Substrate topography as a powerful tool to modify glial cell biology and interactions

Traumatic injuries to the central nervous system(CNS) result in disruption of the intricate network of axons which connect functionally related neurons that are widely distributed throughout the brain and spinal cord.Under normal conditions,maintenance of this complex system is structurally and functionally supported by astrocytes (ACs)and other glial cells,the processes of which form a framework surrounding neuronal cell bodies,dendrites,axons,and synapses.

GNSS Technology’s Contribution to Topography: Evaluative Study of Gaps between Methods Topographies

New information and communication technologies have led to the emergence of new techniques in our daily lives. Indeed, in topography, a lightning development of new techniques and new devices has been noticed. This development has given rise to a multitude of choices of devices and various classes of precision. This implies that the decision-makers have to study the adequate equipment and the appropriate technique according to the topographic task to be realized. The objective is not to compare GNSS and topographic techniques, but to point out the contribution of the Global Navigation Satelite System (GNSS) techniques of topographic work. Thus, a theoretical study with a critical eye on the scientific principle of calculating the third topographic dimension followed by a leveling campaign, Real Time Kinematic (RTK) surveys will be used in order to be able to compare and interpret the result from these campaigns. The study of the difference resulting from the practical campaigns will allow us to identify the contribution of GNSS technology.

Influence of topography on the fine structures of stratospheric gravity waves:An analysis using COSMIC-2 temperature data

We derive the potential energy of gravity waves(GWs)in the upper troposphere and stratosphere at 45°S-45°N from December 2019 to November 2022 by using temperature profiles retrieved from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology,Ionosphere,and Climate-2(COSMIC-2)satellite.Owing to the dense sampling of COSMIC-2,in addition to the strong peaks of gravity wave potential energy(GWPE)above the Andes and Tibetan Plateau,we found weak peaks above the Rocky,Atlas,Caucasus,and Tianshan Mountains.The land-sea contrast is responsible for the longitudinal variations of the GWPE in the lower and upper stratosphere.At 40°N/S,the peaks were mainly above the topographic regions during the winter.At 20°N/S,the peaks were a slight distance away from the topographic regions and might be the combined effect of nontopographic GWs and mountain waves.Near the Equator,the peaks were mainly above the regions with the lowest sea level altitude and may have resulted from convection.Our results indicate that even above the local regions with lower sea level altitudes compared with the Andes and Tibetan Plateau,the GWPE also exhibits fine structures in geographic distributions.We found that dissipation layers above the tropopause jet provide the body force to generate secondary waves in the upper stratosphere,especially during the winter months of each hemisphere and at latitudes of greater than 20°N/S.

Influence of Topography on the Distribution and Structure of Woody Plants in the Senegalese Sahel (Sandy Ferlo)

This study describes the floristic composition and structure of a woody stand in the Senegalese Sahel, paying particular attention to the edaphic factors of its floristic composition. A stratified inventory considering the different relief units was adopted. Woody vegetation was surveyed using a dendrometric approach. The results obtained show that the flora is dominated by a few species adapted to drought, such as Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del., Calotropis procera Ait. and Boscia senegalensis (Pers.). The distribution of this flora and the structure of the ligneous plants are linked to the topography. In the lowlands, the flora is more diversified and the ligneous plants reach their optimum level of development compared with the higher relief areas. In the lowlands, there are a few woody species which, in the past, were indicative of better climatic conditions. These are Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC.), Commiphora africana (A. Rich.), Feretia apodanthera Del., Loeseneriella africana (A. Smith), Mitragyna inermis (Willd.) and Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich). It is important that their reintroduction into reforestation projects takes account of their edaphic preference.

Standard-definition White-light,High-definition White-light versus Narrow-band Imaging Endoscopy for Detecting Colorectal Adenomas:A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial

Objective This study aimed to compare the performance of standard-definition white-light endoscopy(SD-WL),high-definition white-light endoscopy(HD-WL),and high-definition narrow-band imaging(HD-NBI)in detecting colorectal lesions in the Chinese population.Methods This was a multicenter,single-blind,randomized,controlled trial with a non-inferiority design.Patients undergoing endoscopy for physical examination,screening,and surveillance were enrolled from July 2017 to December 2020.The primary outcome measure was the adenoma detection rate(ADR),defined as the proportion of patients with at least one adenoma detected.The associated factors for detecting adenomas were assessed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression.Results Out of 653 eligible patients enrolled,data from 596 patients were analyzed.The ADRs were 34.5%in the SD-WL group,33.5%in the HD-WL group,and 37.5%in the HD-NBI group(P=0.72).The advanced neoplasm detection rates(ANDRs)in the three arms were 17.1%,15.5%,and 10.4%(P=0.17).No significant differences were found between the SD group and HD group regarding ADR or ANDR(ADR:34.5%vs.35.6%,P=0.79;ANDR:17.1%vs.13.0%,P=0.16,respectively).Similar results were observed between the HD-WL group and HD-NBI group(ADR:33.5%vs.37.7%,P=0.45;ANDR:15.5%vs.10.4%,P=0.18,respectively).In the univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses,neither HD-WL nor HD-NBI led to a significant difference in overall adenoma detection compared to SD-WL(HD-WL:OR 0.91,P=0.69;HD-NBI:OR 1.15,P=0.80).Conclusion HD-NBI and HD-WL are comparable to SD-WL for overall adenoma detection among Chinese outpatients.It can be concluded that HD-NBI or HD-WL is not superior to SD-WL,but more effective instruction may be needed to guide the selection of different endoscopic methods in the future.Our study’s conclusions may aid in the efficient allocation and utilization of limited colonoscopy resources,especially advanced imaging technologies.

The effect of topographic density variations on the geoid and orthometric heights in Hong Kong

Utilizing the adopted average topographic density of 2670 kg/m^(3)in the reduction of gravity anomalies introduces errors attributed to topographic density variations,which consequently affect geoid modeling accuracy.Furthermore,the mean gravity along the plumbline within the topography in the definition of Helmert orthometric heights is computed approximately by applying the Poincar e-Prey gravity reduction where the topographic density variations are disregarded.The Helmert orthometric heights of benchmarks are then affected by errors.These errors could be random or systematic depending on the specific geological setting of the region where the leveling network is physically established and/or the geoid model is determined.An example of systematic errors in orthometric heights can be given for large regions characterized by sediment or volcanic deposits,the density of which is substantially lower than the adopted topographic density used in Helmert's definition of heights.The same applies to geoid modeling errors.In this study,we investigate these errors in the Hong Kong territory,where topographic density is about 20%lower than the density of 2670 kg/m^(3).We use the digital rock density model to estimate the effect of topographic density variations on the geoid and orthometric heights.Our results show that this effect on the geoid and Helmert orthometric heights reach maxima of about 2.1 and 0.5 cm,respectively.Both results provide clear evidence that rock density models are essential in physical geodesy applications involving gravimetric geoid modeling and orthometric height determination despite some criticism that could be raised regarding the reliability of these density models.However,in regions dominated by sedimentary and igneous rocks,the geological information is essential in these applications because topographic densities are substantially lower than the average density of 2670 kg/m^(3),thus introducing large systematic errors in geoid and orthometric heights.

Soil ecological stoichiometry in varied microtopographies of an alluvial fan at eastern Helan Mountains,Northwest China

Alluvial fans possess diverse geomorphological features and have a significant impact on soil characteristics and variations in ecological stoichiometry.However,it remains unclear how alluvial fans in arid mountainous areas influence the changes in ecological chemical stoichiometry and,consequently,indirectly affect ecosystem function.Alluvial fan,with its diverse topographical features,exerts a multifaceted influence on soil formation and characteristics.Limited information exists regarding the ecological stoichiometric characteristics of the alluvial fan in arid mountainous areas.This study investigated the soil physical-chemical characteristics,enzyme activities,soil ecological stoichiometries,and its driving factors of four types of micro-topographies(alluvial mesas,high floodplain,groove beach,and striated groove)in the foothills of eastern Helan Mountains,China.Results showed that soil physical and chemical properties in the 0–20 cm soil depth was consistently higher than those in the 20–40 cm soil depth,with no changes in pH,total nitrogen,and total potassium.C:P and N:P ratios in alluvial mesas,high floodplain,and striated groove were significantly higher than those in groove beach.Redundancy analysis showed that soil nutrients played the most significant role in the variation of soil ecological stoichiometry characteristics.Topography influenced soil stoichiometry indirectly,primarily through impacts on enzyme activity and soil nutrient elements.These findings elucidate the intricate interplay between soil ecological stoichiometric characteristics and environmental factors across diverse micro-topographies in alluvial fan,contributing to our understanding of the formation and development of soil in dryland.

Sedimentary architecture of submarine channel-lobe systems under different seafloor topography:Insights from the Rovuma Basin offshore East Africa

Seafloor topography plays an important role in the evolution of submarine lobes.However,it is still not so clear how the shape of slope affects the three-dimensional(3-D)architecture of submarine lobes.In this study,we analyze the effect of topography factors on different hierarchical lobe architectures that formed during Pliocene to Quaternary in the Rovuma Basin offshore East Africa.We characterize the shape,size and growth pattern of different hierarchical lobe architectures using 3-D seismic data.We find that the relief of the topographic slope determines the location of preferential deposition of lobe complexes and single lobes.When the topography is irregular and presents topographic lows,lobe complexes first infill these depressions.Single lobes are deposited preferentially at positions with higher longitudinal(i.e.across-slope)slope gradients.As the longitudinal slope becomes higher,the aspect ratio of the single lobes increases.Lateral(i.e.along-slope)topography does not seem to have a strong influence on the shape of single lobe,but it seems to affect the overlap of single lobes.When the lateral slope gradient is relatively high,the single lobes tend to have a larger overlap surface.Furthermore,as the average of lateral slope and longitudinal slope gets greater,the width/thickness ratio of the single lobe is smaller,i.e.sediments tend to accumulate vertically.The results demonstrate that the shape of slopes more comprehensively influences the 3-D architecture of lobes in natural deep-sea systems than previously other lobe deposits and analogue experiments,which helps us better understand the development and evolution of the distal parts of turbidite systems.

Topography Modeling of Surface Grinding Based on Random Abrasives and Performance Evaluation

The surface morphology and roughness of a workpiece are crucial parameters in grinding processes.Accurate prediction of these parameters is essential for maintaining the workpiece’s surface integrity.However,the randomness of abrasive grain shapes and workpiece surface formation behaviors poses significant challenges,and accuracy in current physical mechanism-based predictive models is needed.To address this problem,by using the random plane method and accounting for the random morphology and distribution of abrasive grains,this paper proposes a novel method to model CBN grinding wheels and predict workpiece surface roughness.First,a kinematic model of a single abrasive grain is developed to accurately capture the three-dimensional morphology of the grinding wheel.Next,by formulating an elastic deformation and formation model of the workpiece surface based on Hertz theory,the variation in grinding arc length at different grinding depths is revealed.Subsequently,a predictive model for the surface morphology of the workpiece ground by a single abrasive grain is devised.This model integrates the normal distribution model of abrasive grain size and the spatial distribution model of abrasive grain positions,to elucidate how the circumferential and axial distribution of abrasive grains influences workpiece surface formation.Lastly,by integrating the dynamic effective abrasive grain model,a predictive model for the surface morphology and roughness of the grinding wheel is established.To examine the impact of changing the grit size of the grinding wheel and grinding depth on workpiece surface roughness,and to validate the accuracy of the model,experiments are conducted.Results indicate that the predicted three-dimensional morphology of the grinding wheel and workpiece surfaces closely matches the actual grinding wheel and ground workpiece surfaces,with surface roughness prediction deviations as small as 2.3%.

Unveiling three-dimensional sea surface signatures caused by internal solitary waves:insights from the surface water ocean topography mission

Internal solitary waves(ISW),characterized by large amplitude and long propagation distance,are widespread in global oceans.While remote sensing images have played an essential role in studying ISWs,they mainly exploit two-dimensional image information.However,with the launch of the surface water ocean topography(SWOT)satellite on December 16,2022,a unique opportunity has emerged to capture wide-swath three-dimensional ISW-induced sea surface information.In this study,we examine ISWs in the Andaman Sea using data from the Ka-band Radar Interferometer(KaRIN),a crucial sensor onboard SWOT.KaRIN not only provides backscattering satellite images but also employs synthetic aperture interferometry techniques to retrieve wide-swath two-dimensional sea surface height measurements.Our observations in the Andaman Sea revealed the presence of ISWs characterized by dark-bright strips and surface elevation solitons.The surface soliton has an amplitude of 0.32 m,resulting in an estimation of ISW amplitude of approximately 60 m.In contrast to traditional two-dimensional satellite images or nadir-looking altimetry data,the SWOT mission’s capability to capture threedimensional sea surface information represents a significant advancement.This breakthrough holds substantial promise for ISW studies,particularly in the context of ISW amplitude inversion.

南海深水工程勘察挑战与案例分析

在海洋石油工程向深水迈进过程中,海洋工程勘察从业者关注到具有潜在威胁的地质现象,发现了若干与浅水区域具有明显差异的独特地质灾害,对钻井平台就位、导管架平台和浮式平台设计、海底管缆路由优选,均造成了一定影响。本文基于多个深水海洋工程勘察案例,通过对工程物探调查、工程地质调查及海洋环境调查数据分析,阐述深水地质灾害特征及其对海洋工程影响,优化海洋工程设计方案。研究表明,深水区广泛发育沙波、陡坎、硬质海底、断层、海底峡谷、块体搬运沉积体(mass transport deposits,MTDs)等地貌和灾害类型,采用自主式水下航行器等近底潜载调查方式,可以获取厘米级分辨率的调查成果,结合船载调查数据和土工试验数据,能够进行斜坡稳定性分析与海底浅地层划分,为海洋工程建设提供设计依据。

斜齿轮表面形貌分形特征对时变接触刚度的影响

基于改进的W-M分形函数,利用齿高和齿宽表征斜齿轮齿面的表面形貌。采用圆锥微凸体并考虑啮合过程中斜齿轮接触曲率半径的时变性建立了斜齿轮时变接触刚度模型,计算发现基于圆锥微凸体模型计算的时变啮合刚度与ISO6336-1—2006标准计算所得结果接近。研究结果表明,斜齿轮的时变接触载荷和时变接触刚度随着分形维数、特征尺度系数、量纲一接触面积、材料塑性指数的变化而表现出不同的变化趋势。

Influence of high-speed milling parameter on 3D surface topography and fatigue behavior of TB6 titanium alloy

High-speed milling of titanium alloys is widely used in aviation and aerospace industries for its high efficiency and good quality.In order to optimize the machining parameters in high-speed milling TB6 titanium alloy,experiments of high-speed milling and fatigue were conducted to investigate the effect of parameters on 3D surface topography and fatigue life.Based on the fatigue fracture,the effect mechanism of surface topography on the fatigue crack initiation was proposed.The experiment results show that when the milling speed ranged from 100 m/min to 140 m/min,and the feed per tooth ranged from 0.02 mm/z to 0.06 mm/z,the obtained surface roughness were within the limit（0.8 μm）.Fatigue life decreased sharply with the increase of surface equivalent stress concentration factor.The average error of fatigue life between the established model and the experimental results was 6.25%.The fatigue cracks nucleated at the intersection edge of machined surface.

Topographic effects on long offset transient electromagnetic response

The forward modeling procedure used in this article is formulated with the volume integral equation based on the tensor Green＇s function. The electromagnetic components responses are first calculated in the frequency domain and then transformed to the time domain by digital filtering. The valley and hill topography with a layered earth is stimulated by a horizontal electric dipole （HED） transmitter, which is common in field surveys, and the TEM responses are calculated at the transmitter and receivers. The topography effects on the long offset electromagnetic transient （LOTEM） responses are discussed in detail. The results show that both valley and hill topography has significant effect on the LOTEM measurement. If the HED is located in the bottom of a valley, the distortion of the observed anomalous field at distance is severe. A valley at the receiver locations show a strong effect but are localized in space and time. In general, hill-shaped topography shows smaller effects no matter where its located. When the topography is located between source and receivers, the influence is negligible. We conclude that the location of the source is much more important than the receivers and it is critical to put the transmitter in an open flat area in the field survey.

Design and Construction of Topographical Elements in Parks of Historical Relics

The protection and utilization of great historical sites mainly includes 4 modes,specifically,building the whole site into a park of historical relics;combining the site with the scenic area into a tourist site;building the site into a forest park;combining site protection with development of modern agriculture so as to build an agricultural park of historical and cultural relics.In this study,it was emphasized that landscape design of such parks should first be based on the protection of historical relics.Among all constructed parks of historical relics in China,Relics of Sweet Spring Palace,Tomb of the Military Marquis Zhuge Liang and Mausoleum of the Yellow Emperor were taken as examples to demonstrate how large-scale topographical elements form the spatial pattern of garden landscapes;Ruins of the Old Summer Palace and the Park of Qujiang Pool Relics were taken to show how moderate-scale topographical elements form the spatial division of garden landscapes;by giving examples of micro-relief slope utilization,micro-relief stone and water layout,utilization of original reliefs and micro-relief functions,this study illustrated how such micro-scale topographical elements form landscape nodes in gardens,and specifically introduced functions of micro-relief,such as dividing and controlling spaces,creating aesthetic value,improving micro-climate and so on.Moreover,cases of terrain utilization and creation in classical western gardens were given,and masterworks of some modern western garden designers were borrowed and analyzed to find valuable concepts for designing parks of historical relics in China.

Two-dimensional frequency-domain acoustic fullwaveform inversion with rugged topography

We studied finite-element-method-based two-dimensional frequency-domain acoustic FWI under rugged topography conditions. The exponential attenuation boundary condition suitable for rugged topography is proposed to solve the cutoff botmdary problem as well as to consider the requirement of using the same subdivision grid in joint multifrequency inversion. The proposed method introduces the attenuation factor, and by adjusting it, acoustic waves are sufficiently attenuated in the attenuation layer to minimize the cutoff boundary effect. Based on the law of exponential attenuation, expressions for computing the attenuation factor and the thickness of attenuation layers are derived for different frequencies. In multifrequency-domain FWI, the conjugate gradient method is used to solve equations in the Gauss-Newton algorithm and thus minimize the computation cost in calculating the Hessian matrix. In addition, the effect of initial model selection and frequency combination on FWI is analyzed. Examples using numerical simulations and FWI calculations are used to verify the efficiency of the proposed method.

Distribution of ice thickness and subglacial topography of the "Chinese Wall" around Kunlun Station,East Antarctica

As fundamental parameters of the Antarctic Ice Sheet,ice thickness and subglacial topography are critical factors for studying the basal conditions and mass balance in Antarctica.During CHINARE 24（the 24 th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition,2007/08）,the research team used a deep ice-penetrating radar system to measure the ice thickness and subglacial topography of the ＂Chinese Wall＂ around Kunlun Station,East Antarctica.Preliminary results show that the ice thickness varies mostly from 1600 m to 2800 m along the ＂Chinese Wall＂,with the thickest ice being 3444 m,and the thinnest ice 1255 m.The average bedrock elevation is 1722 m,while the minimum is just 604 m.Compared with the northern side of the ice divide,the ice thickness is a little greater and the subglacial topography lower on the southern side,which is also characterized by four deep valleys.We found no basal freeze-on ice in the Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains area,subglacial lakes,or water bodies along the ＂Chinese Wall＂.Ice thickness and subglacial topography data extracted from the Bedmap 2 database along the ＂Chinese Wall＂ are consistent with our results,but their resolution and accuracy are very limited in areas where the bedrock fluctuates intensely.The distribution of ice thickness and subglacial topography detected by ice-penetrating radar clarifies the features of the ice sheet in this ＂inaccessible＂ region.These results will help to advance the study of ice sheet dynamics and the determination of future locations of the GSM＇s geological and deep ice core drilling sites in the Dome A region.

Downward and upward continuation of 2-D seismic data to eliminate ocean bottom topography's effect

In order to eliminate the effect of ocean bottom topography on seismic wave field,we transformed curved（x,z）coordinate system grids into rectangular（ξ,η）coordinate system grids and derived a 2-D scalar acoustic wave equation in theξ,ηdomain.The seismic wave field collected at the sea surface was downward continued to the ocean bottom by the inverse finite difference method with the water velocity and then was reversely continued to the ocean surface by the finite difference method using the layer velocity from just below the ocean bottom in the（ξ,η）domain.Simulation calculations and practical application show that this method can not only remove the reflection travel time distortion but also correct the dynamic parameter changes caused by the ocean bottom topography.The inverted velocity after wave field continuation is much more accurate than before continuation and the image section was greatly improved compared to the original wave field.

山地地形下中江南塔地震响应特征试验

为研究山地地形对砖石古塔地震响应的影响,以位于四川中江县铜鱼山顶的中江南塔作为原型,选取了汶川地震发生时自贡台阵的加速度记录为基底输入,通过小型振动台试验研究了山底、山顶古塔自振频率随地震动幅值的变化趋势,分析了地形效应对古塔地震响应的影响及古塔破坏特征。结果表明:在低幅值地震动作用下古塔自振频率不变,当自由地表地震动峰值分别达到100 Gal和150 Gal时,山顶和山底古塔发生破坏;在古塔自振特性、输入地震动的频谱特征以及结构构造特点影响下,古塔发生了“上轻下重”的破坏特征;与山底古塔相较,山顶古塔地震反应明显更大,相同工况下山顶古塔各楼层峰值加速度、最大相对位移、最大层间位移角分别为山底古塔的2~3倍、1.5~4.5倍、1.5~4.5倍,其中最大相对位移和最大层间位移角的放大倍数与地震动幅值相关,因此需重视山顶古塔的地震安全性。

3种天然阔叶混交林林木物种和大小分化多样性与地形的耦合关系

依据2021年浙江省森林资源连续清查数据,选取969个幼龄林和中林龄天然阔叶混交林样地,并依据样地植被型将样地划分为常绿阔叶林、落叶阔叶林和常绿落叶阔叶3种植被类型,采用方差分析及Pearson分析地形与林木物种和大小分化多样性的关系。结果表明:1)3种植被类型间物种多样性指标间均呈显著差异(P<0.05),落叶阔叶林胸径变异系数和胸径均匀度显著高于常绿阔叶林(P<0.05),而常绿阔叶林胸径香农维纳指数显著高于落叶阔叶林和常绿落叶阔叶林(P<0.05);2)随海拔或坡度的升高,3种植被类型丰富度、香农维纳指数和辛普森多样性指数均显著升高(P<0.05),但落叶阔叶林和常绿落叶阔叶林Pielou均匀度指数无明显差异,坡向对林木物种多样性无明显影响;3)随海拔升高,3种植被类型胸径变异系数和胸径均匀度整体上均呈降低趋势,而胸径香农维纳指数则相反;由阳坡到阴坡,常绿阔叶林和常绿落叶阔叶林胸径均匀度指数整体上均呈升高趋势;随坡度增加,落叶阔叶林胸径变异系数和3种植被类型胸径均匀度均降低,而落叶阔叶林胸径香农维纳指数则相反。海拔和坡度对3种植被类型树种数量、胸径均匀度有明显影响,但对落叶阔叶林和常绿落叶阔叶林树种均匀度、常绿阔叶林胸径变异系数均无明显影响,而坡向主要影响常绿阔叶林和常绿落叶阔叶林胸径均匀度。