Numerical modeling of the 2D time-domain transient electromagnetic secondary field of the line source of the current excitation

To effectively minimize the electromagnetic field response in the total field solution, we propose a numerical modeling method for the two-dimensional （2D） time- domain transient electromagnetic secondary field of the line source based on the DuFort- Frankel finite-difference method. In the proposed method, we included the treatment of the earth-air boundary conductivity, calculated the normalized partial derivative of the induced electromotive force （Emf）, and determined the forward time step. By extending upward the earth-air interface to the air grid nodes and the zero-value boundary conditions, not only we have a method that is more efficient but also simpler than the total field solution. We computed and analyzed the homogeneous half-space model and the fiat layered model with high precision--the maximum relative error is less than 0.01% between our method and the analytical method--and the solution speed is roughly three times faster than the total-field solution. Lastly, we used the model of a thin body embedded in a homogeneous half-space at different delay times to depict the downward and upward spreading characteristics of the induced eddy current, and the physical interaction processes between the electromagnetic field and the underground low-resistivity body.

A study on the discrete image method for calculation of transient electromagnetic fields in geological media

We conducted a study on the numerical calculation and response analysis of a transient electromagnetic field generated by a ground source in geological media. One solution method, the traditional discrete image method, involves complex operation, and its digital filtering algorithm requires a large number of calculations. To solve these problems, we proposed an improved discrete image method, where the following are realized： the real number of the electromagnetic field solution based on the Gaver-Stehfest algorithm for approximate inversion, the exponential approximation of the objective kernel function using the Prony method, the transient electromagnetic field according to discrete image theory, and closed-form solution of the approximate coefficients. To verify the method, we tentatively calculated the transient electromagnetic field in a homogeneous model and compared it with the results obtained from the Hankel transform digital filtering method. The results show that the method has considerable accuracy and good applicability. We then used this method to calculate the transient electromagnetic field generated by a ground magnetic dipole source in a typical geoelectric model and analyzed the horizontal component response of the induced magnetic field obtained from the ＂ground excitation-stratum measurement method. We reached the conclusion that the horizontal component response of a transient field is related to the geoelectric structure, observation time, spatial location, and others. The horizontal component response of the induced magnetic field reflects the eddy current field distribution and its vertical gradient variation. During the detection of abnormal objects, positions with a zero or comparatively large offset were selected for the drill- hole measurements or a comparatively long observation delay was adopted to reduce the influence of the ambient field on the survey results. The discrete image method and forward calculation results in this paper can be used as references for relevant research.

Application of Transient Electromagnetic Method with Multi-Radiation Field Sources in Deep Edge Mineral Resources Exploration

In recent years,in order to meet the practical needs of deep edge mine detection with large depth and high precision,transient electromagnetic method(TEM)near emission source detection mode has become an international advanced method(Xue et al.,2020).

Numerical analysis of multicomponent responses of surface-hole transient electromagnetic method

We calculate the multicomponent responses of surface-hole transient electromagnetic method. The methods and models are unsuitable as geoelectric models of conductive surrounding rocks because they are based on regular local targets. We also propose a calculation and analysis scheme based on numerical simulations of the subsurface transient electromagnetic fields. In the modeling of the electromagnetic fields, the forward modeling simulations are performed by using the finite-difference time-domain method and the discrete image method, which combines the Gaver–Stehfest inverse Laplace transform with the Prony method to solve the initial electromagnetic fields. The precision in the iterative computations is ensured by using the transmission boundary conditions. For the response analysis, we customize geoelectric models consisting of near-borehole targets and conductive wall rocks and implement forward modeling simulations. The observed electric fields are converted into induced electromotive force responses using multicomponent observation devices. By comparing the transient electric fields and multicomponent responses under different conditions, we suggest that the multicomponent-induced electromotive force responses are related to the horizontal and vertical gradient variations of the transient electric field at different times. The characteristics of the response are determined by the varying the subsurface transient electromagnetic fields, i.e., diffusion, attenuation and distortion, under different conditions as well as the electromagnetic fields at the observation positions. The calculation and analysis scheme of the response consider the surrounding rocks and the anomalous field of the local targets. It therefore can account for the geological data better than conventional transient field response analysis of local targets.

Determination of the Electromagnetic Field Created by Line Current and Sheet Current Source at the Earth’s Surface

The electromagnetic field that generated by line current and sheet current at the surface of the earth can be expressed in analytical form. The line current created at the earth’s surface by an infinitely long line current is given by the inverse Fourier integrals over a horizontal wave number. The sheet current can be obtained by integrating the line current expansions using a Neumann and Struve functions;these functions have known mathematical properties, including the series expansions. The series expansions are exact with neglecting the displacement currents. Assuming a uniform earth and that there is no propagation, the three nonzero field components can be expressed in terms of the Neumann and Struve functions. The integrals of line current expansions are calculated by using the numerical methods. The results represented graphically and illustrated by figures. Results can be used to evaluate numerical solutions of more complicated modeling algorithms.

Feasibility study of the transient electromagnetic method for chamber blasting misfire detection and recognition

In this paper,transient electromagnetic method was used to carry out the feasibility study on the detection and recognition of chamber blasting misfire.Firstly,an electromagnetic background field was established in the test;secondly,a benign conductor was preset in the chamber,and then the background field was eliminated after the electromagnetic field was measured;thirdly,the transient electromagnetic field was measured again after blasting;at last,the chamber blasting misfire was detected and recognized by comparing the change of eddy current field of the preset benign conductor before and after blasting.The test results showed that:When the buried depth of aluminum box target was no more than 30 m,transient electromagnetic method can clearly identify the position of the aluminum box;when the buried depth of aluminum box was more than30 m,the buried depth and position of the aluminum box was not sure due to the unknown level of secondary eddy current field generated by aluminum box.

Study on Electromagnetic Force and Vibration of Turbogenerator End Windings under Impact Load(Ⅰ): Analysis of Electromagnetic Force of End Windings under Impact Load

In this paper, the boundary value problem (BVP) of 3 D transient eddy current field in the end region in the case that the generator is affected by impact load is specified. Besides, ways to implement discrete methods in both time domain and space domain during the solution of the problem are investigated. The Crank Nicolson scheme is utilized to attain the iterative format of time differential, after taking factors that can ensure both computation precision and stability into consideration. In this paper, the magnetic distribution in the end region of a turbogenerator in the case that the generator is affected by impact load is specified. As a result, it provides foundation for further study of electromagnetic force and electromagnetic vibration in the end region of the turbogenerator.

Nonlinear Switching Transient Field Simulation of Cable Joint without Residual Charge

The analysis of the impulse voltage on the internal electric field of the cable joint plays a key role in studying the breakdown of the joint. Based on the finite element method, a three-dimensional electromagnetic field simulation model of the cable joint is established in this paper. Simulation results show that the voltage at the head of the cable joint reaches about twice the impulse voltage. The increase of the conductivity of semi-conductive material also leads to the increase of electric field intensity. Then, several points and curves at different positions are selected for further analysis in this paper. Among them, the electric field distortion at the edge of the high voltage shield is the most serious and the electric field in the air gap is the least.

基于销盘载流摩擦平台的电磁发射轨道表面防护

为避免电磁发射轨道表面转捩烧蚀损伤,对轨道表面防护工作进行了研究。首先,采用实验室自研的销盘试验机开展了极端工况载流摩擦实验;然后,利用COMSOL软件分析了实验过程瞬态温度场的特征;最后,考虑在盘试样表面采用耐高温的钼涂层,仿真对比了处理前后的温度场分布情况。研究表明:因失接触产生的高能电弧是影响滑动电接触瞬态温度场的主要因素之一,会对无处理的盘试样表面造成可达20μm深的烧蚀坑;进行钼涂层处理后的表面温度更高,处理前后的表面温差最高可达数百摄氏度,主要因为钼的热导率较低;在轨道表面处理选材时,要统筹考虑耐高温性能和导热性能。该研究成果对于延长轨道使用寿命具有重要意义。

全波形发射电流激发下地面瞬变电磁法磁场特征

在过去四十年,大部分关于瞬变电磁法的三维建模和反演研究都聚焦于磁场时间导数,而对于磁场数据研究并不多见.如今,随着超导量子干涉仪(SQUID)技术日益成熟,基于磁场数据的瞬变电磁法探测案例逐渐增多.基于矢量有限单元法,采用频谱法和时步法分别实现了适用于瞬变电磁法磁场数据的三维正演.以低阻覆盖层下的良导体和均匀半空间中板状良导体模型为例,研究了全波形发射电流激发的瞬变电磁法磁场及其时间导数特征,并探讨了二者对深部良导体的探测能力.正演计算结果表明:由于受发射电流全波形效应影响,晚延时磁场随目标体电导率增大而先增强、后减弱,然而即使不考虑全波形效应,磁场时间导数也呈现上述规律;在高阻和低阻围岩情形中,磁场比其时间导数对深部良导体反映更加灵敏,并且晚延时磁场比其时间导数更不易受地磁场背景噪声干扰,说明磁场比其时间导数更适合于深部良导体探测.需要注意的是,发射电流全波形效应降低了瞬变电磁法对深部良导体的识别能力,建议在瞬变电磁法对块状或脉状金属硫化物矿床探测时,尽量采用低基频发射电流波形.

钻孔瞬变电磁法接收线圈定向屏蔽物理模拟研究

钻孔瞬变电磁(BTEM)扫描探测方法可以利用巷道已有超前探查钻孔,通过旋转置于钻孔内收发线圈对孔壁外围隐蔽地质异常体进行扫描探测,因收发装置位于钻孔内,不仅避免了巷道内电气设备和金属物的电磁干扰,而且可以提高钻孔利用率,减少钻探工作量。然而,钻孔瞬变电磁法受全空间效应的影响,在扫描探测过程中,以收发线圈法线方向为探测方向接收异常体二次场信号的同时,还易受到其他方向信号的叠加干扰。若无法有效压制干扰信号,将直接影响对钻孔孔壁外围地质异常体的精确定位。利用屏蔽的方法,在接收线圈上安装屏蔽罩,尽可能保留线圈法线与屏蔽罩开口一致的探测方向的响应信号,而对其他方向的信号进行压制,从而实现钻孔孔壁径向一定范围内指向性探测。首先通过物理模拟实验探讨了不同匝数、尺寸的收发线圈对瞬变电磁场响应特征的影响,对适用于钻孔内的收发线圈参数进行组合优选。然后针对所要屏蔽的电磁波,选择不同种类的屏蔽材料,开展不同材料对不同方向电磁波的屏蔽效果实验。通过对比探测方向和其他方向的感应电动势,证实以泡沫镍制作的屏蔽罩能有效地压制非探测方向的干扰信号。通过实验分别对屏蔽罩的不同形状、磁导率等物性参数进行瞬变电磁场响应特征对比分析,并探讨屏蔽罩开口角度与定向屏蔽效果的关系,优化定向屏蔽罩参数,增强屏蔽效果。最后使用参数优化后的收发线圈和定向屏蔽装置进行钻孔瞬变电磁法径向断面扫描探测现场实验,采用基于混合分布的混沌量子粒子群和Levenberg-Marquarat及Occam组合算法的反演方法进行电阻率成像。研究表明:以泡沫镍为屏蔽材料,安装在接收线圈上的弧形屏蔽罩定向屏蔽效果较好,可以有效地压制钻孔瞬变电磁法扫描探测过程中非探测方向的信号干扰,且能较大程度的保留探测方向的异常响应信号,进而可以实现对钻孔孔壁外围隐蔽地质异常体的精确定位。

矿井瞬变电磁透视探测技术响应特征研究与应用

针对大采长/超宽工作面内部隐蔽地质异构体常规地球物理探测难的问题,揭示了对侧发射接收的瞬变电磁透视探测电磁响应机制。采用理论研究、数值模拟和实测数据分析相结合的研究方式,对瞬变电磁透视探测技术电磁场扩散特征、数据影响机制以及探测能力进行了详细研究,研究结果表明:受地空边界的影响,全空间长条形发射回线瞬态电磁场扩散与半空间电磁场扩散不同,全空间状态下感应电动势极值长期位于发射线圈中心位置,无法直接沿用地面“烟圈效应”进行处理解释;对侧发射接收的瞬变电磁透视早期数据主要受一次磁场的影响,具有较高的左右低阻异常分辨能力和探测能力,晚期数据与同侧发射接收数据产生机制相同,为发射线圈附近产生的二次场相互感应扩散形成,其分辨能力和探测能力相对较弱;相较于同侧发射接收的瞬变电磁法,对侧发射接收的瞬变电磁透视技术结合早晚期数据,可以很好的区分低阻异常体相对于发射线圈和接收点的空间位置;低阻异常体越靠近发射线圈,对侧接收的早期数据受到的影响越大,晚期数据影响时间段有所增加,但影响程度越小,越靠近接收点所在巷道,其影响特征相反,以此可以粗略判断低阻异常体沿工作面切向的位置。早晚期数据相结合的瞬变电磁透视探测技术,能更加精细地解译工作面内部及附近隐蔽突水地质异构体的空间信息。

半航空瞬变电磁探测敏感区域研究与影响因素分析

接地线源半航空瞬变电磁具有探测深度大、工作效率高、适用复杂地形的优点,得到广泛关注.然而,该方法的理论研究仍处于初步阶段,研究接收点信号与下方地质体关联性对半航空瞬变电磁数据正确解释至关重要.借鉴航空电磁中的footprint方法对上述问题展开研究.首先通过张量格林函数积分推导了地下离散电流单元对空中接收点二次磁场响应的贡献,分析了半航空瞬变电磁footprint时间-空间变化规律;之后,研究了飞行高度、偏移距对半航空瞬变电磁探测敏感区域的影响.研究结果表明有效探测区域的时变特征与地下感应电流场的扩散特性有关,并受接收点位置的影响;早期探测敏感区域主要集中在发射源正下方,随着感应电流场的扩散逐渐向接收点方向偏移,同时接收点下方区域的贡献占比逐渐增加;研究发现晚期贡献最大的部分集中在接收点两侧近地表处,该发现对基于电阻率成像的半航空瞬变电磁具有重要价值.

IC静电放电瞬态场测试系统校准方法探讨

随着集成电路的集成度呈几何级数增长和高分子材料的广泛应用,集成电路静电放电(ESD)危害越发严重。据估计,仅美国每年因此造成的损失就高达100亿美元。为了降低研发成本、减少周期时长,把电磁兼容(EMC)测试提前到了集成电路阶段进行,各测试仪器开发商研发了多种ESD瞬态场抗扰度测试系统,因其具有设备小巧、价格便宜、操作简单等优点而受到热捧,但相关的计量校准研究很少。介绍了测试系统的工作原理,提出采用标准传感器和矢量网络分析仪测量瞬态电磁场强度的校准方案。详细论述了校准原理和参数计算方法,并进行了校准验证,测量结果重复性最好可达0.3 dB。

综合电磁法在凤太二里河铅锌矿深部的找矿效果分析

二里河铅锌矿是凤太矿集区中具有代表性的重要铅锌矿床之一,近些年找矿方向转向已知矿体深部及外围。根据二里河地区地质、地球物理特征,结合多年在凤太地区的综合地球物理找矿工作,分析了回线源瞬变电磁法、电性源短偏移距瞬变电磁法及广域电磁法在二里河地区的实际应用效果,对3种方法的特点和适用性进行总结,认为:回线源瞬变电磁法、电性源短偏移距瞬变电磁法及广域电磁法在该地区深部找矿具有可行性;回线源瞬变电磁法对于圈定矿体水平位置具有较好的效果,电性源短偏移距瞬变电磁法对低阻异常较为敏感,广域电磁法分辨率较高,同时探测深度可达到2500 m。此外针对二里河矿区的找矿工作,提出物探工作建议:采用以广域电磁法和电性源短偏移距瞬变电磁法为首选的综合电磁探测方法,同时应尽可能采用长剖面和面积性物探工作。

输电线路近地电场对接地极腐蚀的影响及防腐蚀措施

介绍了输电线路近地电场的计算理论,通过Maxwell平台建立同塔四回输电线路仿真模型,得到输电线路空间电场与近地电场分布特征。利用多电极耦合测量技术测量了多种电压等级输电线路变电站不同位置接地材料的腐蚀速率,以及有无近地电场情况下接地极的腐蚀速率,探讨了电场对接地极腐蚀的影响。最后,结合电场效应与电化学分析提出减缓接地极腐蚀的具体措施。结果表明:近地电场稳定,电场强度约为几十V/m,对近地场域的影响不可忽略;由于强电场的存在,接地材料的大气腐蚀速率增加了近80倍,且随着电压等级的提高,材料的腐蚀速率增大。

基于人工智能高效近场扫描的瞬态强电磁干扰传导耦合路径可视化

在高压电子系统中,瞬态强电磁干扰会通过空间辐射、传导耦合等方式影响低压控制区的正常工作,在该工况下系统的电磁兼容问题较为突出。该文在时域电流测试与近场扫描结合的基础上,提出了一种改进的人工智能近场扫描算法,可实现强瞬态电磁干扰下传导耦合路径的高效可视化,据此采取了相应的整改措施并解决了系统中的电磁干扰问题。与传统近场扫描方法相比,该文提出的人工智能算法可大幅度提高测试效率。此外,还分析了不同参数的选择对该人工智能算法稳定性的影响,提出了一种自动停止扫描的判决标准,该判决标准使人工智能近场扫描算法不需要人为干预,从而具有更高的智能化与鲁棒性。

基于FPGA的电力电子恒导纳开关模型修正算法及实时仿真架构

电力电子实时仿真是目前电力电子系统研究过程中的重要工具。为设计一套经济、可靠的电力电子实时仿真系统,文中搭建了一个以现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)为计算核心的硬件平台,并提出了配套的电磁仿真算法和FPGA架构设计。首先,推导了一种简洁电磁暂态程序(EMTP)算法,用于提高传统离线算法的并行度。其次,从数值算法的角度分析恒导纳开关模型的虚拟功率损耗问题,提出了一种初始误差修正算法,消除了功率损耗。再次,串联以上算法,设计了一种基于状态机框架的数字信号处理(DSP)硬核资源复用FPGA架构,以硬件资源复用的方式实现了资源的高效利用,在不损失速度的同时提高了FPGA的利用效率。最后,通过多个实时仿真算例验证了所提方法的有效性和正确性。

瞬变电磁TEM技术在地下电网检测中的应用比较研究

为确定地下电网中导体分布,提出了一种基于瞬变电磁(TEM)的地下电网检测方案。通过比较在固定采样时间内不同测量点记录的表面磁场强度,从而确定导体的相关位置。根据磁场强度确定等效电阻率从而绘制等效电阻率的等值线图和三维面图,其中位于网格中心的点的等效电阻率远小于其他点的等效电阻率,而位于地下导体正上方的点的等效电阻率远高于其他点的等效电阻率。通过案例分析,所提方案可较为准确的给出地下电网的结构。

飞机和风机叶片除冰用脉冲线圈结构对瞬态电磁场影响研究

在飞机和风机叶片电脉冲除冰中,为了提高线圈的脉冲效果,降低除冰装置质量,实现系统的微功耗设计,需要优化线圈结构。脉冲线圈作为脉冲除冰、脉冲焊接等应用中能源转换的关键部件,其瞬态电磁场求解复杂,一般难以得到解析解。为了研究线圈结构参数对脉冲效果的影响,该文通过推导脉冲线圈的场-路数学方程,建立脉冲线圈和目标物的物理模型,并采用有限元软件对脉冲线圈的瞬态电磁场进行计算,得到脉冲线圈电磁参数时变特性。通过脉冲线圈的脉冲冲量试验对模型的准确性进行验证,在此基础上,分析线圈匝数、截面尺寸和线圈匝间距等结构参数对脉冲电流、脉冲力、脉冲效果的影响,为电脉冲除冰应用微功耗化设计提供优化思路和技术路线。