Simulation of distributed optical fiber disturbance detection system based on Sagnac/Mach-Zehnder interferometer and cross-correlation location

A distributed optical fiber disturbance detection system consisted of a Sagnac interferometer and a Mach-Zehnder interferometer is demonstrated. Two interferometers outputs are connected to an electric band-pass filter via a detector respectively. The central frequencies of the two filters are selected adaptively according to the disturbance frequency. The disturbance frequency is obtained by either frequency spectrum of the two interferometers outputs. An alarm is given out only when the Sagnac interferometer output is changed. A disturbance position is determined by calculating a time difference with a cross-correlation method between the filter output connected to the Sagnac interferometer and derivative of the filter output connected to the Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The frequency spectrum, derivative and cross-correlation are obtained by a signal processing system. Theory analysis and simulation results are presented. They show that the system structure and location method are effective, accurate, and immune to environmental variations.

Fiber Optic Moiré Interferometer

A novel fiber optic moiréinterferometer has been developed and demonstrated.A He-Ne laser and three high birefringence fibers were used to configurate a fiber optic interferometer.The moiréfringe patterns formed by the interferometer depend on the arrangement of three fiber ends.The experiment results and the intensity distribution function of the interference patterns are given.

Ultrasonic sensitivity-improved fiber-optic Fabry-Perot interferometer using a beam collimator and its application for ultrasonic imaging of seismic physical models

An ultrasonic sensitivity-improved fiber-optic Fabry-Perot interferometer （FPI） is proposed and employed for ultra- sonic imaging of seismic physical models （SPMs）. The FPI comprises a flexible ultra-thin gold film and the end face of a graded-index multimode fiber （MMF）, both of which are enclosed in a ceramic tube. The MMF in a specified length can collimate the diverged light beam and compensate for the light loss inside the air cavity, leading to an increased spectral fringe visibility and thus a steeper spectral slope. By using the spectral sideband filtering technique, the collimated FP1 shows an improved ultrasonic response. Moreover, two-dimensional images of two SPMs are achieved in air by recon- structing the pulse-echo signals through using the time-of-flight approach. The proposed sensor with easy fabrication and compact size can be a good candidate for high-sensitivity and high-precision nondestructive testing of SPMs.

Robust Transfer of Optical Frequency over 500km Fiber Link with Instability of 10^(−21)

Our primary objective is to mitigate the adverse effects of temperature fluctuations on the optical frequency transmission system by reducing the length of the interferometer.Following optimization,the phase-temperature coefficient of the optical system is reduced to approximately 1.35 fs/K.By applying a sophisticated temperature control to the remained“out-of-loop”optics fiber,the noise floor of the system has been effectively lowered to 10−21 level.Based on this performance-enhanced transfer system,we demonstrate coherent transmission of optical frequency through 500-km spooled fiber link.After being actively compensated,the transfer instability of 4.5×10^(−16) at the averaging time of 1 s and 5.6×10^(−21) at 10000 s is demonstrated.The frequency uncertainty of received light at remote site relative to that of the origin light at local site is achieved to be 1.15×10^(−19).This enhanced system configuration is particularly well suited for future long-distance frequency transmission and comparison of the most advanced optical clock signals.

Optical Fiber Bragg Grating Michelson Interferometer

A new Michelson interferometer based on fiber Bragg grating（FBG） is demonstrated. FBCs are used as reflectors, and the laser is replaced by a broadband source as input light in this interferometer. To demodulate the signals, a 3 × 3 coupler is used as a splitter. By combining with software demodulation, the outer interference can be obtained from the outputs of the interferometer. This kind of interferometer can also be wavelength-multiplexed easily by composing a series Michelson interferometer. The experiment results show that the clear interference fringe can be obtained by adjusting the path difference to make it less than interference length of FBG. The signals are also demodulated.

Measuring Optical Length and Analyzing Accuracy Error Based on All-Fiber Optic Interferometer

An optical length measuring system base on all-fiber optic interferometer is proposed. The theoretical analysis indicates that, when the two branches of the interferometer are equal, the output have the maximum coherent intensity. Therefore, the optical length can be obtained by measuring the distance of collimator movement. Through the experiment and simulation, the impact of the signal-to-noise ratio and fluctuation of the coupling efficiency on null error has been obtained.

A Thin-Core Fiber Modal Interferometer for Liquid-Level Sensing

A fiber-optic liquid-level sensor is proposed and experimentally demonstrated.It is a Mach–Zehnder interferometer(MZI)composed of a thin-core single-mode fiber(TCSMF)without coating sandwiched between two single-mode fibers(SMFs).The transmission spectrum properties of the MZI modified by liquid around the TCSMF are used for detecting the liquid level.It is found that the sensor exhibits an excellent linear relationship between the level and the shift of interference dip wavelength and its achieved sensitivities are 0.160 nm/mm and 0.288 nm/mm for liquid with an RI of 1.3330 and 1.3696,respectively.Employing the spectrum differential integration(SDI)method to analyze transmission spectra can increase the detecting resolution of the liquid level.Due to its advantages of an extremely easy fabrication process,high sensitivity and a large sensing range,the sensor is an ideal candidate for continuous liquid level sensing.

Temperature-induced effect on refractive index of graphene based on coated in-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer

The temperature-induced complex refractive index（CRI） effect of graphene is demonstrated theoretically and experimentally based on a graphene coated in-fiber MZI（Mach-Zehnder interferometer）. The relationships between real and imaginary parts of the graphene CRI and temperature are obtained through investigating the dip wavelength and intensity of the MZI interference spectrum changing with temperature, respectively. The temperature effect of CRI of the graphene is also analyzed theoretically. Both experimental and theoretical studies show that the real part and imaginary part of the CRI nonlinearly decrease and increase with temperature increasing, respectively. This graphene-coated in-fiber MZI structure also possesses the advantages of easy fabrication, miniaturization, low cost and robustness. It has potential applications in nanomaterial-based optic devices for communication and sensing.

A Novel Mach–Zehnder Interferometer Based on Hybrid Liquid Crystal–Photonic Crystal Fiber

We propose a novel all fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer（MZI） based on photonic crystal fiber（PCF） filled with liquid crystal（LC）. The interference between the core mode and the cladding modes of a PCF is utilized.To excite the cladding modes, a region is formed using fiber fusion splicer. Due to the fact that varying effective index difference between the core region and the LC-filled cladding region can cause different transmission spectra,we mainly study the MZIs with different LC-filled structures and different lengths of LC filling. The measured results demonstrate that quite clear interference spectra can be obtained. Through analysis spatial frequency spectrum and temperature spectrum of two MZIs with different LC-filled structures, we can obtain that the MZI with adjacent two LC-filled holes has clearer interference spectrum and higher temperature sensitivity. Thus we choose this MZI to measure the temperature sensitivity with different lengths of LC filling. When the length of LC filling is 2 cm, the temperature sensitivities can be enlarged to 1.59 nm/C. The interferometer shows a good temperature tunability and sensitivity, which can be a good candidate for a highly tunable optical filtering and temperature sensing applications.

Strain measurement using frequency modulation fiber optic interferometer

ＳｔｒａｉｎｍｅａｓｕｒｅｍｅｎｔｕｓｉｎｇｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｃｙｍｏｄｕｌａｔｉｏｎｆｉｂｅｒｏｐｔｉｃｉｎｔｅｒｆｅｒｏｍｅｔｅｒＬＩＣｈａｎｇｃｈｕｎ；ＬＵＯＦｅｉ（Ｄｅｐｔ．ｏｆＭｅａｓｕｒ．ａｎｄＩｎｓｔｒｕｍ．Ｅｎｇ．，ＮａｎｊｉｎｇＵｎｉｖ...

Reflective Ladder Topology Network Based on White Light Fiber-Optic Mach-Zehnder Interferometer

In order to improve the multiplexing capability of the optical sensors based on the lower interferential optic fiber sensing technology and the white light fiber-optic Mach-Zehnder interferometer,reflective ladder topology network ( RLT) with tailored formula was proposed. The topology network consists of 6 rungs sensing elements linked by 5 couplers. Two cases with different choices of couplers were contrasted: one is equal coupling ratio,and the other is tailored coupling ratio. Through the simulation of these two cases,the detailed multiplexing capability was analyzed,and accordingly the experiments were also carried out. The simulation results showed that,the tailored formula enhances the multiplexing capability of the structure. In the first case, the maximum number of sensors which can be multiplexed is 8,and in the other case is 12 fiber optic sensors. The experimental results have a good agreement with numerical simulation results. Thus,it is considered expedient to incorporate RLT into large-scale building,grounds,bridges,dams,tunnels,highways and perimeter security.

Fiber Optic Fourier Transform White-Light Interferometry

Fiber optic Fourier transform white-light inter-fereometry is presented to interrogate the absolute optical path difference of an Maeh-Zehnder interferometer. The phase change of the interferometer caused by scanning wavelength can be calculated by a Fourier transform-based phase demodulation technique. A linear output is achieved.

High-speed PGC demodulation model and method with subnanometer displacement resolution in a fiber-optic micro-probe laser interferometer

As the key of embedded displacement measurement,a fiber-optic micro-probe laser interferometer(FMI)is of great interest in developing high-end equipment as well as precision metrology.However,conventional phasegenerated carrier(PGC)approaches are for low-speed scenes and local error analysis,usually neglecting the global precision analysis and dynamic effect of system parameters under high-speed measurement,thus hindering their broad applications.We present a high-speed PGC demodulation model and method to achieve subnanometer displacement measurement precision in FMI.This model includes a global equivalent resolution analysis and revelation of the demodulation error mechanism.Utilizing this model,the failure issues regarding the PGC demodulation method under high speed and large range are addressed.Furthermore,an ultra-precision PGC demodulation algorithm based on the combination of static and dynamic delay adaptive regulation is proposed to enable high-speed and large-range displacement measurement.In this paper,the proposed model and algorithm are validated through simulation and experimental tests.The results demonstrate a displacement resolution of 0.1 nm with a standard deviation of less than 0.5 nm when measuring at a high velocity of 1.5 m/s—nearly a tenfold increase of the latest study.

Combined optical fiber interferometric sensors for the detection of acoustic emission

A type of combined optical fiber interferometric acoustic emission sensor is proposed. The sensor can be independent on the laser source and make light interference by matching the lengths of two arms,so it can be used to monitor the health of large structure. Theoretical analyses indicate that the system can be equivalent to the Michelson interferometer with two optical fiber loop reflectors,and its sensitivity has been remarkably increased because of the decrease of the losses of light energy. PZT is powered by DC regulator to control the operating point of the system,so the system can accurately detect feeble vibration which is generated by ultrasonic waves propagating on the surface of solid. The amplitude and the frequency of feeble vibration signal are obtained by detecting the output light intensity of interferometer and using Fourier transform technique. The results indicate that the system can be used to detect the acoustic emission signals by the frequency characteristics.

Utilization of Extrinsic Fabry-Perot Interferometers with Spectral Interferometric Interrogation for Microdisplacement Measurement

The paper presents a number of signal processing approaches for the spectral interferometric interrogation of extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometers(EFPIs). The analysis of attainable microdisplacement resolution is performed and the analytical equations describing the dependence of resolution on parameters of the interrogation setup are derived. The efficiency of the proposed signal processing approaches and the validity of analytical derivations are supported by experiments. The proposed approaches allow the interrogation of up to four multiplexed sensors with attained resolution between 30 pm and 80 pm, up to three times improvement of microdisplacement resolution of a single sensor by means of using the reference interferometer and noisecompensating approach, and ability to register signals with frequencies up to 1 kHz in the case of 1 Hz spectrum acquisition rate. The proposed approaches can be used for various applications, including biomedical, industrial inspection, and others, amongst the microdisplacement measurement.

Application of Wavelet Transform in Dual-differential Optical Fiber F-P Interferometric Micro-displacement Measurement System

Based on dual-differential comparing principle, an experimental system of optical fiber F-P interferometric micro-displacement measurement is introduced. It is capable of achieving the absolute displacement measurement, and wavelet transforms is adopted as theory fundament to extract the optical F-P interferometric characteristic signal and remove the noise, so its resolution can reach 0. 01 μm in the dynamic range of 0～ 1 mm.

光纤激光传感器结构发展综述

光纤激光传感技术是光纤传感技术中的重要组成部分。首先介绍了光纤激光传感技术的原理,然后分析了基于单一结构和双结构的10种光纤激光传感器的原理和特性,并对比了2种传感结构的应用情况和温度灵敏度,最后从解调方式、多参量测量以及提升检测范围等3个方面对光纤激光传感技术进行了总结和展望。

基于并联游标效应的MZ光纤应变传感器增敏解调系统

为了进一步提高马赫-曾德尔(MZ)光纤应变传感器的灵敏度,设计了一种基于并联游标效应的MZ光纤应变传感器增敏解调系统。该系统由传感干涉仪和参考干涉仪并联组成,2个干涉仪都是单模-无芯-少模-单模(SNFS)结构的马赫-曾德尔干涉仪(MZI)。通过提取2个SNFS-MZI传输信号的差频成分并跟踪其波谷的移动,提高系统应变灵敏度。此外,通过单独提取参考干涉仪的干涉谱,从而消减应变测量时的温度串扰。实验结果表明:该系统的应变灵敏度为7.39 pm/με,约为单个传感干涉仪的应变灵敏度5倍;通过调节参考干涉仪和传感干涉仪的传感臂长,可以灵活调节MZ光纤应变传感器增敏解调系统的灵敏度性能。

一阶光学游标效应的全光纤温度传感器

本文提出并制备了一种基于法布里-珀罗干涉计(FPI)和迈克尔逊干涉计(MI)并联的全光纤温度传感器,该传感器由单模光纤依次错位熔接一段悬浮芯光纤和一段单模光纤而成,熔接和切割形成的反射面构成了FPI干涉计和MI干涉计,且MI干涉计的光程约为FPI干涉计光程的2倍(略大于2倍),从而,两干涉计产生了一阶谐波游标效应。实验结果表明,该传感器干涉谱中出现了具有明显一阶谐波游标效应特征的双包络,且随着温度的升高,干涉谱双包络逐渐红移,红移量远大于单个MI干涉计;在20℃~120℃的温度范围内,该传感器的温度灵敏度为208 pm/℃,约为单个MI干涉计的20.8倍,约为单个FPI干涉计的245倍;升降温实验以及同一温度多次测量实验均表明,该传感器具有良好的重复性和稳定性。该传感器在同一根光纤内实现了FPI和MI并联,其传感头总长度仅约为584.4μm,且为全光纤尖端结构,因此,特别适合于小空间环境高温检测。

基于混合干涉结构的光纤温盐深传感器设计

提出了一种基于法布里-珀罗干涉仪(FPI)级联马赫-曾德干涉仪(MZI)的混合干涉型光纤温盐深传感器。利用两段单模光纤与二氧化硅(SiO_(2))毛细管制作了28μm的FPI微腔。FPI导出单模光纤依次与大芯径多模光纤、细芯光纤对准熔接,并在细芯光纤后错位熔接单模光纤,FPI导出单模-多模-细芯-错位熔接单模构成MZI。对传感器的温度、折射率及深度响应特性进行了理论分析和实验研究,通过监测反射谱和透射谱,选取不同的特征波长。实验结果表明:FPI对折射率变化不敏感,温度和深度灵敏度为0.578 nm/℃和1.297 2 nm/cm, MZI两个特征波谷对温度灵敏度分别为0.052 4 nm/℃和0.055 2 nm/℃,折射率灵敏度分别为-35.157 nm/RIU和-27.581 nm/RIU,对深度变化不敏感。该传感器具有制作简单、成本低廉等优点。