Velocity structure in the South Yellow Sea basin based on first-arrival tomography of wide-angle seismic data and its geological implications

The South Yellow Sea basin is filled with Mesozoic-Cenozoic continental sediments overlying pre-Palaeozoic and Mesozoic-Palaeozoic marine sediments.Conventional multi-channel seismic data cannot describe the velocity structure of the marine residual basin in detail,leading to the lack of a deeper understanding of the distribution and lithology owing to strong energy shielding on the top interface of marine sediments.In this study,we present seismic tomography data from ocean bottom seismographs that describe the NEE-trending velocity distributions of the basin.The results indicate that strong velocity variations occur at shallow crustal levels.Horizontal velocity bodies show good correlation with surface geological features,and multi-layer features exist in the vertical velocity framework(depth:0–10 km).The analyses of the velocity model,gravity data,magnetic data,multichannel seismic profiles,and drilling data showed that high-velocity anomalies(>6.5 km/s)of small(thickness:1–2 km)and large(thickness:>5 km)scales were caused by igneous complexes in the multi-layer structure,which were active during the Palaeogene.Possible locations of good Mesozoic and Palaeozoic marine strata are limited to the Central Uplift and the western part of the Northern Depression along the wide-angle ocean bottom seismograph array.Following the Indosinian movement,a strong compression existed in the Northern Depression during the extensional phase that caused the formation of folds in the middle of the survey line.This study is useful for reconstructing the regional tectonic evolution and delineating the distribution of the marine residual basin in the South Yellow Sea basin.

Wideband spectrum sensing using step-sampling based on the multipath nyquist folding receiver

Wideband spectrum sensing with a high-speed analog-digital converter(ADC) presents a challenge for practical systems.The Nyquist folding receiver(NYFR) is a promising scheme for achieving cost-effective real-time spectrum sensing,which is subject to the complexity of processing the modulated outputs.In this case,a multipath NYFR architecture with a step-sampling rate for the different paths is proposed.The different numbers of digital channels for each path are designed based on the Chinese remainder theorem(CRT).Then,the detectable frequency range is divided into multiple frequency grids,and the Nyquist zone(NZ) of the input can be obtained by sensing these grids.Thus,high-precision parameter estimation is performed by utilizing the NYFR characteristics.Compared with the existing methods,the scheme proposed in this paper overcomes the challenge of NZ estimation,information damage,many computations,low accuracy,and high false alarm probability.Comparative simulation experiments verify the effectiveness of the proposed architecture in this paper.

A wide-angle wave control method of reducing torque ripple for brushless DC motor

In order to deal with torque pulsation problem caused by traditional control method for brushless DC （BLDC） motor and to achieve high precision and good stability, a novel control strategy is proposed. Compared with the traditional control scheme, by using phase voltage as a control objective and making waveform of phase current approximately quasi-sinusoidal, torque ripple of BLDC motor is reduced from the original 14% to 3.4%, while toque is increased by 3.8%. Furthermore, by detecting zero-crossings of back electromotive force （BEMF） with non-conducting phases, sensorless control is realized. The new control strategy is simple. It can minimize torque ripple, increase torque, and realize sensorless control for BLDC motor. Simulation and experiments show good performance of BLDC motor by using the new control method.

Comparison of scleral buckling using wide-angle viewing systems and indirect ophthalmoscope for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

AIM：To compare the effects of scleral buckling using wide-angle viewing systems（WAVS） with that using indirect ophthalmoscope for the treatment of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.METHODS：The study was a retrospective analyses of the medical records of 94 eyes（94 patients） with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.Among them,47 eyes underwent scleral buckling using WAVS with endoiiluminator（Group W）,and 47 eyes underwent scleral buckling using indirect ophthalmoscope（Group I）.Surgical durations,primary success rate,best-corrected visual acuities（BCVA）,delayed subretinal fluid absorptions and surgical complications were compared between the two groups.RESULTS：At baseline,there were no statistical differences between the two groups in patient＇s age（P=0.997）,gender（P=0.853）,symptom duration（P=0.216）,BCVA（P=0.389）,refractive error（P=0.167）,intraocular pressure（P=0.595）,the number of retinal breaks（P=0.832）,the extent of retinal detachment（P =0.246）,subretinal demarcation line（P=0.801）,and macular detachment（P=0.811）.The follow-up period was 12 mo.The surgical durations in Group W（with or without encircling buckling） were significant shorter than those in Group I（P〈0.001 respectively）.The primary success rate was94.27%in Group W,which was similar to that in Group I（92.38%,P=0.931）.The BCVA in Group W was better than that in Group I（P〈0.001） at 1-month follow-up visit.However,there were no significant differences between the two groups at 3-month（P=0.221）,6-month（P =0.674）,and 12-month（P=0.363） follow-up visits respectively.Delayed subretinal fluid absorptions were more common in Group I than in Group W at 1-month（P=0.045） follow-up visit,but there were no significant differences between the two groups at 3-month（P=0.111）,6-month（P =1.000） and 12-month follow-up visits respectively.CONCLUSION：Scleral buckling using WAVS can be an alternative choose for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

Crustal structure of the eastern Dabie orogenic belt from the seismic tomography and wide-angle reflection studies

The studies of seismic tomography and wide-angle reflection have been carried out to reveal the velocity structUrebeneath the eastern Dabie orogenic belt. The result from the seismic tomography shows the high velocity bodiesmight be positioned to a depth of only about 1 .5 km below sea level within the Dabie ultra-high pressure metamorphic (UHPM) belt; the fan-profile shows the Shuihou-Wuhe fault, the demarcation between the South Dabieand the North Dabie, slopes to the south-west at a dip angle of about 45° in the bottom of upper crust. The wideangle reflection shows the middle crustal boundaries and the complex features from the lower crust.

Crustal wide-angle reflection imaging along Lianxian-Gangkou profile in Guangdong province,China

A 400 km-long wide-angle seismic experiment along Lianxian-Gangkou profile in South China was carried out to study contact relationship between southeast continental margin of Yangtze block and northwest continental margin of Cathaysia block. We reconstructed crustal wide-angle reflection structure by the depth-domain pre-stack migration and the crustal velocity model constructed from the traveltime fitting. The wide-angle reflection section shows different reflection （from crystalline basement and Moho） pattern beneath the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks, and suggests the Wuchuan-Sihui fault is the boundary between them. A cluster of well-developed reflections on Moho and in its underlying topmost mantle probably comes from alternative thin layers, which may be seismic signature of strong interaction between crust and mantle in the tectonic environment of lithosphere extension.

Characteristics of crustal variation and extensional break-up in the Western Pacific back-arc region based on a wide-angle seismic profile

The marginal sea and back-arc basins in the Western Pacific Ocean have become the focus of tectonics due to their unique tectonic location.To understand the deep crustal structure in the back-arc region,we present a 545-kmlong active-source ocean bottom seismometer(OBS)wide-angle reflection/refraction profile in the East China Sea.The P wave velocity model shows that the Moho depth rises significantly,from approximately 30 km in the East China Sea shelf to approximately 16 km in the axis of the Okinawa Trough.The lower crustal high-velocity zone(HVZ)in the southern Okinawa Trough,with V_(p) of 6.8-7.3 km/s,is a remarkable manifestation of the mantle material upwelling and accretion to the lower crust.This confirms that the lower crustal high-velocity mantle accretion is developed in the southern Okinawa Trough.During the process of back-arc extension,the crustal structure of the southern Okinawa Trough is completely invaded and penetrated by the upper mantle material in the axis region.In some areas of the southern central graben,the crust may has broken up and entered the initial stage of seafloor spreading.The discontinuous HVZs in the lower crust in the back-arc region also indicate the migration of spreading centers in the back-arc region since the Cenozoic.The asthenosphere material upwelling in the continent-ocean transition zone is constantly driving the lithosphere eastward for episodic extension,and is causing evident tectonic migration in the Western Pacific back-arc region.

Accuracy Analysis of Low Altitude Photogrammetry with Wide-angle Camera

Firstly,the relationship between the accuracy of low altitude aerial photogrammetry and the field angle of camera is made by a quantitative analysis from the theory.The conclusion that the low altitude photogrammetry should use wide-angle camera as much as possible is done.Then,the limitation of the single lens camera to expand field angle and the combined wide-angle camera existing on the market not suitable for light load of low altitude UAV(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle)due to excessive weight are pointed out.The characteristics of combined wide-angle low altitude light camera with self-calibration and self-stabilization developed by the author are described,especially the principle of self-calibration for the combination of static error and dynamic error.Based on the practice of large scale mapping,a technical procedure in aerial photography by taking with wide-angle camera and large overlap simultaneously for improving the accuracy of low altitude photogrammetry is proposed.The typical engineering produced data is used to verity the above theoretical analysis.A technical route for increasing accuracy of low altitude photogrammetry with combined wide-angle camera is expounded.

5G Wideband Bandpass Filtering Power Amplifiers Based on a Bandwidth-Extended Bandpass Matching Network

In this paper,a 5G wideband power amplifier(PA)with bandpass filtering response is synthesized using a bandwidth-extended bandpass filter as the matching network(MN).In this structure,the bandwidth(θ_(C))is defined as a variable in the closedform equations provided by the microstrip bandpass filter.It can be extended over a wide range only by changing the characteristic impedances of the structure.Different from the other wideband MNs,the extension of bandwidth does not increase the complexity of the structure(order n is fixed).In addition,based on the bandwidth-extended structure,the wideband design of bandpass filtering PA is not limited to the fixed bandwidth of the specific filter structure.The theoretical analysis of the MN and the design flow of the PA are provided in this design.The fabricated bandpass filtering PA can support almost one-octave bandwidth(2-3.8 GHz),covering the two 5G bands(n41 and n78).The drain efficiency of 47%-60%and output power higher than 40 dBm are measured.Good frequency selectivity in S-parameter measurements can be observed.

Wide-angle and broadband graded-refractive-index antireflection coatings

The design and fabrication of graded-refractive-index （GRIN） antireflection （AR） coatings with wide-angle and broadband characteristics are demonstrated. The optimization of the graded-index profiles with a genetic algorithm is used in the design of the GRIN AR coatings. The average reflectance over a wavelength range from 400 nm to 800 nm and angles of incidence from 0° to 80° could be reduced to only 0.1% by applying an optimized AR coating onto BK7 glass. The optimization of step-graded GRIN AR coating is then further investigated in detail. A two-layer AR coating was deposited by electron beam evaporation with glancing angle deposition technology, and the positional homogeneity was improved by depositing the film from two opposite directions. The microstructure of the AR coating was investigated by scanning electron microscopy, and the residual reflectances of the coating sample are in agreement with theoretical calculations. The optimized GRIN AR coatings are beneficial to increasing the efficiency of light utilization.

A flexible ultra-broadband metamaterial absorber working on whole K-bands with polarization-insensitive and wide-angle stability

For potential military applications, a flexible metamaterial absorber(MMA) working on whole K-bands with totalthickness of 3.367 mm, ultra-broadband, polarization-insensitive, and wide-angle stability is presented based on frequencyselective surface(FSS). The absorber is composed of polyvinyl chloride(PVC) layer, polyimide(PI) layer, and poly tetra fluoro ethylene(PTFE) layer, with a sandwich structure of PVC–PI–PTFE–metal plate. Periodic conductive patterns play a crucial role in the absorber, and in traditional, it is designed on the upper surface of PI layer to form LC resonance. Different from commonly absorber, all the patterns are located on the lower surface of the PI layer in this work, and hence the impedance matching and absorptivity are improved in this purposed absorber. The flexible absorber with patterns on lower surface of the PI layer is compared with that on upper surface of the PI layer, the difference and the reasons are explained by absorption mechanism based on equivalent circuit model, and surface current density and electric field distribution are used to analyze resonance peaks. Absorptivity is greater than 90% in a frequency range of 10.47 GHz–45.44 GHz with relative bandwidth of 125.1%, covering the whole Ku, K, Ka, and some of X, U bands, especially containing the whole K bands from 12 GHz to 40 GHz. Radar cross section(RCS) is reduced at least 10 dB in 11.48 GHz–43.87 GHz frequency ranges,and absorption remained about 90% when the incident angle changed from 0°to 55°. The purposed absorber is fabricated,measured, and experiment results show good agreement with theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. After bonded on outer surface of different cylinders with diameters of 200 mm and 100 mm, the absorption of MMA is approximately reduced 10% and 20% respectively, which shows good conformal character with surface of various curvatures. Due to the attractive performance on strong absorption in the whole K-bands, flexible and easy conformal, our design exhibits broad potential application in radar stealth and sensors.

Robust dual-channel correlation algorithm for complex weak target detection with wideband radar

In the scene of wideband radar,due to the spread of target scattering points,the attitude and angle of view of the target constantly change in the process of moving.It is difficult to predict,and the actual echo of multiple scattered points is not fully matched with the transmitted signal.Therefore,it is challenging for the traditional matching filter method to achieve a complete matching effect in wideband echo detection.In addition,the energy dispersion of complex target echoes is still a problem in radar target detection under broadband conditions.Therefore,this paper proposes a wideband target detection method based on dualchannel correlation processing of range-extended targets.This method fully uses the spatial distribution characteristics of target scattering points of echo signal and the matching characteristics of the dual-channel point extension function itself.The radial accumulation of wideband target echo signal in the complex domain is realized through the adaptive correlation processing of a dual-channel echo signal.The accu-mulation effect of high matching degree is achieved to improve the detection probability and the performance of wideband detection.Finally,electromagnetic simulation experiments and measured data verify that the proposed method has the advan-tages of high signal to noise ratio(SNR)gain and high detection probability under low SNR conditions.

A True-Time-Delay Array Architecture for Wideband Multi-Beam Tracking

The true-time delay(TTD)units are critical for solving beam squint and frequency selective fading inWideband Large-Scale Antenna Systems(LSASs).In this work,we propose a TTD array architecture for wideband multi-beam tracking that eliminates the beam squint phenomenon and filters out interference signals by applying a spatial filter and time delay estimations(TDEs).The paper presents a novel approach to spatial filter design by introducing a transformation matrix that can optimize the beam response in a specific direction and at a specific frequency.Using the variable fractional delay(VFD)filters,we propose a TDE algorithm with a Newton-Raphson iteration update process that corrects the arrival time delay difference between sensors.Simulations and examples have demonstrated that the proposed architecture can achieve beam tracking within 10 ms at the low signalto-noise ratio(SNR)and demodulation loss is less than 0.5 dB in wideband multi-beam scenarios.

基极触发的雪崩晶体管导通机理

为研究基极触发的雪崩晶体管导通机理,建立了雪崩晶体管(n+⁃p⁃n⁃n+掺杂结构)的准三维器件模型和实验测试电路。研究了雪崩晶体管的温度分布特征,导通结束后器件最高温度约为417 K,位于电流通道内n⁃n+边界处。当集电极电压为300 V、基极触发电压为2.4 V时,仿真和实验获得的脉冲上升时间分别为2.4 ns、2.5 ns,半高宽(FWHM)分别为6.2 ns、5.8 ns,仿真和实验结果基本一致。研究结果表明:高触发脉冲电压幅值会加速晶体管内部电场的重建过程,从而缩短延迟时间,提高晶体管响应速度;负载阻抗会影响器件导通通道尺寸,负载阻抗减小时,电流密度提升,器件通过缩窄通道来提高通道内电流密度,宏观导通电阻降低。

基于石墨烯的多功能超表面设计

为实现机载天线罩吸波/透射波/反射波功能一体化,设计了一种基于石墨烯和光电二极管(PIN)的宽带吸波/反射波/透射波多功能超表面。当PIN正向导通时,超表面对入射电磁波的透过率接近于0,反射率可以通过改变石墨烯的费米能级进行调节;当石墨烯的费米能级为0.3 eV时,超表面在1.55~5.51 GHz范围内的吸收率超过了90%;当石墨烯能级为0 eV时,超表面在1.55~5.51 GHz范围内的反射系数高达45%。当PIN反向截止时,超表面在4.76 GHz处出现了一个透射峰,石墨烯费米能级为0.3 eV和0 eV时的透射系数分别为61%和71%。设计的超表面具有结构简单、宽带吸波/反射波/透射波多功能等优点,在通信和雷达等领域具有广泛的应用前景。

双基地宽带成像雷达时间及调频率同步方法

双基地宽带成像雷达由于不同源会产生时间同步误差和调频率同步误差。针对这一问题,面向低成本、小型化雷达接收机设计同步方法。针对时间同步问题,提出了直达波触发的收发脉宽非一致时间同步方案,通过使用直达波触发接收窗启用时刻,同时增加接收窗长度和低通匹配滤波,以完成时间同步。针对调频率同步问题,提出了采用吕氏分布对调频率误差进行估计,进而进行补偿,以完成调频率同步。该时间及调频率同步方法基本不需要增加接收机硬件成本,可以适应小型化接收雷达需求。基于小型宽带雷达搭建室内的双基宽带雷达模型,实验实现了双基雷达同步以及数据采集、成像。实验结果验证了所提方法的有效性。

基于宽窄带综合的飞机机型识别方法

针对传统单模态雷达飞机目标细粒度识别能力不足的问题,提出一种基于宽窄带综合的飞机机型识别方法.通过卷积网络挖掘宽带一维距离像的局部散射特性,递归神经网络挖掘窄带微动回波不同时刻的上下文特性,达到信息互补的目的.同时,针对两种模态在决策融合时存在强弱不平衡问题,设计了一种自适应决策融合网络,实现了对飞机目标的机型识别.利用七种飞机机型的仿真宽窄带数据进行了实验验证.仿真结果表明,本文方法平均识别准确率为76.7%,较传统方法提升6.4%以上.

子连接有源可重构智能表面辅助的宽带无蜂窝网络能效优化

面对无蜂窝网络中超密集基站部署产生的高功耗问题,提出了一种基于子连接有源可重构智能表面辅助的宽带无蜂窝网络系统。考虑有源智能超表面最大功率约束、放大因子约束和基站端最大功率约束,构建了一个联合基站和可重构智能表面波束优化的能效最大化问题。由于所形成的优化问题非凸,提出了一种交替优化方案将原问题转化为多个子问题,进而利用块坐标下降、拉格朗日对偶变换、多维复二次变换等方法将每个子问题转化为凸优化问题,通过交替求解每个子问题最终获得原问题的解。仿真结果验证了所提方案的有效性。

一种4 GHz瞬时带宽的6~18 GHz超宽带T/R组件设计

针对现代电子对抗设备的大瞬时带宽要求,文中设计了一种瞬时带宽4 GHz的6~18 GHz超宽带T/R组件。采用砖块式多芯片组件(Multi-Chip Module,MCM)和超宽带信号传输等技术实现了T/R组件高集成、小型化和模块化的要求。对T/R组件组成构架、收发通道指标预算、宽带信号传输特性仿真和电磁兼容性设计进行了详细描述。测试结果显示,T/R组件在12 GHz工作带宽内具有良好的性能,发射功率大于35 dBm,接收增益大于20 dB,噪声系数小于5 dB,延时总量达762 ps。

基于超宽带反射超表面产生太赫兹轨道角动量

由于轨道角动量(orbital angular momentum,OAM)有望成为新的通信复用自由度,在拓展信道容量、提高频谱资源利用率方面有巨大潜力而受到越来越多研究人员的关注。目前的太赫兹涡旋波产生器件存在只能工作在单频点、带宽窄、转换效率低等问题,如何在太赫兹频段高效产生OAM成为关键问题之一。该文设计了一种超宽带反射超表面单元,结合几何相位原理和相位叠加原理设计了单层反射超表面。仿真结果表明:设计的超表面实现了在0.82 THz~2.09 THz(相对带宽87.3%)的宽频范围内,将圆极化太赫兹波转换为携带轨道角动量的太赫兹涡旋波,同极化反射谱的幅度大于0.97,转换效率高于94.7%,反射相位覆盖0°~360°。利用傅里叶变换分解反射场中各个OAM模式,定量分析了OAM模式纯度,在不同频率下涡旋波中均为主模式l=-2能量占比最高,进一步对设计的超表面进行优化,主模式能量占比明显提升。该文设计的超表面具有转换效率高、工作带宽大、主模式强度高等优势,为宽带太赫兹涡旋波的高效产生提供了一种参考。