The green high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation techniques of integrated management of water and fertilizer for maize under mulch drip irrigation are described from the aspects of high yield target of maize and i...The green high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation techniques of integrated management of water and fertilizer for maize under mulch drip irrigation are described from the aspects of high yield target of maize and its component factor indexes,pre-sowing preparation,sowing,post-sowing management,field management at the seedling stage,integrated management of water and fertilizer for target yield of maize,rational application of micro-fertilizer,comprehensive prevention and control of diseases and pests,timely harvest,etc.,in order to provide a reference for agricultural technicians,maize farmers and maize industry development in northern Xinjiang.展开更多
The excessive nitrogen （N） fertilizer input coupled with flood irrigation might result in higher N leaching and lower nitrogen recovery efficiency （NRE）. Under an intensive rice system in the Ningxia irrigation re...The excessive nitrogen （N） fertilizer input coupled with flood irrigation might result in higher N leaching and lower nitrogen recovery efficiency （NRE）. Under an intensive rice system in the Ningxia irrigation region, China, environmental friendly N management practices are hreavily needed to balance the amount of N input for optimum crop production while minimize the nitrogen loss. The objective of this study was to determine the influences of side-dressing （SD） technique in mechanical transplanting systems on the NRE, N leaching losses and rice yield in anthropogenic-alluvial soil during two rice growing seasons （2010-2011）. Four fertilizer N treatments were established, including conventional urea rate （CU, 300 kg ha-1 yr-1）; higher SD of controlled-release N fertilizer rate （SD1,176 kg ha-1 yr-1）; lower SD of controlled-release N fertilizer rate （SD2, 125 kg ha-1 yr-1）; and control （CK, no N fertilizer）. Field lysimeters were used to quantify drainage from undisturbed soil during six rice growing stages. Meanwhile, the temporal variations of total nitrigen （TN）, NO3--N, and NH4＋-N concentrations in percolation water were examined. The results showed that SD1 substantially improved NRE and reduced N leaching losses while maintaining rice yields. Across two years, the averaged NRE under SD1 treatment increased by 25.5% as relative to CU, but yet the rice yield was similar between two treatments. On average, the nitrogen loss defined as TN, NH4＋-N, and NO3--N under the SD1 treatment reduced by 27.4, 37.2 and 24.1%, respectively, when compared with CU during the study periods. Although the SD2 treatment could further reduce N leaching loss to some extent, this technique would sharply decline rice yield, with the magnitude of as high as 21.0% relative to CU treatment. Additionally, the average NRE under SD2 was 11.2% lower than that under SD1 treatment. Overall, the present study concluded that the SO technique is an effective strategy to reduce N leaching and increase NRE, thus potentially mitigate local environmental threat. We propose SD1 as a novel alternative fertilizer technique under an irrigated rice-based system in Ningxia irrigation region when higher yields are under consideration.展开更多
Water availability is a major constraint on grain production in China, therefore, improving irrigation efficiency is particularly important when agriculture faces extreme weather events. This paper first calculates ir...Water availability is a major constraint on grain production in China, therefore, improving irrigation efficiency is particularly important when agriculture faces extreme weather events. This paper first calculates irrigation efficiency with a translog stochastic frontier production function and then investigates what happens when extreme weather events occur via a Tobit model. The estimated results reveal several important features of irrigation practices: i) irrigation efficiency is lower when extreme weather events occur; ii) large variations in irrigation efficiency occur across irrigation facilities; iii) the farm plots exhibit an extreme distribution across efficiency levels; and iv) water-saving techniques, technology adoption, and the maintenance of farmers’ economic resilience are major determinants of irrigation efficiency. Based on these results we propose the following recommendations: i) farmers should balance crop yield and water use; undertake relevant training programs and adopt water-saving techniques; ii) local governments and researchers should help farmers to find the optimal level of irrigation water use based on their own circumstances and provide better water-saving techniques and training programs rather than simply encouraging farmers to invest in irrigation facilities in the most extreme weather years; and iii) the income level of farm households should be increased so as to improve their resilience to natural disasters.展开更多
Development of irrigation infrastructure and its efficient management is the primary concern for sustainable food production. The assessment of irrigation infrastructure creation, its utilization, diagnostic evaluatio...Development of irrigation infrastructure and its efficient management is the primary concern for sustainable food production. The assessment of irrigation infrastructure creation, its utilization, diagnostic evaluation of the various performance indices (monitoring) are important to measure the efficiency. Benchmarking of Irrigation Systems (BIS) is for the diagnostic analysis of irrigation performance indicators comprising of Irrigation Infrastructure System (IIS), Agricultural System (AS), Water Delivery Dynamics (WDD). Since, the performance of an irrigation command varies with space and time, utilization of spatial information technologies viz. Remote Sensing (RS), Geographical Information Systems (GIS), Global Positioning Systems (GPS) useful to provide spatial information on several indices in the process of benchmarking (BM). Information requirements for BIS at different stages, utilization of spatial information technologies to derive irrigation performance indicators was discussed with suitable examples and demonstrated in this study. The studies carried out indicates that the geospatial approach for BIS enabled the improvements in data collection methods, diagnostic analysis, spatio-temporal visualisation of BM indicators at disaggregated canal level which would be useful for decision support during the corrective management measures. The conjunctive use of multi-date (medium resolution) satellite data, high spatial resolution data, field data on water deliveries was found to be an alternative to the conventional non-spatial approaches for BIS and thereby better water resources planning and management.展开更多
针对当前夏玉米生产中水氮投入不合理,缺少综合夏玉米产量、氮素利用及土壤硝态氮含量对水氮优化管理模式评价的问题,运用层次分析法、熵权法、博弈论组合赋权计算各指标权重,使用TOPSIS法建立模型对水氮减量方案进行综合评价,为关中平...针对当前夏玉米生产中水氮投入不合理,缺少综合夏玉米产量、氮素利用及土壤硝态氮含量对水氮优化管理模式评价的问题,运用层次分析法、熵权法、博弈论组合赋权计算各指标权重,使用TOPSIS法建立模型对水氮减量方案进行综合评价,为关中平原夏玉米节水节肥环保增效的生产模式提供理论依据。于2018—2020年在陕西杨凌开展水、氮二因素裂区田间试验。设置3个灌溉处理,以传统灌水量(800 m^(3)hm^(–2),W2)为对照、在此基础上减50%(400m^(3)hm^(–2),W1)和减100%(0 m^(3)hm^(–2),W0)。每个灌溉量下设5个施氮梯度,以传统施氮量(300 kg hm^(–2),N300)为对照、在此基础上减25%(225 kg hm^(–2),N225)、减50%(150 kg hm^(–2),N150)、减75%(75 kg hm^(–2),N75)和减100%(0)。分析不同水氮减量处理夏玉米产量、氮素利用及土壤硝态氮含量,使用TOPSIS法建模选优。与对照W2N300相比,W1N225增产效果最明显,增产率为5.4%,W2N225、W2N150、W1N150也表现出明显的增产效应,增产率分别为2.4%、0.7%、0.3%。W1N225、W1N150可以显著提高氮肥农学效率、氮肥回收效率、氮肥偏生产力,2018年NAE、NRE、NPFP分别比传统模式提高29.7%、16.2%、24.5%,36.5%、25.4%、28.8%;2019年分别提高53.4%、36.7%、32.8%,46.5%、35.2%、47.4%;2020年分别提高43.6%、37.3%、48.0%,66.9%、43.1%、54.5%。W1N225、W1N150土壤硝态氮残留量比传统水氮管理模式减少28.6%、53.8%。使用TOPSIS法进行综合评价,发现氮肥减量25%~50%、灌水减少50%时各指标评价值最高,水氮减量(中水中肥)优于高水高肥,高水高肥优于低水低肥,高水低肥优于低水高肥。通过TOPSIS法模拟寻优得出灌水量为W1 (400 m^(3)hm^(–2))施氮量为200 kg hm^(–2)时综合评价值最优。因此,在关中平原灌溉区,灌水减量50%(400 m^(3)hm^(–2))、施氮减少33.3%(200 kg hm^(–2))可以实现关中平原夏玉米生产节水减肥环保增效的目标。展开更多
Rural domestic reclaimed water(RDRW)is rural domestic sewage that being safely treated,the irrigation and reuse of RDRW are an effective way to alleviate the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources ...Rural domestic reclaimed water(RDRW)is rural domestic sewage that being safely treated,the irrigation and reuse of RDRW are an effective way to alleviate the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources in South China.In this study,four kinds of irrigation water sources(primary and secondary treated water R1 and R2,purified water R3 and river water CK)and three kinds of water level regulations(low,medium,and high field water level control of W1,W2 and W3)were set to study the impact of RDRW on soil and crop safety,water and nitrogen utilization and biodiversity for establishing the regulation mechanism of RDRW irrigation with field experiment,and monitoring was carried out in RDRW irrigation demonstration area to assess the effectiveness of RDRW.The results showed that,under RDRW irrigation,the contents of Cd and Pb increased slightly,while the contents of Cr,Cu and Zn decreased in paddy soil.The heavy metals content decreased along the direction of stem,leaf and grain in rice plants,but did not increase significantly in rice grains.With the increase of field water level,pharmaceutical and personal care products(PPCPs)content in 60-80 cm soil layer was accumulated,and the PPCPs content in rice husks was higher than that in grains,but it was at a very low level.Compared to CK,RDRW irrigation can effectively increase rice yield,rainwater use efficiency(RUE)and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)by 5.4%-7.6%,6.7%-9.4%and 21.7%-24.2%,respectively,and the species diversity,community diversity and richness in rice fields were improved.Additionally,water level regulation of W3 with R2 water resource irrigation was conducive to the exertion of comprehensive benefits.The monitoring of demonstration area showed that the consumption of fresh water was reduced by 530 mm,yield was increased by 9.6%,and the soil and crop were both safety.Short-term irrigation of RDRW did not cause soil and crops pollution,however,it is still necessary to track and monitor the effect of the system on soil,crop,and underground water with long-term reclaimed water irrigation.展开更多
文摘The green high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation techniques of integrated management of water and fertilizer for maize under mulch drip irrigation are described from the aspects of high yield target of maize and its component factor indexes,pre-sowing preparation,sowing,post-sowing management,field management at the seedling stage,integrated management of water and fertilizer for target yield of maize,rational application of micro-fertilizer,comprehensive prevention and control of diseases and pests,timely harvest,etc.,in order to provide a reference for agricultural technicians,maize farmers and maize industry development in northern Xinjiang.
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project of China (2014ZX07201009)the Special Foundation for Basic Scientific Research of Central Public Welfare Institute of China (BSRF201306)the Sustainable Agricultural Technique Research and Development Project Phase II between China and Japan
文摘The excessive nitrogen （N） fertilizer input coupled with flood irrigation might result in higher N leaching and lower nitrogen recovery efficiency （NRE）. Under an intensive rice system in the Ningxia irrigation region, China, environmental friendly N management practices are hreavily needed to balance the amount of N input for optimum crop production while minimize the nitrogen loss. The objective of this study was to determine the influences of side-dressing （SD） technique in mechanical transplanting systems on the NRE, N leaching losses and rice yield in anthropogenic-alluvial soil during two rice growing seasons （2010-2011）. Four fertilizer N treatments were established, including conventional urea rate （CU, 300 kg ha-1 yr-1）; higher SD of controlled-release N fertilizer rate （SD1,176 kg ha-1 yr-1）; lower SD of controlled-release N fertilizer rate （SD2, 125 kg ha-1 yr-1）; and control （CK, no N fertilizer）. Field lysimeters were used to quantify drainage from undisturbed soil during six rice growing stages. Meanwhile, the temporal variations of total nitrigen （TN）, NO3--N, and NH4＋-N concentrations in percolation water were examined. The results showed that SD1 substantially improved NRE and reduced N leaching losses while maintaining rice yields. Across two years, the averaged NRE under SD1 treatment increased by 25.5% as relative to CU, but yet the rice yield was similar between two treatments. On average, the nitrogen loss defined as TN, NH4＋-N, and NO3--N under the SD1 treatment reduced by 27.4, 37.2 and 24.1%, respectively, when compared with CU during the study periods. Although the SD2 treatment could further reduce N leaching loss to some extent, this technique would sharply decline rice yield, with the magnitude of as high as 21.0% relative to CU treatment. Additionally, the average NRE under SD2 was 11.2% lower than that under SD1 treatment. Overall, the present study concluded that the SO technique is an effective strategy to reduce N leaching and increase NRE, thus potentially mitigate local environmental threat. We propose SD1 as a novel alternative fertilizer technique under an irrigated rice-based system in Ningxia irrigation region when higher yields are under consideration.
基金supported by the State Social Science Funds of China (14BGL093)the Specialized Research Fund for the Jointed Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (20124105110006)the International Development Research Center (107093-001)
文摘Water availability is a major constraint on grain production in China, therefore, improving irrigation efficiency is particularly important when agriculture faces extreme weather events. This paper first calculates irrigation efficiency with a translog stochastic frontier production function and then investigates what happens when extreme weather events occur via a Tobit model. The estimated results reveal several important features of irrigation practices: i) irrigation efficiency is lower when extreme weather events occur; ii) large variations in irrigation efficiency occur across irrigation facilities; iii) the farm plots exhibit an extreme distribution across efficiency levels; and iv) water-saving techniques, technology adoption, and the maintenance of farmers’ economic resilience are major determinants of irrigation efficiency. Based on these results we propose the following recommendations: i) farmers should balance crop yield and water use; undertake relevant training programs and adopt water-saving techniques; ii) local governments and researchers should help farmers to find the optimal level of irrigation water use based on their own circumstances and provide better water-saving techniques and training programs rather than simply encouraging farmers to invest in irrigation facilities in the most extreme weather years; and iii) the income level of farm households should be increased so as to improve their resilience to natural disasters.
文摘Development of irrigation infrastructure and its efficient management is the primary concern for sustainable food production. The assessment of irrigation infrastructure creation, its utilization, diagnostic evaluation of the various performance indices (monitoring) are important to measure the efficiency. Benchmarking of Irrigation Systems (BIS) is for the diagnostic analysis of irrigation performance indicators comprising of Irrigation Infrastructure System (IIS), Agricultural System (AS), Water Delivery Dynamics (WDD). Since, the performance of an irrigation command varies with space and time, utilization of spatial information technologies viz. Remote Sensing (RS), Geographical Information Systems (GIS), Global Positioning Systems (GPS) useful to provide spatial information on several indices in the process of benchmarking (BM). Information requirements for BIS at different stages, utilization of spatial information technologies to derive irrigation performance indicators was discussed with suitable examples and demonstrated in this study. The studies carried out indicates that the geospatial approach for BIS enabled the improvements in data collection methods, diagnostic analysis, spatio-temporal visualisation of BM indicators at disaggregated canal level which would be useful for decision support during the corrective management measures. The conjunctive use of multi-date (medium resolution) satellite data, high spatial resolution data, field data on water deliveries was found to be an alternative to the conventional non-spatial approaches for BIS and thereby better water resources planning and management.
文摘针对当前夏玉米生产中水氮投入不合理,缺少综合夏玉米产量、氮素利用及土壤硝态氮含量对水氮优化管理模式评价的问题,运用层次分析法、熵权法、博弈论组合赋权计算各指标权重,使用TOPSIS法建立模型对水氮减量方案进行综合评价,为关中平原夏玉米节水节肥环保增效的生产模式提供理论依据。于2018—2020年在陕西杨凌开展水、氮二因素裂区田间试验。设置3个灌溉处理,以传统灌水量(800 m^(3)hm^(–2),W2)为对照、在此基础上减50%(400m^(3)hm^(–2),W1)和减100%(0 m^(3)hm^(–2),W0)。每个灌溉量下设5个施氮梯度,以传统施氮量(300 kg hm^(–2),N300)为对照、在此基础上减25%(225 kg hm^(–2),N225)、减50%(150 kg hm^(–2),N150)、减75%(75 kg hm^(–2),N75)和减100%(0)。分析不同水氮减量处理夏玉米产量、氮素利用及土壤硝态氮含量,使用TOPSIS法建模选优。与对照W2N300相比,W1N225增产效果最明显,增产率为5.4%,W2N225、W2N150、W1N150也表现出明显的增产效应,增产率分别为2.4%、0.7%、0.3%。W1N225、W1N150可以显著提高氮肥农学效率、氮肥回收效率、氮肥偏生产力,2018年NAE、NRE、NPFP分别比传统模式提高29.7%、16.2%、24.5%,36.5%、25.4%、28.8%;2019年分别提高53.4%、36.7%、32.8%,46.5%、35.2%、47.4%;2020年分别提高43.6%、37.3%、48.0%,66.9%、43.1%、54.5%。W1N225、W1N150土壤硝态氮残留量比传统水氮管理模式减少28.6%、53.8%。使用TOPSIS法进行综合评价,发现氮肥减量25%~50%、灌水减少50%时各指标评价值最高,水氮减量(中水中肥)优于高水高肥,高水高肥优于低水低肥,高水低肥优于低水高肥。通过TOPSIS法模拟寻优得出灌水量为W1 (400 m^(3)hm^(–2))施氮量为200 kg hm^(–2)时综合评价值最优。因此,在关中平原灌溉区,灌水减量50%(400 m^(3)hm^(–2))、施氮减少33.3%(200 kg hm^(–2))可以实现关中平原夏玉米生产节水减肥环保增效的目标。
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program(2019YFC0408803)Basic Public Welfare Research Project of Zhejiang Province(LGN20E090001)and Water conservancy science and technology in Zhejiang Province(RC1918,RC2029).
文摘Rural domestic reclaimed water(RDRW)is rural domestic sewage that being safely treated,the irrigation and reuse of RDRW are an effective way to alleviate the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources in South China.In this study,four kinds of irrigation water sources(primary and secondary treated water R1 and R2,purified water R3 and river water CK)and three kinds of water level regulations(low,medium,and high field water level control of W1,W2 and W3)were set to study the impact of RDRW on soil and crop safety,water and nitrogen utilization and biodiversity for establishing the regulation mechanism of RDRW irrigation with field experiment,and monitoring was carried out in RDRW irrigation demonstration area to assess the effectiveness of RDRW.The results showed that,under RDRW irrigation,the contents of Cd and Pb increased slightly,while the contents of Cr,Cu and Zn decreased in paddy soil.The heavy metals content decreased along the direction of stem,leaf and grain in rice plants,but did not increase significantly in rice grains.With the increase of field water level,pharmaceutical and personal care products(PPCPs)content in 60-80 cm soil layer was accumulated,and the PPCPs content in rice husks was higher than that in grains,but it was at a very low level.Compared to CK,RDRW irrigation can effectively increase rice yield,rainwater use efficiency(RUE)and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)by 5.4%-7.6%,6.7%-9.4%and 21.7%-24.2%,respectively,and the species diversity,community diversity and richness in rice fields were improved.Additionally,water level regulation of W3 with R2 water resource irrigation was conducive to the exertion of comprehensive benefits.The monitoring of demonstration area showed that the consumption of fresh water was reduced by 530 mm,yield was increased by 9.6%,and the soil and crop were both safety.Short-term irrigation of RDRW did not cause soil and crops pollution,however,it is still necessary to track and monitor the effect of the system on soil,crop,and underground water with long-term reclaimed water irrigation.
