Architecture Design for Integrated Wide Area Protection and Control Systems

This paper firstly reviews the recent development in power system protection and control, with special attention paid to the wide-area and integrated protection, in order to look into future development of integration of protection and control for smart grids. This paper mainly reports on the development of integrated wide area protection and control for power systems. The concept of integrated wide area protection and control is introduced, in which a hierarchical protection and control system provides the protection and control of wide area or regional power substations/ plants and their associated power network. The system is mainly divided into three levels, the local, the substation/plant and the wide area/regional protection and control. The integrated functions at each level are described in details with an aim to develop an optimal coordination mechanism between the levels. One of the core elements in the system is the synchronised wide area communication network between the substations and the protection and control system, in which latest communication technology is employed. Another important player in the system is the wide area synchronized protection and control information platform, which not only enables the fusion three line of defence for power system protection and control, but also provides a perfect tool for the application of cloud computing to substations and power networks.

Advancement in Wide Area Monitoring Protection and Control Using PMU’s Model in MATLAB/SIMULINK

A big step forward to improve power system monitoring and performance, continued load growth without a corresponding increase in transmission resources has resulted in reduced operational margins for many power systems worldwide and has led to operation of power systems closer to their stability limits and to power exchange in new patterns. These issues, as well as the on-going worldwide trend towards deregulation of the entire industry on the one hand and the increased need for accurate and better network monitoring on the other hand, force power utilities exposed to this pressure to demand new solutions for wide area monitoring, protection and control. Wide-area monitoring, protection, and control require communicating the specific-node information to a remote station but all information should be time synchronized so that to neutralize the time difference between information. It gives a complete simultaneous snap shot of the power system. The conventional system is not able to satisfy the time-synchronized requirement of power system. Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) is enabler of time-synchronized measurement, it communicate the synchronized local information to remote station.

Integrated Wide Area Protection and Control for Power Grid Security

The traditional“three defense lines”for power systems are based on local information and static protection&control strategy,which are not suitable to modern large-scale power systems.In order to improve the security of UHV hybrid power grids,the Integrated Wide Area Protection&Control(IWAPC)is proposed in this paper by applying the new technologies of synchronized high-speed communication,which integrates“three defense lines”and promotes existing wide area protection only for security control.The IWAPC is the hierarchical protection and control system which provides the protection and control for wide area power networks to improve their reliability and security.It is divided into three levels,the local bay level,the substation integrated protection level and the wide area protection level.The wide area real-time protection and control information platform is the most important part of the IWAPC,which is based on a synchronized wide area communication network.The key technologies and new development trends include network topology analysis,wide area backup protection,wide area intelligent reclosing,wide area load shedding,wide area auto-switching,overload cutoff and transfer,transmission section protection,intelligent system splitting and dynamic stability control.It cannot only integrate three lines of defense for power system protection and control,but also improve security of the power grid.

Guest editorial: special issue on wide area monitoring, protection and control in smart grid

Complexity of modern electrical power systems is steadily increasing.This is inspiring researchers and developers to propose new solutions capable to address a number of challenges,particularly those related to power system operation.A massive penetration of asynchronously connected renewable energy generation,the generation connected over inverters,is significantly changing the dynamics of modern power systems.From one hand,the power system response time is becoming shorter and at the same time the fault level is becoming smaller.This is significantly affecting requirements of control loops,as well as power system protection.

Developments of power system protection and control

Synchronized wide area communication has become a mature technology,which makes the real-time interaction between the substations and the wide area protection and control system possible.However,the present protection and control system to handle this real-time data has been recognized to be deficient.This paper begins by reviewing the development history of power system protection,with special attention paid to the recent development in the field of wide-area and integrated protections,in order to look into the future development of protection and control systems.Then the concept of integrated wide area protection and control is introduced,where it can be shown that a hierarchical protection and control system provides the protection and control for wide area or regional power substations/plants and their associated power networks.The system is mainly divided into three levels:the local,the substation/plant,and the wide area/regional.The integrated functions at each level are described in details with an aim to develop an optimal coordination mechanism between each level.The key element in the proposed system is the wide area real-time protection and control information platform,which not only enables the merger of three lines of defence for power system protection and control,but also provides a perfect tool for the application of cloud computing in substations and power networks.

智能牵引供电系统网络化广域保护通信通道

以数字化、智能化为特征的智能高铁,系统内各要素之间信息充分流通,实现信息空间和物理空间内数据实时共享、交互。数据信息的流通离不开通信技术的支撑和通信通道的建设。智能牵引供电系统是智能高铁的重要组成部分,文章以供电系统中的广域保护测控系统对通信通道的需求为出发点,分析其技术要求和组网方案,并结合现场实例说明了通信通道的重要性。

配电网继电保护的创新路径研究

继电保护作为配电网的重要组成部分,不仅可以促进配电网的稳定运行,还有助于减少突发事件对配电网所产生的影响。但随着配电网建设规模的逐渐扩大,传统的继电保护已无法满足需求。文章基于配电网继电保护的概念和原理,分析了配电网继电保护创新的必要性,并提出了具体的创新措施,以期保障电力系统的安全稳定运行,助力于我国电力行业的进一步发展。

关于电力系统广域保护的评述

为有利于电力系统停电防御体系的进一步发展,讨论电力系统的广域保护,包括广域设备保护和广域系统保护的功能、控制方式及系统结构;回顾其信息采集、知识提取和控制决策方面的进展。从理论和应用相结合的观点剖析广域后备保护的可行性、困难和发展方向;指出需要在算法与受扰轨迹的知识提取上取得重大突破,并与数值仿真相结合,才能真正发挥相量测量单元在广域保护中的作用;强调按风险观点将广域保护与预防控制及传统保护协调的重要性。

智能配电网广域测控系统及其保护控制应用技术

分布式电源的大量接入以及对供电质量、运行效率要求的提高,使得配电网的保护控制面临新的挑战。传统的基于集中与就地控制方式的保护控制技术,分别存在响应速度慢与利用信息有限、功能不完善的问题。文中提出建立基于对等通信网络的广域测控系统,同时支持基于主站的集中控制和在智能终端上实现的就地与分布式智能控制方式,为配电网监测与保护控制应用提供开放式的统一支撑平台,在此基础上实现了分布式电源并网控制、广域保护、快速故障隔离和恢复供电、小电流接地故障自愈等新型保护控制技术。随着研究的深入与技术的不断完善,将形成完整的广域测控系统及其保护控制应用技术体系,为智能配电网建设提供可靠的二次技术支撑。

广域测量技术在电力系统中的应用研究进展

大规模交直流混合电网的建设和发展,对电力系统稳定和控制在空间广度和时间维度上提出了更高的要求。广域测量系统(Wide Area Measurement System,WAMS)的同步量测数据在空间和时间上满足上述要求,因而研究WAMS技术在电力系统中的应用十分必要。从WAMS的结构和原理出发,总结了近五年来广域测量系统在电力系统动态监测与故障分析、辨识与估计、系统稳定控制和广域保护等方面的研究进展,并详细分析了其中存在的问题。最后展望了广域测量技术需要进一步研究的问题,指出基于WAMS技术构建大规模互联电力系统的广域安全监测及控制系统是一个很有意义的研究方向。

安全稳定控制系统在新疆南部电网的应用

新疆南部电网安全稳定控制系统由安装在30个厂站的稳定控制装置组成,覆盖巴州、阿克苏、喀什、和田地区。当新疆南部区域电网联络线或主力机组发生故障时,采取解列、切负荷措施,防止大面积停电,保证新疆南部电网的安全稳定运行。文中通过对新疆南部电网安全稳定控制系统的研究,提出了适合于该类型电网的稳定控制系统结构、实现方式、新原理、新判据。该系统多次在电网故障中正确动作,确保了电网的稳定运行。

多层次的广域保护控制体系架构研究与实践

从功能配置、系统结构、内部数据的交互方式、与外部系统的协同模式、通信组网方案等多个角度进行研究,提出了包含站域层、区域电网层、广域电网层的多层次广域保护控制体系架构。针对不同层级电网关注的问题,提出了不同层级电网的保护控制功能配置方案。按照数据分类、分层处理的原则,给出了广域保护控制系统内各设备之间的数据交互方式,提出了广域保护控制系统与调度监控系统之间的交互模式。结合广域保护控制系统结构,给出了包括区域保护控制通信网络、广域保护控制通信网络的两层组网方案。所述广域保护控制体系架构中的区域保护控制系统已经在实际电网中实现了工程应用,相关技术的可行性与合理性得到了实践验证,为后续的广域保护控制技术研究与应用提供借鉴。

基于GPRS的风电并网稳定控制系统

研究了风电场并网存在的稳定问题,针对风电场通信通道的特殊性,研制了基于GPRS的风电场并网稳定控制系统,实现了风电并网的有功潮流和无功电压的综合自动控制。系统应用GPRS实现了如下通信功能:数据缓冲功能、心跳报文功能、自动重拨功能、数据标识功能、软硬件看门狗功能。该系统的主要功能包括:过载切机;低压切机;高频切机;系统运行状态接近稳定极限时,若风机出力波动幅度持续较大,切除风电机组;根据系统关键断面潮流的情况实时调整风机出力的上限;依据风电场并网节点母线电压水平,控制风电场无功补偿设备的投切。最后,介绍了风电场并网稳定控制系统在阜新电网的应用。

电网多重设备同时故障的案例及其影响分析

近期电网发生了3起典型多重设备同时故障的事故,一起为非同塔500 kV线路同时发生接地短路故障,一起为线路及母线同时发生故障,另一起为不同变电站母线同时故障。根据设备接线、故障录波、现场检查结果对保护动作进行了分析。随着电网的发展,故障形式越来越复杂,事故表明,多重设备同时故障对常规保护原理和电网安全都带来了不良影响。对此,建议推进基于广域测量的保护系统研究和实践。

基于RTDS的广域保护与控制通用测试系统

随着大范围停电事故的频繁发生和智能电网技术的发展,基于广域同步信息的保护与控制成为研究的热点.如何对广域保护与控制系统的配置、算法等进行测试验证,保证其能安全、可靠地应用于实际电力系统,已成为亟待解决的难题.提出一套面向广域保护与控制系统的通用动态测试方案,讨论建立该动态测试系统的关键技术,并给出实现方法.该广域保护与控制测试系统具有通用性,开放了必要的程序接口,在实现一个典型广域后备保护系统的基础上,只需重新配置主、子站的程序和连接关系,即可对新的广域保护与控制系统进行动态测试.

基于广域网和多智能体的自适应协调保护系统的研究

介绍了一个基于广域网和多智能体的自适应协调保护系统(MAWBACPS)。系统利用IP广域网实现电网广域信息的实时交换;利用多Agent系统在解决分布式在线问题的合作求解能力,实现保护之间动作的协调。提出了尽力自适应的协调保护新思想以及线路电流后备保护的网络化自适应整定的新方法。论文还介绍了MAWBACPS的结构、通信机制、协调控制策略以及相关的智能体设计。基于上述思想和方法研制了仿真系统,仿真试验结果表明:自适应定值计算所需的时间可以被控制在允许的范围内,从而在一般情况下均可实现电网后备保护的自适应协调动作。

广域保护及其应用

环境约束与市场竞争压力导致电力系统越来越接近其极限运行。出于经济方面的考虑,电力系统互联越来越普遍。系统发生故障和事故的可能性以及其所影响的范围都会加大。为此,电力系统的保护和控制随之变得越来越复杂,也越来越重要。通信技术和测量技术的不断发展,使得新型的基于广域测量的广域保护技术得到迅速发展。文中对广域保护及其相关技术的研究历史、发展现状和应用进行了一个较全面的回顾与综述,并对未来的发展做了展望。

多媒体主站系统设计

在分析了多媒体技术引入当前自动化系统监控主站后存在的主要问题的基础上，提出了多媒体主站系统的设计方案。文中阐述了主要的技术问题和相应的解决方案：主站将出现多个遥视控制点，设置必要的主控和分控可以避免安全操作和监视控制上出现的矛盾；变电站工况信息和视频信息协调显示的一种较好的方法是同屏演示；主站在数据处理和存储、通信网络等方面也将相应变化。并简要介绍了多媒体主站系统的两种实现方案；ＥＭＳ与遥视系统工联方法、一体化多媒体主站系统方法。

严重受扰系统的能控性和能观性及失稳模式分析

基于稳定域理论,指出严重受扰系统的轨迹在临近失稳时运行在主导不稳定平衡点附近,因此可以用线性系统来近似描述严重受扰系统的局部动态。相应地分析线性化系统的模式能控性和能观性,并提出秩判据,以判别控制输入矩阵或观测输出矩阵对失稳模式是否能控或能观。采用特征分析,根据特征值、参与因子和模态揭示故障失稳模式,并根据模式能控性和能观性矩阵找出最灵敏的控制输入和观测信号的地点,以控制和检测失稳模式。以10机39节点新英格兰系统为算例,表明所提出的基于主导不稳定平衡点的线性分析方法实用有效,可为构建广域监视和控制系统奠定基础。

关于继电保护系统中隐形故障的探讨

介绍了电力系统继电保护中存在的隐形故障问题。通过介绍隐形故障的概念和特点,说明了隐形故障的危害性,在此基础上介绍了评价隐形故障危害性的方法,通过采取对隐形故障进行监测和控制的方法来减少隐形故障的发生,从而也就降低了系统发生大面积故障的可能性。最后还介绍了目前电力系统中对于隐形故障分析的应用情况。