Global gene expression profiling of perirenal brown adipose tissue whitening in goat kids reveals novel genes linked to adipose remodeling

Background Brown adipose tissue(BAT)is known to be capable of non-shivering thermogenesis under cold stimulation,which is related to the mortality of animals.In the previous study,we observed that goat BAT is mainly located around the kidney at birth,and changes to white adipose tissue(WAT)in the perirenal adipose tissue of goats within one month after birth.However,the regulatory factors underlying this change is remain unclear.In this study,we systematically studied the perirenal adipose tissue of goat kids in histological,cytological,and accompanying molecular level changes from 0 to 28 d after birth.Results Our study found a higher mortality rate in winter-born goat kids,with goat birthing data statistics.Then we used thermal imaging revealing high temperature in goat hips at postnatal 0 d and gradually decrease during 28 d.This is consistent with the region of perirenal BAT deposition and highlights its critical role in energy expenditure and body temperature regulation in goat kids.Additionally,we found a series of changes of BAT during the first 28 d after birth,such as whitening,larger lipid droplets,decreased mitochondrial numbers,and down-regulation of key thermogenesis-related genes(UCP1,DIO2,UCP2,CIDEA,PPARGC1a,C/EBPb,and C/EBPa).Then,we used RNA-seq found specific marker genes for goat adipose tissue and identified 12 new marker genes for BAT and 10 new marker genes for WAT of goats.Furthermore,12 candidate genes were found to potentially regulate goat BAT thermogenesis.The mechanism of the change of this biological phenomenon does not involve a large-scale death of brown adipocytes and subsequent proliferation of white adipocytes.While apoptosis may play a limited role,it is largely not critical in this transition process.Conclusions We concluded that perirenal BAT plays a crucial role in thermoregulation in newborn goat kids,with notable species differences in the expression of adipose tissue marker genes,and we highlighted some potential marker genes for goat BAT and WAT.Additionally,the change from BAT to WAT does not involve a large-scale death of brown adipocytes and subsequent proliferation of white adipocytes.

The main causes and corresponding solutions of skin pigmentation in the body

The skin's normal color is primarily determined by the quantity and distribution of pigment,the level of hemoglobin in the skin's blood vessels,and various optical factors.Additionally,mechanical damage from clothing renders certain areas of the body more susceptible to hyperpigmentation,such as the elbows and knees.According to research,various factors such as gender and weight have been found to influence skin color.The mechanism of body skin pigmentation has been extensively studied with a particular focus on melanogenesis and related signaling pathways.Therefore,this article primarily focuses on elucidating the mechanisms governing body pigmentation while discussing strategies for managing skin whitening,encompassing influential factors and whitening methods.

The efficacy of a novel tomato extracts formulation on skin aging and pigmentation:A randomized,double-blind,parallel-controlled trial

Background:Oxidative stress is a significant factor in skin aging and pigmentation,which can be precipitated by various circumstances.Antioxidants and tyrosinase inhibitors,such as carotenoids,yeast extract(glutathione),sodium hyaluronate,astaxanthin,and niacin,can individually protect the skin against aging through distinct mechanisms.These mechanisms potentially enhance the skin barrier and improve signs of aging and pigmentation.However,the synergistic effects of these compounds,as found in a golden tomato extract formulation,have been scarcely explored.Objective:To evaluate the effects of an orally administered formulation on the skin aging and pigmentation.Material and Methods:In this study,a randomized,double-blind,parallel-controlled trial was conducted,utilizing the WONDERLAB?Tomato Niacinamide beverage.Out of all participants,62 volunteers completed the experiment and were included in the statistical analysis.Results:The results indicated that after eight weeks of consuming the research product,there were no significant changes in the skin indicators within the placebo group.In contrast,the treatment group receiving the sample formulation exhibited a 35.63%increase in stratum corneum hydration and a 29.39%reduction in transepidermal water loss(TEWL),suggesting enhanced skin hydration.Visual assessments revealed improvements in skin color and gloss index by 15.03%and 11.41%,respectively,in the treatment group.Furthermore,the skin gloss and individual typology angle(ITA)value increased by 18.59%and 6.36%,respectively,leading to a lighter skin tone.Significant enhancements were also observed in skin pigmentation,color uniformity,and redness.After eight weeks of intervention with the sample,blood levels of superoxide dismutase(SOD)and glutathione peroxidase(GPx)increased,while malondialdehyde(MDA)levels decreased.Conclusion:These findings confirm that continuous intake of the tomato extract formulation over eight weeks effectively improved the volunteers'skin whitening and hydration,and visibly brightened skin tone through an antioxidant mechanism.

In Vivo Study of a Natural Whitening Agent

A natural whitening agent to replace synthetic bioactives was developed.Xin Qi Bai(XQB)was composed of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)and the whitening efficacy was tested in vivo.Qualified volunteers were selected and used cream with or without XQB for 8 weeks continuously.The individual type angle(ITA°),melanin index(MI)and the stain area(%)were tested after 0,2,4 and 8 weeks.XQB can increase ITA°value,decrease MI value and the stain area of skin.Results showed that XQB has good whitening efficacy in vivo,and is a natural whitening agent.

Extraction and Refining Process of Polysaccharide from Tricholoma matsutake and Verification of Its Whitening Effect

[Objectives]The paper was to determine the extraction and refining process of polysaccharide from Tricholoma matsutake,and to verify its whitening effect.[Methods]With T.matsutake as the research object,the effects of eluent concentration,loading amount and diameter-to-height ratio on the refining process of T.matsutake polysaccharide were explored by orthogonal test,to optimize the dynamic elution conditions of T.matsutake polysaccharide.The survival rate of mouse melanoma cells(B16),inhibition of melanin synthesis and inhibition of tyrosinase activity of crude extract A1 and refined extracts A2-A4 were tested to verify the whitening effect of T.matsutake.[Results]The best extraction and refining process for T.matsutake polysaccharide was:eluent 40%ethanol(volume fraction),loading amount 30 mg/g(polysaccharide-resin),diameter-to-height ratio 1∶8.Under this condition,the extraction rate of T.matsutake can reach up to 33%(A3).The whitening efficacy test showed that crude extract A1 and refined extracts A2-A4 had good whitening effects,and the whitening effects were A3≥A4>A1>A2.[Conclusions]The study provides a reference for the application of T.matsutake polysaccharide in cosmetics.

Adaptive Recurrent Iterative Updating Stereo Matching Network

When training a stereo matching network with a single training dataset, the network may overly rely on the learned features of the single training dataset due to differences in the training dataset scenes, resulting in poor performance on all datasets. Therefore, feature consistency between matched pixels is a key factor in solving the network’s generalization ability. To address this issue, this paper proposed a more widely applicable stereo matching network that introduced whitening loss into the feature extraction module of stereo matching, and significantly improved the applicability of the network model by constraining the variation between salient feature pixels. In addition, this paper used a GRU iterative update module in the disparity update calculation stage, which expanded the model’s receptive field at multiple resolutions, allowing for precise disparity estimation not only in rich texture areas but also in low texture areas. The model was trained only on the Scene Flow large-scale dataset, and the disparity estimation was conducted on mainstream datasets such as Middlebury, KITTI 2015, and ETH3D. Compared with earlier stereo matching algorithms, this method not only achieves more accurate disparity estimation but also has wider applicability and stronger robustness.

Study on The Whitening Effect of a Composite Plant Extract

By compounding the cranberry extract,lavender flower extract,Kakadu plum extract,edelweiss flower/leaf extract and aloe vera extract into a composite plant extract(BIRC-Rosée WT100),the whitening effects of this composite plant extract in antioxidation,anti-inflammation,skin barrier maintenance,and inhibition of melanin production and transport were evaluated.By comparing the inhibitory effects on tyrosinase activity between the composite plant extract andα-arbutin,and then analyzing the decline of apparent chromaticity,apparent brightness and melanin content through 3D melanin skin model platform,the comprehensive whitening effect was evaluated and compared with that of kojic acid.The results showed that,the composite plant extract(BIRC-Rosée WT100)had a tyrosinase inhibition rate of 98.99%at the original concentration,which was much higher than that ofα-arbutin.In 3D melanin skin model,the apparent chromaticity and brightness could be effectively improved,and moreover,the total amount of melanin in the skin could be reduced,showing remarkable whitening effect.

二维点模式图像的仿射变换配准

提出了一种图像特征点配准算法·该算法为二维点模式图像仿射配准建立了新的求解模型,此模型对参考图像的特征点集和浮动图像的特征点集分别进行Whitening变换,将点集间的一般仿射变换问题转换为刚性变换问题;在对刚性变换求解时,采用平滑性好、局部极值较少的新的目标函数;并引入了形变程度分量,使该算法更能符合实际应用·结合文中提出的新的仿射不变量,目标函数只需在平分法的基础上加入随机因素便能快速求解·实验结果证明,该算法在处理特征点仿射配准问题上具有速度快、精度高的特点·

Signal-purity-spectrum-based colored deconvolution

Signal to noise ratio （SNR） and resolution are two important but contradictory characteristics used to evaluate the quality of seismic data. For relatively preserving SNR while enhancing resolution, the signal purity spectrum is introduced, estimated, and used to define the desired output amplitude spectrum after deconvolution. Since a real reflectivity series is blue rather than white, the effects of white reflectivity hypothesis on wavelets are experimentally analyzed and color compensation is applied after spectrum whitening. Experiments on real seismic data indicate that the cascade of the two processing stages can improve the ability of seismic data to delineate the geological details.

基于PCA和Whitening算法的水稻病害图像预处理研究

水稻病害图像预处理在使用机器视觉技术对水稻病害智能诊断识别中至关重要。预处理效果直接影响水稻病害识别准确率。提出一种新的基于PCA和Whitening融合算法的水稻病害图像预处理方法。实验获取了水稻病害彩色图像和灰度图像的训练样本和测试样本,对获取的样本应用PCA降维,然后对降维后的样本随机取样,应用Whitening算法得到了相应的训练特征和测试特征。实验表明,该融合算法增强了预处理后的水稻病害图像样本对光照及亮度的鲁棒性,可有效提高病害识别准确率。

Potential risks of spectrum whitening deconvolution——compared with well-driven deconvolution

Deconvolution is widely used to increase the resolution of seismic data. To compare the resolution ability of conventional spectrum whitening deconvolution to thin layers with that of welldriven deconvolution, a complex sedimentary geological model was designed, and then the simulated seismic data were processed respectively by each of the two methods. The amplitude spectrum of seismic data was almost white after spectrum whitening, but the wavelet resolution was low. The amplitude spectrum after well-driven deconvolution deviated from white spectrum, but the wavelet resolution was high. Further analysis showed that if an actual reflectivity series could not well satisfy the hypothesis of white spectrum, spectrum whitening deconvolution had a potential risk of wavelet distortion, which might lead to a pitfall in high resolution seismic data interpretation. On the other hand, the wavelet after well- driven deconvolution had higher resolution both in the time and frequency domains. It is favorable for high resolution seismic interpretation and reservoir prediction.

Construction mechanism of whitenization weight function and its application in grey clustering evaluation

The clustering evaluation can be used to scientifically classify the objects to be evaluated according to the information aggregation of various evaluation rules. In grey weighted clustering evaluation, the index clustering rule relies on the construction of the whitenization weight function, while the existing construction method of the linear function lacks the construction mechanism analysis and validity explanation. A normative construction principle is put forward by analyzing the construction mechanism of the function. Through proving the normative principle of the function,the basic modal function(BMF) is proposed and characterized by different function forms. Then, a new type of the whitenization weight function and its grey clustering evaluation model algorithm are given by studying the mechanism and nature of the construction of different forms of the function. Finally, the comparative study for self-innovation capability of defense science and technology industry(DSTI) is taken as an example. The results show that the different construction ways of the function have an effect on the clustering result. The proposed construction mechanism can better explain the index clustering rules and evaluation effectiveness,which will perfect the theoretical system of grey clustering evaluation and be applied to practice effectively.

Data processing of small samples based on grey distance information approach

Data processing of small samples is an important and valuable research problem in the electronic equipment test. Because it is difficult and complex to determine the probability distribution of small samples, it is difficult to use the traditional probability theory to process the samples and assess the degree of uncertainty. Using the grey relational theory and the norm theory, the grey distance information approach, which is based on the grey distance information quantity of a sample and the average grey distance information quantity of the samples, is proposed in this article. The definitions of the grey distance information quantity of a sample and the average grey distance information quantity of the samples, with their characteristics and algorithms, are introduced. The correlative problems, including the algorithm of estimated value, the standard deviation, and the acceptance and rejection criteria of the samples and estimated results, are also proposed. Moreover, the information whitening ratio is introduced to select the weight algorithm and to compare the different samples. Several examples are given to demonstrate the application of the proposed approach. The examples show that the proposed approach, which has no demand for the probability distribution of small samples, is feasible and effective.

Polarimetric whitening filter for POLSAR image based on subspace decomposition

Speckle filtering is an indispensable pre-processing step for applications of polarimetric synthetic aperture radar （POLSAR）, such as terrain classification, target detection, etc. As one of the most typical methods, the polarimetric whitening filter （PWF） can be used to produce a minimum-speckle image by combining the complex elements of the scattering matrix, but polarimetric information is lost after the filtering process. A polarimetric filter based on subspaze decomposition which was proposed by Cu et al specializes in retrieving principle scattering characteristics, but the corresponding mean value of an image after filtering is not kept well. A new filter is proposed for improving the disadvantage based on subspace decomposition. Under the constraint that a weighted combination of the polarimetric SAR images equals to the output of the PWF, the Euclidean distance between an unfiltered parameter vector and a signal space vector is minimized so that noises can be reduced. It is also shown that the proposed method is equivalent to the subspace filter in the case of no constraint. Experimental results with the NASA/JPL airborne polarimetric SAR data demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

The Research Progress and Prospect Analysis of Germ-Remaining Rice Whitener

In this paper, the backdrop and significance of the research of germ-remaining rice whitener firstly were expatiated. Then, the study progress in China and overseas was summarized. Lastly, the research prospect of this kind of whitener in China was analyzed. It is hoped that it can coach the design of germ-remaining rice whitener.

Natural products in cosmetics

The global cosmetics market reached US$500 billion in 2017 and is expected to exceed US$800 billion by 2023,at around a 7%annual growth rate.The cosmetics industry is emerging as one of the fastest-growing industries of the past decade.Data shows that the Chinese cosmetics market was US$60 billion in 2021.It is expected to be the world’s number one consumer cosmetics market by 2050,with a size of approximately US$450 billion.The influence of social media and the internet has raised awareness of the risks associated with the usage of many chemicals in cosmetics and the health benefits of natural products derived from plants and other natural resources.As a result,the cosmetic industry is now paying more attention to natural products.The present review focus on the possible applications of natural products from various biological sources in skin care cosmetics,including topical care products,fragrances,moisturizers,UV protective,and anti-wrinkle products.In addition,the mechanisms of targets for evaluation of active ingredients in cosmetics and the possible benefits of these bioactive compounds in rejuvenation and health,and their potential role in cosmetics are also discussed.

The Three-region Method of Color Matching in the Presence of Fluorescent Whitening Agents

An expression of reflectance of fluorescent dyes in emission region was used in this article. Through the analysis of the spectral radiance factor of fluorescent whitening agents(FWA), the color matching of FWA was studied and the three-region method of color matching method was put forward. The method was proved to be reliable for the dyes used and was easy to apply for the color matching of FWAs.

纸巾纸荧光增白剂可迁移性的快速预判

讨论用荧光白度预判纸巾纸荧光迁移性的方法,当荧光白度大于1.0%时,可以预判为有荧光增白剂迁移;但当荧光白度小于1.0%时,判定需谨慎,需用GB/T 27741的方法来判定其迁移性。

Testa of Rhynchosia nulubilis down-regulates melanin synthesis in UVB-induced guinea pigs epidermal skin tissue

OBJECTIVE Synthetic compounds that are used in the clinic to regulate skin hyperpigmentation,such as arbutin,and kojic acid,are only moderately effective.But their use is limited by side effects.As part of an effort to overcome the limitations,there is a pressing need for developing effective natural product for whitening.Each of black soybean has been reported to produce anti-melanogenic effects.Especially,antioxidant and anti-aging compounds are richer in testa than the rest part of black soybean.Therefore,we hypothesized that testa of Rhynchosia nulubilis(TR)would show more anti-melanogenic effects than whole black soybean.METHODS Anti-melanogenic effect of TR was done by using mouse B16F10 melanoma.The depigmenting efficacy was then observed following topical application of the TR to UVB-stimulated hyperpigmented dorsal skin of guinea pigs.RESULTS Treatment with TR extract resulted a 27.67% decrease in melanogenesis while whole black soybean showed 5.3% decrease at mouse melanoma cell line.Colorimetric analysis showed a significantly lower depigmenting value by day 14 following treatment with TR in UVB-irradiated guinea pigs the dorsal skin,indicating that TR produced a depigmentation effect.By staining with Hematoxylin-Eosin staing and Fontana-Masson stain,we found that the TR-treated group had more effect histopathologically in epidermal melanin production than resveratrol or rice alone-treated group.TR was associated with reduction in the levels of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor(MITF),and downregulation of tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein(TRP-1)expression,leading to inhibit epidermal melanin production by Western blotting analysis.CONCLUSION This study suggests that the testa of R.nulubilis may be a promising candidate in regulating skin pigmentation with UVB exposure.

Chemical analysis of hydroquinone and retinoic acid contents in facial whitening creams

Hydroquinone is potentially carcinogenic and is known to be a skin and respiratory irritant.Hydroquinone is carcinogenic it has been banned in some countries because of fears of a cancer risk[1,2].Animal studies have shown that topically applied retinoic acid can be photocarcinogenic[3].The aim of this study was qualitative and quantitative determination of hydroquinone and retinoic acid contents in facial whitening creams by colour reaction tests,FT-IR after TLC separation and HPLC.