Inter-Row Spacing of PV Power Plant

When designing a solar power plant, it is much more important to avoid the shadow on the PV Panels. As the shadow falls on the PV Panels;it significantly reduces the generation of required power as planned and designed. This research paper and case study will help a lot to avoid shadow, especially when selecting inter-row spacing between the strings of solar power plants.

Effect of wide-narrow row arrangement in mechanical pot-seedling transplanting and plant density on yield formation and grain quality of japonica rice

Mechanical pot-seedling transplanting is an innovatively developed transplanting method that has the potential to replace mechanical carpet-seedling transplanting. However, the initial pot-seedling transplanting machine lacked optimized density spacing and limited yield potential for japonica rice. Therefore, ascertaining the optimized density by wide-narrow rows and the appropriate transplanting method for yield formation and grain quality of japonica rice is of great importance for high-quality rice production. Field experiments were conducted using two japonica rice cultivars Nanjing 9108 and Nanjing 5055 under three transplanting methods in 2016 and 2017: mechanical pot-seedling transplanting with wide-narrow row(K, average row spacing of 30 cm);equidistant row(D, 33 cm×12 cm);and mechanical carpet-seedling transplanting(T, 30 cm×12.4 cm). In addition, five different density treatments were set in K(K1–K5, from 18.62×10~4 to 28.49×10~4 hills ha^(–1)). The results showed that the highest yield was produced by a planting density of 26.88×104 hills ha^(–1) in mechanical pot-seedling transplanting with wide-narrow row with a greater number of total spikelets that resulted from significantly more panicles per area and slightly more grain number per panicle, as compared with equidistant row, and yield among density in wide-narrow row showed a parabolic trend. Compared with mechanical carpet-seedling transplanting, the treatment of the highest yield increased yield significantly, which was mainly attributed to the larger sink size with improved filled-grain percentage and grain weight, higher harvest index, and increased total dry matter accumulation, especially the larger amount accumulated from heading stage to maturity stage. With the density in wide-narrow row decreasing, processing quality, appearance quality, and nutrition quality were all improved, whereas amylose content and the taste value were decreased. Compared with mechanical carpet-seedling transplanting, mechanical pot-seedling transplanting improved processing quality and nutrition quality, but decreased amylose content and deteriorated appearance quality. These results suggested that mechanical pot-seedling transplanting with wide-narrow row coupling produced a suitable planting density of 26.88×10~4 hills ha^(–1) and may be an alternative approach to improving grain yield and quality for japonica rice.

Effect of row spacing and direction of sowing on yield and yield attributing characters of wheat cultivated in Western Chitwan, Nepal

A field experiment was conducted to study the growth and productivity of wheat as affected by row spacing and direction of sowing at Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal during the 2007-2008 wheat growing season. The experiment was carried out in 3-factors factorial randomized complete block design comprising two varieties (Gautam and BL-2800), three row spacings (15, 20 and25 cm) and two row directions of sowing (east-west and north-south). The effects of variety and row direction of sowing on grain yield were significant (p < 0.05), but the grain yield was not affected by the row spacing treatment. BL-2800 variety produced higher grain yield (3.53 t·ha-1) as compared to Gautam (3.11 t·ha-1). Both wheat varieties yielded about 11% higher (p < 0.05) grain in the north-south sowing as compared to the eastwest sowing.

Response of leaf carbon metabolism and dry matter accumulation to density and row spacing in two rapeseed(Brassica napus L.)genotypes with differing plant architectures

Biological yield indicates the potential for increasing yield.Leaf carbon metabolism plays an important role in the biomass accumulation of rapeseed(Brassica napus L.).Field experiments with the hybrid HZ62(with a conventional plant architecture)grown in 2016–2017,and HZ62 and accession 1301(with a compact plant architecture)grown in 2017–2018 were conducted to characterize the physiological and proteomic responses of leaf photosynthetic carbon metabolism to density and row spacing configurations.The densities were set at 15×10;ha^(-1)(D1),30×10^(4)ha^(-1)(D2),and 45×10^(4)ha^(-1)(D3)(main plot),with row spacings of 15 cm(R15),25 cm(R25),and 35 cm(R35)(subplot).Individual and plant population biomass accumulation was greatest at R25,R15,and R15 for D1,D2,and D3,respectively,for both genotypes.In comparison with D1 R25,the individual aboveground biomass of HZ62 decreased by60.2%,whereas the population biomass increased by 31.9%,and the individual biomass of genotype1301 decreased by 54.0%and the population biomass increased by 53.9%at D3 R15.Leaf carbon metabolic enzymes varied between genotypes at flowering stage.In contrast to D1 R25,at D3 R15 the activities of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase(Rubisco)and sucrose phosphate synthase(SPS)and the contents of starch,sucrose and soluble sugars in leaves were significantly decreased in HZ62 and increased in genotype 1301.The activities of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase(FBPase)decreased,in consistency with the abundance of fructose-bisphosphate aldolase in HZ62.In contrast,sucrose synthase(Su Sy)activity appeared to decrease in both genotypes,but a significant increase in abundance of a protein with sucrose synthase was found in the 1301 genotype by proteomic analysis.With increased density and reduced row spacing,the expression of most key proteins involved in carbon metabolism was elevated,and enzyme activity and carbon assimilate content were increased in 1301,whereas HZ62 showed the opposite trend,indicating that the compact plant type can accumulate more population biomass with denser planting.

Optimizing Row Spacing to Ameliorate the Productivity of Spring Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.)

One of the main reasons behind reduced cane yield is pathetic method of planting. Planting method and row spacing are the most important yield contributing factors in sugarcane. A field experiment was carried out in order to determine quality and yield of sugarcane in various spatial arrangements. Treatments are 180 cm spaced trenches with triple row strips;180 cm spaced trenches with alternate row strips;120 cm spaced trenches with double row strips and 60 cm spaced furrow with single row. Perusal of data revealed that 3.6%, 13.4%, 15%, 15.3% more cane diameter (cm), cane length (cm), stripped cane yield (t·haˉ1), sugar yield (t·haˉ1) were obtained from 180 cm spaced trenches with triple row strips as compared to conventional planting method i.e. 60 cm spaced furrows. While the number of millable canes mˉ2, polarity %, cane juice purity %, cane juice %, commercial cane sugar % and cane sugar recovery % remained non-significant by different planting techniques.

Diurnal and seasonal variations of soil respiration rate under different row-spacing in a Panicum virgatum L. field on semi-arid Loess Plateau of China

Soil respiration（SR） in crop field is affected by environmental factors, agronomic practices and crop types. To clarify how planting density affects the SR dynamics in switchgrass（Panicum virgatum L.） field on the semi-arid Loess Plateau, this research investigated diurnal and seasonal changes of soil respiration rate（RS） under three different row-spacing treatments（20, 40 and 60 cm） in the fourth growing year of switchgrass. Results showed that RS presented a pronounced seasonality under all row-spacing treatments. The highest daily average RS values appeared in August, while the lowest（P〉 0.05） among the row-spacing treatments, and similar results were found for soil temperature in 0–15 cm soil depth. Soil respiration temperature sensitivity（Q_（10）） values were 1.0–3.7 during the growing months, which were strongly correlated with air temperature in May and June and the soil temperature at 15 cm depth in August. Higher aboveground biomass production and lower RS in most growth months indicated that 20 cm row-spacing treatment was beneficial for increasing the carbon fixation in switchgrass field. Results also implied that it is necessary to take into account the influence of phenology and root growth of switchgrass on soil respiration for accurately evaluating the carbon cycle in the region.

Row Spacing in Relation to Competition for Limited Resources in Soybean (Glycine Max L. Merrill)

Growing soybeans in different row-spacings introduces competition. Competition begins when the immediate supply of a single necessary factor falls below the combined demands of all plants. This paper reviews the main competition factors of genotypes, light, water, nutrients and weed in responses to row spacings for the past four decades. It demonstrated that responses of soybean genotypes to row width differ among cultivars, which depend on seasonal rainfall and irrigation. Determinate types produce more yield in narrow-rows, and cultivars with lodging resistance should be adopted in narrow-spacings, but indeterminate soybean should also be used to optimize yields in certain system. Narrow-compared with wide-row soybean (Glycine max) cultivation increases light interception (LI) and dominant components for the increase come from LAI, light extinction coefficients and branch types. Water use efficiency (WUE) and evapotranspiration are not influenced by row spacing, but seed yield could be increased if irrigation is applied. Nutrient uptake is significantly affected by row spacing, seed yields and uptake of N, P, K in plants increases with decreasing row spacing, and the effects depend on the fertilizer levels. Other factors rather than row spacing affect nitrogen fixation. Weed density, peak time and periodicity of weed emergence are not affected by row spacing, but better complementary weed control by the herbicides at the used doses can be obtained in narrow spacing due to the reduced weed number and dry weight. More researches are required to investigate the physiological responses, nutrient and water uptake and translocation, light utilization at different layers of canopy and soil environment changes in different row-spacings.

Effect of Row Spacing on Seed Isoflavone Contents in Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]

Soybean isoflavones compounds such as genistein, daidzein, and glycitein have numerous human health benefits including the reduction of risks of cardiovascular diseases, breast and prostate cancers, and menaupose symptoms in women. Understanding the genetic and environmental control of isoflavones accumulation is of great importance for developing new cultivars with high amounts of seed isoflavones. This study was conducted to analyze the effect of row spacing (25 cm vs. 50 cm) on seed isoflavones accumulation using a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from the cross of PI 438489B and “Hamilton” (PIxH, n = 50). The two row spaces generated plant densities of 250,000 plants/ha and 90,000 plants/ha, respectively. Significant differences in soybean seed isoflavones (daidzein, genistein and glycitein) contents have been observed between plants grown in the two different plant densities. The mean daidzein content was 0.03458 μg·g-1 in plants grown in 50 cm row spaces (low plant density), which was significantly higher than its content (0.03019 μg·g-1) in plants grown in 25 cm row spaces (high plant density). Similarly, the mean glycitein content in plants grown in 50 cm row spaces (0.01905 μg·g-1) was significantly higher than its content in plants grown in 25 cm row spaces (0.00498 μg·g-1. Also, the mean genistein content in plants grown in 50 cm row spaces (0.01466 μg·g-1) was higher than its content in plants grown in 25 cm row spaces (0.00831 μg·g-1). These preliminary results are important in guiding farmers and breeders on choosing the best row spaces to grow soybean plants in order to optimize isoflavones contents. Further studies are needed to understand the correlation between seed isoflavones contents and other agronomic traits such as seed yield, protein, and oil contents.

Influence of Various Row Spacing on the Yield and Yield Components of Raya Anmol and Faisal Canola under Coastal Climatic Conditions of Lasbela

During 2013-2014 a field experiment was conducted at experimental area of Faculty of Agriculture under Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Science, Uthal, Lasbela to evaluate the influence of various row spacing on the yield and yield components of Raya Anmol and Faisal Canola under coastal climatic conditions of Lasbela. Randomized complete block design (RCBD) with factorial arrangement having 3 replications was used. Experiment comprises two canola varieties, C1 = Raya Anmol, C2 = Faisal Canola at 3 row spacing distances RS1 = 30 cm, RS2 = 45 cm and RS3 = 60 cm respectively. Result showed that yield and yield contributing traits are significant. It was concluded that seed yield of C1 (Faisal Canola) was better as compared to that of Raya Anmol. Row spacing (RS3 = 60 cm) yielded more crop canopy and the highest number of pod per plant, pod length and seed yield under agro climatic condition of Lasbela as compared to other densely arranged row spacing.

Effect of Different Spacing and Urea Application Rates on Fruit Nutrient Composition, Growth and Yield of Tomato in Derived Savannah Vegetation of Kogi State, Nigeria

Experiments were located at Lower Niger River Basin Development Authority, Ejiba and Horticultural Section College of Agriculture, Kabba in 2014 cropping season to investigate the effect of different spacing and urea application rates on fruit nutrient composition, growth and fruit yield of tomato in derived savanna vegetation of Nigeria. Field experiments were arranged in a randomized complete block design in factorial fashion with three replications. The row spacing were 75 × 40 cm (33,333 plant·ha-1, 75 × 50 cm (26,666 plant·ha-1) and 75 × 60 cm (22,222 plant·ha-1) while the urea rates comprised control (0 kg urea·ha-1), 54.3 and 108.6 kg urea·ha-1. Growth and yield parameters taken were as follows: average plant height, stem girth, leaf area (m2) and yield per land area. Data were collected from ten randomly selected plants in each plot. The data were statistically analyzed using GENSTAT. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to find out the significance of variation among the treatments while the significant difference between mean treatments was separated using least significance Difference at 5% level of probability. The result obtained from this study indicated that urea application and spacing affected significantly growth parameters of tomato and yield per land area. It could be concluded that there was a significant increase in plant height, number of leaves, number of fruits per plant and final fruit weight of tomato as a result of urea fertilizer application at the rate of 108.6 kg urea/ha. However, this was not significantly better than plots with urea application at 54.8 kg/ha in both Ejiba and Kabba. Row spacing of 75 × 50 cm showed better performance in number of fruit and fruit yield per plots. Farmers in Ejiba and Kabba should apply urea at the rate of 54.8 kg per hectare and plant the crop at a row spacing of 75 × 50 cm for optimum yield and for a more profitable production of tomato.

Effects of Row-Spacing on Canopy Structure and Yield in Different Plant Type Rice Cultivars

Two japonica rice varieties, Longjing 20 （more tillers and curved panicle type, MCP） and Longjing 21 （few tillers and half erect panicle type, FEP）, were used to study the effects of row-spacing on canopy structure, morphological characteristics and yield. The results showed that the percentage of productive tiller reduced first, and increased afterwards as row-spacing increasing. The relationship between row spacing and the percentage of productive tiller fitted a quadratic regression. The effects of row spacing on leaf area index （LAI） at later tillering stage and the highest stem number per square meter also followed a quadratic regression relationship with increasing first and then reducing. The effects of row-spacing on primary branch were larger than the secondary branch in Longjing 20. However, the trend in Longjing 21 was opposite. The relationship between row spacing and seed setting rate of the secondary branch or panicle was negatively correlated. An extreme significant negative correlation was obtained between seed setting rate of secondary branch in Longjing 20. There was no significant positive correlation between row-spacing and yield in Longjing 20 （R2=0.68）. However, the negative correlation between row-spacing and yield of Longjing 21 was extremely significant （R2=–0.96＊＊）. The canopy structure of MCP was more sensitive to row-spacing. The positive correlation between row spacing and the length of the flag leaf （R2=0.89＊＊）, the width of the flag leaf （R2=0.85＊）, the length of the last internode （R2=0.85＊）, the length of the last 2nd internode （R2=0.96＊＊） or the length of the panicle （R2=0.91＊＊） was significant or extremely significant in Longjing 20, but not in Longjing 21. The wider row-spacing promoted the accumulation of the dry matter of panicle, stem and leaf and the yield formation in MCP. The best row-spacing in Longjing 20 was 30 cm. For Longjing 21, the narrower row-spacing was better. The best row-spacing of it was 21 cm. These results suggested that improved the population environment of MCP or the utilization of the free space in the field of FEP could be reached either by wider row-spacing or narrow row-spacing.

Effects of Planting Density and Row Spacing on Plant Productivity of Autumn Forage Sweet Sorghum in Hebei Province

[ Objective] This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between each of planting density and row spacing and plant productivity of forage sweet sorghum planted in autumn idle land. [ Methods] Using split-plot experiment design experiment method and LSD method of IBM. SPSS. Statistics. v22 statistics software, the effects of planting density and row spacing on plant productivity of forage sweet sorghum planted in autumn idle land were compared. [ Result] The results showed that the planting density and row spacing had important influences on plant productivity of forage sweet sorghum planted in autumn idle land. Moreover, the optimal combination of plant productivity for A1B4 , i. e. ,under the combination of the planting density of 7.5 × 10^4 plants/hm^2 and the row spacing of 40 cm, the fresh weight and dry weight per plant were 654.37 and 147.11 g/plant, respectively. [ Conclusion ] The results provided a theoretical basis for the production of forage sweet sorghum in autumn idle land.

Some Results on the Cardinalities of Row Space of Boolean Matrices

让 Bn 所有 n 的集合是吗？

Response of Green Gram(Vigna Radiata(L.))Wilczek to Inter Row Spacing and Phosphorus under Semi-arid Conditions of Eritrea

Green gram(Vigna radiata(L.)wilczek,)commonly known as moong or mung bean or golden gram was introduced to Eritrea as a pulse crop by Ministry of Agriculture at its National Agricultural Research Institute(NARI)in collaboration with Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa(ASARECA)in 2012.But its agronomic practices for semi-arid conditions of Eritrea are not yet standardised.Therefore,to find the optimum inter row spacing and phosphorus dose for its higher productivity,a field experiment was conducted at the experimental farm of Hamelmalo Agricultural College,Keren,Eritrea during summer 2015 and 2016.The experiment was conducted in randomised complete block design(RCBD)with 12 treatment combinations of two factors consisting of four inter row spacing(Broadcast,18 cm,30 cm,and 45 cm)and three phosphorus levels(0,20 and 40 kg P2O5 ha^(-1))each replicated thrice.The results of the study revealed that sowing of K-26 bold seeded variety either by broadcast method or at 18 cm inter row spacing at10 cm plant to plant spacing fertilized with 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 through DAP fertilizer drilled at the time of sowing proved significantly superior to increase growth,yield attributes and seed yield of green gram.

Effects of Ratio of Row Spacing to Intrarow Spacing on Yield and Nitrogen Accumulation and Utilization of Early and Late Rice

[Objective]The aim was to provide a theoretical basis for the rational configuration of ratio of row spacing to intrarow spacing(RS/IS)of double-cropping rice.[Methods]With early rice‘Ganxin 203’and‘Zhongjiazao 17’and late rice‘Ganxin 688’and‘Wufengyou T025’as materials,the effects of RS/IS on yield,nitrogen accumulation and utilization were studied in the same planting density of31.20×104hills/hm2.[Results]The results showed that yield of early rice was higher in RS/IS2.8(30.0 cm×10.7 cm)and RS/IS2.0(25.0 cm×12.8 cm)treatment,and lower in RS/IS5.0(40.0 cm×8.0 cm)and RS/IS1.3(20.0 cm×16.0 cm)treatment,while late rice were higher in RS/IS5.0and RS/IS2.0treatment,and lower in RS/IS2.8and RS/IS1.3treatment.Total nitrogen accumulation and apparent utilization ratio of nitrogen of early rice were higher in RS/IS2.0treatment and lower in RS/IS5.0treatment,while,for late rice were higher in RS/IS2.8treatment and lower in RS/IS5.0treatment.Nitrogen requirement for 100 kg grain production of early rice was higher in RS/IS1.3treatment and lower in RS/IS2.0treatment,while,for late rice were higher in RS/IS2.8treatment,lower in RS/IS5.0treatment.[Conclusion]In sum,4 varieties of early and late rice obtained higher yield in 25.0 cm×12.8 cm and lower yield in 20.0 cm×16.0 cm,and total nitrogen accumulation,nitrogen requirement for 100 kg grain production and apparent utilization ratio of nitrogen were all lower in 40.0 cm×8.0 cm.

Effect of Plant Spacing on Growth and Grain Yield of Soybean

In the Philippines, rice monoculture systems are common. Compared to these systems, the rice-soybean cropping system may prove more water-efficient and there is a trend of increasing soybean area in the response to water scarcity and need for crop diversification in the Philippines. A field study was conducted to evaluate the effect of row and plant to plant spacing (20 × 10, 20 × 5, 40 × 10, and 40 × 5 cm) on growth and yield of soybean. Plant height was not influenced by the plant geometry. Spacing, however, influenced leaf area and shoot biomass of soybean. Plants grown at the widest spacing (i.e., 40 × 10 cm) produced lowest leaf area and shoot biomass at 6 and 12 weeks after planting. Leaf area and shoot biomass at other three spacing were similar. There was a negative and linear relationship between weed biomass and crop shoot biomass at 6 and 12 weeks after planting. Grain yield of soybean was not affected by plant geometry and it ranged from 1.3 to 1.9 t·ha-1 at different spacing.

Response of Haricot Bean (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i>L.) to Irrigation Frequency and Intra Row Spacing at Arba Minch, Ethiopia

Optimizing irrigation frequency and intra row spacing for specific environment is one the major agronomic practices to improve productivity of haricot bean. Hence, a field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of irrigation frequency and intra row spacing on growth, nodulation and agronomic performance of haricot bean at Arba Minch during dry season of 2018/19. The treatments consisted of three levels of irrigation frequency based on IW/CPE ratio (0.5, 0.67 and 1.0) with irrigation depth of 60 mm and three intra row spacing (6, 10 and 14 cm) which were factorially arranged in split plot design with three replications. Data were collected on phenological, nodulation, growth, yield and yield related parameters of the crop. The measured parameters were subjected to analysis of variance using SAS software version 9.0. Among the measured parameters, plant height, pod number per plant, dry matter and seed yield were significantly influenced by interaction effect of the treatments. The maximum seed yield (2873.7 kg ha−1) was recorded with interaction effect of irrigation at IW/CPE of 1 and intra row spacing of 10 cm. As for economic analysis, the same treatment combination also resulted in the highest net benefit (11254.1 Ethiopian Birr ha−1) and marginal rate of return (422.1%). Therefore, it could be concluded that irrigating haricot bean at IW/CPE ratio of 1 and planting at 10 cm intra row spacing could maximize both seed yield and economic benefit of the crop in the study area.

不同种植密度和行距配置对香蕉产量及品质的影响

为确定香蕉适宜机械化操作的种植密度和行距配置,采用裂区试验设计,以种植密度(P,P1:2190株/hm^(2);P2:2340株/hm^(2);P3:2520株/hm^(2))为主区,行距(R,R1:宽行5.10 m+窄行1.00 m;R2:宽行4.80 m+窄行1.30 m;R3:宽行4.50 m+窄行1.60 m)为裂区,探讨不同种植密度和行距配置对香蕉农艺性状、产量及品质的影响。结果表明:R能显著影响香蕉株高和茎围,P和R对香蕉单产、总产量均有显著影响,P1、P2香蕉单产较P3分别显著提高10.29%、10.88%,P2总产量较P1显著提高6.62%;R3单产、总产量最高,R1单产、总产量最低。分析产量构成可知,R3能提高香蕉商品蕉采收率;P1、P2单果质量较P3显著提高,R3单果质量较R1、R2分别显著提高21.23%、4.44%。P1果指长较P3显著提高,R2、R3间果指长、果指围显著高于R1。P和R对果实可溶性固形物含量均无显著影响。P3可滴定酸含量较P1、P2显著提高,P1、P2的维生素C含量分别较P3显著提高19.38%、15.78%;R3较R1显著提高维生素C含量8.77%。综上所述,宝岛蕉品种种植密度为2340株/hm^(2),宽行4.50 m、窄行1.60 m时,香蕉农艺性状、产量、商品蕉采收率、单果质量、可溶性固形物及维生素C含量最高。

不同农艺措施与发草种子产量及产量构成因素的关系

为探究发草(Deschampsia cespitosa)适宜播种量、施肥量和行距,本研究采用3因素5水平的试验设计,研究不同播种量、磷酸二铵施用量及行距对发草种子产量及产量构成因素的影响,为发草的实际种子生产和高效原种扩繁提供技术支持与理论依据。研究结果显示,不同播种量、施肥量及行距处理下,第2年种子产量以播种量22.5kg·hm^(-2),磷酸二铵施用量150.0 kg·hm^(-2),行距30.0 cm的组合模式最高,产量为130.78 kg·hm^(-2)。从各产量构成因素与种子产量相关性来看,种子产量与穗宽、每生殖枝小穗数、每生殖枝小花数和每生殖枝结实数存在极显著正相关(P <0.01),与穗长存在显著正相关(P <0.05)。通过多元回归及通径分析关系模型发现,穗宽、每生殖枝结实数、小花数、小穗数及千粒重对种子产量增益明显。在种植过程中可适当调整栽培技术,增加发草穗宽、每生殖枝结实数和小花数来提高发草种子产量。