形成机理。在频域中根据光学传递函数,对物像距离、样品空间频率等对图像相位衬度的影响进行了分析。分辨率和衬度是决定图像可见度的两个依据,分辨率主要依赖于光源的空间相干性,空间相干性又决定于源点尺寸,而时间相干性(单色性)是一个不重要的影响因子。利用多色微焦点源实现了X射线相衬成像技术,获得了有价值的相衬图像,如低原子序数低密度泡沫材料的硬X射线相衬图像,与吸收衬度成像相比,其图像质量得到了很大提高,能观察到泡沫材料的细微结构,分辨率可达μm量级。

基于频谱融合技术的光学衍射成像彩色图像加密系统

提出了一种基于光学衍射成像原理的彩色图像加密方法.首先把彩色图像分成红、绿、蓝三基色分量,并将三基色灰度图像分别作离散余弦变换,得到对应的离散余弦变换谱.保留离散余弦变换谱的主要数据,并用空间复用的方法把这三个主要数据融合于一个实值图像之中,该图像即为复合频谱.再将此复合频谱送入光学衍射成像系统中加密,得到单幅密文.解密过程为加密过程的逆过程,即首先由单幅密文恢复复合频谱,再由复合频谱分离出三基色图像的部分离散余弦变换谱,再对这些离散余弦变换谱做逆变换得到三基色图像.由于对复合频谱设置了一个特殊数据区,因此在利用相位恢复算法恢复复合频谱的过程中,这些特殊数据作为输入平面的部分振幅支撑,可以避免迭代过程的停滞问题并提高收敛速率,从而完全恢复复合频谱,进而恢复原始图像.本方法可以将一幅彩色图像加密成单幅具有噪声图样的强度密文,同时,解密恢复得到的原始彩色图像具有较高的像质.

用于大尺寸样品的同步辐射硬X射线衍射增强成像方法研究

作为 X 射线相衬成像的方法之一,衍射增强成像方法由于能获得较高的信噪比及分辨率而引起了人们的研究兴趣。北京同步辐射装置(BSRF)形貌学实验站也开展了该方法的探索研究。此前的衍射增强成像方法中,当白光 X 射线光束横截面尺寸为 20 mm×10 mm 时,经过双晶单色器后最大只能获得横截面尺寸为20 mm×4 mm 的均匀单色 X 射线,从而造成成像区域减小。在对通常衍射增强成像光路排列分析的基础上,提出了一种新的光学排列几何并进行了衍射增强实验。应用新光学排列几何首次获得了与入射白光 X 射线尺寸相当的、大的成像光斑均匀区域,因而新光学排列几何更适合于大尺寸样品的研究工作。同时,该光学排列几何成像分辨率可以达到微米量级并且更方便于实验操作。