Priority Based Energy Efficient MAC Protocol by Varying Data Ratefor Wireless Body Area Network

Wireless Body Area Network(WBAN)is a cutting-edge technology that is being used in healthcare applications to monitor critical events in the human body.WBAN is a collection of in-body and on-body sensors that monitor human physical parameters such as temperature,blood pressure,pulse rate,oxygen level,body motion,and so on.They sense the data and communicate it to the Body Area Network(BAN)Coordinator.The main challenge for the WBAN is energy consumption.These issues can be addressed by implementing an effective Medium Access Control(MAC)protocol that reduces energy consumption and increases network lifetime.The purpose of the study is to minimize the energy consumption and minimize the delay using IEEE 802.15.4 standard.In our proposed work,if any critical events have occurred the proposed work is to classify and prioritize the data.We gave priority to the highly critical data to get the Guarantee Tine Slots(GTS)in IEEE 802.15.4 standard superframe to achieve greater energy efficiency.The proposed MAC provides higher data rates for critical data based on the history and current condition and also provides the best reliable service to high critical data and critical data by predicting node similarity.As an outcome,we proposed a MAC protocol for Variable Data Rates(MVDR).When compared to existing MAC protocols,the MVDR performed very well with low energy intake,less interruption,and an enhanced packet-sharing ratio.

Adaptive Multi-Cost Routing Protocol to Enhance Lifetime for Wireless Body Area Network

Wireless Body Area Network(WBAN)technologies are emerging with extensive applications in several domains.Health is a fascinating domain of WBAN for smart monitoring of a patient’s condition.An important factor to consider in WBAN is a node’s lifetime.Improving the lifetime of nodes is critical to address many issues,such as utility and reliability.Existing routing protocols have addressed the energy conservation problem but considered only a few parameters,thus affecting their performance.Moreover,most of the existing schemes did not consider traffic prioritization which is critical in WBANs.In this paper,an adaptive multi-cost routing protocol is proposed with a multi-objective cost function considering minimum distance from sink,temperature of sensor nodes,priority of sensed data,and maximum residual energy on sensor nodes.The performance of the proposed protocol is compared with the existing schemes for the parameters:network lifetime,stability period,throughput,energy consumption,and path loss.It is evident from the obtained results that the proposed protocol improves network lifetime and stability period by 30%and 15%,respectively,as well as outperforms the existing protocols in terms of throughput,energy consumption,and path loss.

Improved Routing Protocol for Health Care Communications

Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) technology has significantly increased the potential of remote healthcare monitoring systems. The devices used for WBAN have limited energy resources. For most devices it is impossible to recharge or change the batteries. Since the data mostly consists of medical information, high reliability and low delay is required. The main objective of this simulation study is to evaluate the performance of routing protocol on static IEEE 802.15.4 to determine the most suitable routing protocol for Wireless Body Area Networks. Here, investigations on the various routing protocol suggest cluster topology and AODV as the probable candidate. About 16% improvement in the energy consumption was observed when modifications were made considering the energy and mobility, thus achieving high residual battery capacity and eliminating the need for recharging the batteries.

An Efficient Energy Aware Routing Mechanism for Wireless Body Area Networks

The accelerated development of wireless network technology has resulted in the emergence of Wireless Body Area Network(WBAN),which is a technology commonly used in the medical field.WBAN consists of tiny sensor nodes that interconnect with each other and set in the human body to collect and transmit the patient data to the physician,to monitor the patients remotely.These nodes typically have limited battery energy that led to a shortage of network lifetime.Therefore,energy efficiency is considered one of the most demanding challenges in routing design for WBAN.Many proposed routing mechanisms inWBAN did not cover the source node energy and energy harvesting techniques.Therefore,this study proposes an Efficient Energy Aware Routing(EEAR)mechanism.This paper constructs a path cost function that considers three parameters:residual energy,number of hops to the sink,and the distance between the nodes.Besides,data aggregationwith filtration and hybrid energy harvesting technique are used to extend the network lifetime,reduce the network traffic load,andmaintain the source node energy.Extensive simulations using MATLAB have been performed to evaluate the performance of the proposed mechanism.EEAR is contrasted with the two latest schemes,called Priority-based Congestion-avoidance Routing Protocol(PCRP)and Energy Efficient Routing Protocol(EERP).The results show the significant performance of theEEARmechanism in terms of network lifetime,residual energy,network stability,and throughput.

Observation of efficacy on prolapse of lumbar intervertebral disc treated with body acupuncture and wrist-ankle acupuncture

Objective To observe the clinical effects of body acupuncture and wrist-ankle acupuncture on prolapse of lumbar intervertebral disc, Methods One hundred and eighty cases of prolapse of lumbar intervertebral disc were randomly divided into body acupuncture and wrist-ankle acupuncture group （observation group） and simple body acupuncture group （control group）, 90 cases in each one. In observation group, body acupuncture was applied on Ahshi points of lumbar region, lumbar Jiájǐ （夹脊EX-B 2）, Dàchángshú（大肠俞 BL 25）, etc. and wrist-ankle acupuncture was applied on lower No. 4, 5 and 6 regions. In control group, simple body acupuncture was applied on the same points as observation group. Results The lumbar vertebral function and pain scale were improved in either group in comparison before and after treatment （P〈0.05）. Concerning pain improvement, the total effective rate was 95.6% in observation group, which was superior to that （86.7%） in control group （P〈0.05）. Concerning the improvement of lumbar vertebral function, the total effective rate was 90.0% in observation group and 93.3% in control group, without significant difference between two groups （P〉0.05）. Conclusion Combined therapy of body acupuncture and wrist-ankle acupuncture demonstrates apparent analgesia in prolapse of lumbar intervertebral disc.

药物临床试验中违背方案事件类型分析

目的 促进药物临床试验质量的提升。方法 提取医院药物临床试验伦理委员会2019年5月至2023年5月接收的药物临床试验违背方案报告,分析违背方案事件的类型、责任主体、发生时间、产生的影响,并比较国内外申办项目违背方案事件的发生情况。结果 共纳入违背方案报告304份,涉及违背方案事件1 087例次,以受试者筛选入组及方案执行(597例次,54.92%),未按方案用药(305例次,28.06%),试验用药品管理(82例次,7.54%)违背方案事件发生较多,且主要发生于Ⅱ期及Ⅲ期药物临床试验阶段;责任主体主要为受试者(544例次,50.05%)和研究者(344例次,31.65%);产生影响的违背方案事件发生率较低,其中影响受试者安全15例次(1.38%),影响受试者权益和显著影响研究结果均为9例次(0.83%);共涉及108个申办项目,其中国内申办项目较多(97项),国外申办项目中发生知情同意签署、生物样本管理、受试者筛选入组及方案执行的违背方案事件数量均显著少于国内申办项目(P <0.05)。结论 建议机构及申办方加强对研究者《药物临床试验质量管理规范》和试验方案设计的培训,医院药物临床试验伦理委员会需加强对违背方案的监管,从而减少试验过程中违背方案事件的发生,保障受试者的安全和权益,提高药物临床试验质量。

基于拓扑优化和链路感知的无线体域网路由协议

为解决无线体域网(Wireless Body Area Networks,WBAN)在人体运动过程中网络拓扑结构频繁变化导致链路质量和WBAN性能下降等问题,首先根据人体结构对WBAN网络拓扑进行优化,通过添加中继节点建立WBAN主干网,提供节点和hub之间相对稳定的链接,然后提出了适用于WBAN拓扑优化后的路由策略(Routing Protocol Based on Topology Optimization and Link Awareness,R-TOLA)。R-TOLA综合了链路质量感知和代价函数,通过调整主干网中继和节点中继获得最优化路径。仿真实验表明,基于拓扑结构优化和链路感知的R-TOLA协议和其他路由协议相比,在人体拓扑网络结构频繁变化的环境下具有网络生存时间更长、吞吐量更大等优势。

比较卵泡期长效长方案和拮抗剂方案在不孕伴肥胖人群中的应用效果

目的探究卵泡期长效长方案和拮抗剂方案在不孕伴肥胖人群中的新鲜周期妊娠结局。方法回顾性分析2021年1月至2022年12月期间在西北妇女儿童医院行IVF/ICSI助孕且体质量指数(BMI)≥30 kg/m^(2)的患者资料,根据促排卵方案的不同分为卵泡期长效长方案组(n=170)及拮抗剂方案组(n=374),比较两组间的基本资料、促排卵情况以及新鲜周期移植后的临床妊娠结局,并对影响妊娠结局的主要因素[年龄、BMI、是否合并多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)、促排卵方案等]行Logistic回归分析。结果与卵泡期长效长方案组比较,拮抗剂方案组的患者年龄大、原发不孕占比少、不孕年限时间短、基础卵泡刺激素(FSH)水平高、第1周期促排卵占比少、合并PCOS及胰岛素抵抗占比少、Gn使用天数短、获卵数少、可用胚胎数少以及卵巢过度刺激综合征(OHSS)发生率少,且差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组间BMI、窦卵泡数(AFC)、Ⅱ型糖尿病比、总Gn剂量、HCG日雌二醇(E_(2))和孕酮(P)水平及内膜厚度、优质胚胎数、无可移植胚胎率、新鲜周期的移植胚胎个数及移植囊胚占比均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。两组间的新鲜周期移植妊娠结局及新生儿结局也均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。在校正了年龄、BMI、合并PCOS等相关混杂因素后,Logistic回归分析显示,年龄是活产率的独立影响因素(P<0.05),不同促排卵方案不影响患者新鲜周期活产率、妊娠期糖尿病及妊娠期高血压疾病的发生率。结论不孕症伴肥胖患者采用卵泡期长效长方案和拮抗剂方案可获得相似的新鲜周期移植临床妊娠结局;拮抗剂方案可减少患者Gn使用时间,是不孕症伴肥胖患者可优先选择的方案。但考虑肥胖患者妊娠后围产期不良事件风险增高,临床工作中对于行IVF/ICSI治疗的患者仍应重视控制BMI。

一种新型汽车车身低端通讯总线LIN

LIN总线是一种新型低成本汽车车身网络低端通讯总线。介绍了LIN总线的基本特点和协议的主要内容。指出,LIN总线使用串行通讯协议,可以有效地支持汽车上分布式机械电子节点的控制,LIN总线的通讯是由报文帧的格式形成和控制的。并给出了LIN总线在车身电子控制中的应用和发展前景。

车身舒适系统总线协议研究

文中根据车身舒适系统的低成本、高可靠性和可扩展性等要求,对其总线拓扑及协议进行研究。首先,提出了基于CAN2.0A的舒适系统总线协议,设计了总线物理层、数据链路层、应用层和网络管理层协议,并采用点对点和广播寻址相结合的寻址方式以减轻低成本MCU报文接收滤波的负荷。接着分析了分组传输、网络生命周期管理和网络监控等关键技术的实现方案。最后,在车身舒适系统样机上进行初步试验,验证了所设计总线协议的可行性。

多刚体动力学的STEP描述及其映射研究

基于STEP(产品数据表达和交换)国际标准,提出了一种具有构件、约束、力和运动激励等多个要素的多刚体动力学模型,以应用协议AP105为基础制定了关于多刚体中力和约束等方面的应用协议,并对EXPRESS向C++的映射规则进行了分析,从而为STEP模型的实现提供了一种有效的解决方法.

一种端到端的医疗无线体域网轻量认证协议

在医疗无线体域网信息传输中,基于生物特征和可信第三方公钥基础设施等认证机制存在身份漏报、误报和部署成本高的缺陷。为此,在分析医疗无线体域网认证机制的安全及性能需求的基础上,将椭圆曲线密码体制加密与签名算法引入现有基于挑战应答的轻量认证协议,基于体验、性能、安全和成本的均衡考虑,提出一种端到端的轻量认证协议。理论证明和实验结果表明,该协议具备端到端、轻量、互认证、不可链接和低成本等优势,是一种优选的医疗无线体域网备选认证协议。

应用直接节段多频生物电阻抗分析方法评价血液透析患者全身容量负荷变化的准确性

目的探讨运用直接节段多频生物电阻抗分析方法(direct segmental multi-frequency bioimpedance analysis:DSM-BIA)评估维持性血液透析患者全身容量负荷变化的准确性。方法应用DSM-BIA测量患者单次血液透析前全身总水量(Total body water by DSM-BIA before hemodialysis:TBWDSM-pre)及透析后全身总水量(Total body water by DSM-BIA after hemodialysis:⊿TBWDSM-post);同时应用以整体踝腕法为基础的人体构成频谱方程(body composition spectroscopy equations:BCSE)来计算透析前TBW(⊿TBWBCSE-pre)、透析后TBW(⊿TBWBCSE-post);将透析前后实际体质量的变化值当做实际脱水量(actualul trafiltration volume:AUV);分别将DSM-BIA、BCSE2种方法所得透析前后TBW的差值与AUV比较。结果由DSM-BIA测量透析前后体质量的变化与AUV有统计学差异(2.32±1.1与2.65±1.04L,t=2.962,P<0.01)。DSM-BIA测得透析前后TBW的差值与AUV有较好的一致性,虽然会低估AUV(-0.3±1.4L),不过相较于BCSE(-0.65±1.65L),DSM-BIA对AUV的评估更加准确。结论与BCSE方法相比,DSM-BIA可以更准确反应维持性血液透析患者的全身容量负荷的变化。

一种用于人体脉搏的信号采集系统

根据人体脉搏信号特征，提出了一种脉搏采集方案。该方案的系统总体结构由PVDP型脉搏传感器及其信号放大电路、AD574转换芯片和接口、以及脉搏信号数字处理计算机等构成。并介绍了PVDP传感器结构及其电源电路、AD574芯片特性和增强型并口协议（EPP）。讨论了脉搏数字处理时，为消除噪声干扰所采用的移动平均滤波器和为消除随机干扰所采用的LMS自适应滤波器的软件实施过程和处理效果。

基于模型检测的无线体域网安全协议形式化验证

在研究无线体域网(WBAN)安全属性的基础上,为了对无线体域网安全协议进行安全分析,保证协议设计之初的安全性,提出并实现了一种基于模型检测的无线体域网安全协议形式化分析和验证方法.基于模型检测工具PAT研究建模语言CSP#及其扩展方法,提出一种支持网络节点可移动的抽象建模数据结构,便于对WBAN协议的形式化建模;根据Dolev-Yao模型,结合WBAN节点位置的可移动性,建立攻击者抽象模型.以Chitra等提出的基于双天线的WBAN安全协议为例,在PAT工具中应用笔者提出的方法对其进行建模并加以分析验证,体现了方法的实用性.

纯电动车车身控制CANopen协议设计

针对纯电动汽车车身控制系统,提出其应用层CANopen协议的设计方案。分析车身控制系统中各电子控制单元的功能。根据CANopen协议要求,设计各电子控制单元的网络管理报文对象、过程数据对象、服务数据对象、特殊功能对象。通过CANoe软件及其组件CANoe.CANopen建立纯电动汽车车身控制CANopen网络仿真平台,采用CAPL语言编写程序模拟真实节点功能,运用Panel Editor软件编辑控制面板。仿真结果表明,CANopen协议可以满足纯电动汽车车身控制系统的控制需求。

无线体域网中基于时隙滑动窗口的概率路由协议

无线体域网(Wireless Body Area Network,WBAN)不仅应用于医疗保健领域,而且在特殊人群监护、运动、娱乐以及军事等领域也有着巨大的应用价值,然而WBAN技术自身的特点将严重影响数据传输的可靠性,如何设计一个可靠的路由协议成为一个具有挑战性的工作。基于时隙滑动窗口提出了一种概率路由协议,提高了数据包传递的可靠性并减少了网络延迟。在VS2012上用C#语言对该路由算法进行实现,结果证明,在概率路由协议中加入时隙滑动窗口确实能够提高网络的可靠性。

基于负载平衡的井下无线躯体传感网络

为了在井下异常状况下,地面关闭动力电源后,实现与井下及时联系,将无线躯体传感网络技术应用于井下人员的搜救系统中,可在煤矿井下发生安全事故后,仍能及时准确地获知井下作业人员的位置信息和健康信息,进而提升井下搜救水平。在无线传输模式下,考虑井下会出现由移动节点组成的移动子网,保持子网的网络畅通是一个关键问题,同时无线躯体传感节点采用电池供电,在井下发生异常时电池剩余电量是未知的,因此在信息传输时保持负载均衡是十分必要的。针对这些问题的有效的解决方法并进行了仿真验证。

客车车身CAN总线网络通讯协议的制定与实现

控制局域网CAN(ControllerAreaNetwork)是20世纪80年代初德国Bosch公司为解决众多的控制设备和测试仪器之间的数据交换而开发的一种串行数据通讯协议。本文介绍了一种客车车身CAN总线网络控制系统,通过研究CAN2.0B规范,制定了符合该系统的通讯协议,并阐述了通讯软件的设计方案。

基于能量收集和链路感知的无线体域网路由协议研究

为了提高无线体域网的能效和数据传输可靠性,提出一种基于能量收集和链路感知的无线体域网路由协议(EHLA)。针对传感器能量匮乏且电池不易更换等问题,引入能量收集技术为传感器补充能量。通过分析网络的能耗和信道特性,建立由剩余能量、链路质量和节点间距离所组成的多目标成本优化模型。最终根据EHLA路由协议得到最佳的下一跳转发节点和到Sink节点的最优路径。仿真分析表明,与现有EVEN和ELR-W协议相比,该协议有效地增加了网络寿命和数据传输可靠性。