Genomic dissection of widely planted soybean cultivars leads to a new breeding strategy of crops in the post-genomic era

Soybeans specially the widely planted cultivars have been dramatically improved in agronomic performance and is well adapted to local planting environments after long-time domestication and breeding.Uncovering the unique genomic features of popular cultivars will help to understand how soybean genomes have been modified through breeding.We re-sequenced 134 soybean cultivars that were released and most widely planted over the last century in China.Phylogenetic analyses established that these cultivars comprise two geographically distinct sub-populations:Northeast China (NE) versus the HuangHuai-Hai River Valley and South China (HS).A total of 309 selective regions were identified as being impacted by geographical origins.The HS sub-population exhibited higher genetic diversity and linkage disequilibrium decayed more rapidly compared to the NE sub-population.To study the association between phenotypic differences and geographical origins,we recorded the vegetative period under different growing conditions for two years,and found that clustering based on the phenotypic data was closely correlated with cultivar geographical origin.By iteratively calculating accumulated genetic diversity,we established a platform panel of cultivars and have proposed a novel breeding strategy named "Potalaization"for selecting and utilizing the platform cultivars that represent the most genetically diversity and the highest available agronomic performance as the "plateau"for accumulating elite loci and traits,breeding novel widely adapted cultivars,and upgrading breeding technology.In addition to providing new genomic information for the soybean research community,the "Potalaization"strategy that we devised will also be practical for integrating the conventional and molecular breeding programs of crops in the post-genomic era.

Effect of Applied Phosphorus on the Yield and Nutrient Uptake by Soybean Cultivars on Acidic Hill Soil

In a three years experiment, conducted on acidic soil, four varieties of soybean [Glycine max (L) Merril] were tested to see their performance under different regimes of applied Phosphorus. The highest number of pods was given by the cultivar Bragg, followed by Punjab-1, Durga and JS-89-21. A similar trend was observed in the number of filled pods. On an average, the cultivar, Punjab-1, gave the maximum harvest index, followed closely by Bragg. Both the cultivars, Durga and JS-89-21, had lower harvest index. The application of P fertilizer significantly increased the harvest index up to 60 kg·P·ha–1. The Highest yield of grains was given by the variety ‘Bragg’ (1630 kg·ha–1), followed by Punjab-1, JS-89-21 and Durga, which gave the yields of 1510, 1470 and 880 kg·ha–1, respectively. Highest N, P and K removal was found by the cultivar Bragg, followed by Punjab-1, JS-89-21 and Durga cultivars. The uptake of nutrients was significantly related to the total biomass produced by a cultivar (r = 0.8125), showing a yield predictability of 66.0%. The increase in uptake of N, P and K, respectively, with the application of 60 kg·P·ha–1 over no P was;245.3, 159.4 and 158.3% in case of Bragg, 101.5%, 73.8% and 44.6% in case of Durga, 182.2%, 70.6% and 63.8% in case of JS-89-21 and 164.7%, 80.0% and 97.4% in case of Punjab-1. A significant increase in soil available P was found in the plots where it was applied @ 60 kg·ha–1 continuously for three years.

Interplanting Some Soybean Cultivars with Mandarin Trees in Sandy Soil

Two-year field experiments were carried out at El-Kassasen Horticultural Research Station, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Ismailia government, Egypt, during 2018 and 2019 summer seasons to evaluate some soybean cultivars for interplanting with mandarin trees to achieve high productivity of both crops, land usage and profitability under sandy soil conditions. The treatments were the combinations of two cropping systems (interplanting and solid cultures) and five soybean cultivars (Giza 21, Giza 22, Giza 35, Giza 82 and Giza 111). A strip plot design with three replications was used. Interplanting soybean cultivar Giza 22 with mandarin trees gave a higher total count of rhizobia in rhizosphere of mandarin roots after 75 days from soybean sowing than the other treatments in both seasons. The highest fruit weight and volume, total soluble solids (T.S.S.), fruit yields per tree and per ha were obtained by growing soybean cultivar Giza 22 or Giza 111 with mandarin compared with the other treatments in both seasons. With respect to soybean crop, interplanting soybean with mandarin trees decreased percentages of light intensity at the middle and bottom of the plant, chlorophylls a and b, as well as, plant dry weight after 75 days from soybean sowing compared with those of solid culture in both seasons. Soybean cultivars Giza 22 and Giza 82 had higher light intensity at the middle and bottom of the plant, as well as chlorophyll a, meanwhile soybean cultivars Giza 22 and Giza 111 had higher plant dry weight than the other soybean cultivars after 75 days from soybean sowing in both seasons. Soybean cultivar Giza 22 and Giza 111 had higher plant dry weight than the other soybean cultivars under interplanting and solid plantings in both seasons. Interplanting soybean with mandarin trees decreased soybean seed yield and its attributes compared with soybean solid culture in both seasons. Soybean cultivars Giza 111 and Giza 22 gave a higher number of pods per plant, seed yields per plant and per ha than the other cultivars in both seasons. Soybean cultivars Giza 111 and Giza 22 followed by Giza 82 recorded a higher number of pods per plant, seed yields per plant and per ha under interplanting and solid cultures than the other treatments in both seasons. Interplanting soybean cultivar Giza 22 and Giza 111 with mandarin trees achieved higher LER, LEC, total return and MAI than solid culture of mandarin. Growing four ridges of soybean cultivars Giza 22 or Giza 111 between mandarin trees cultivar Fremont had higher productivity, land usage and profitability than mandarin solid culture under sandy soil conditions.

Pedigree analysis of nationally approved soybean cultivars from 1984 to 2013 and implications for breeding

To reveal origins of 316 state authorized varieties from 1984 to 2013, rules of their parentsJ selection including types and hybrid configurations of direct parents, geo-graphical sources and types of their ancestors were analyzed. Various important direct parents and ancestors were summarized and nuclear contribution of ancestors was also estimated by pedigree analysis. Among 316 registered cultivars, 298 （94.3%） were bred by hybridization, and most of their direct parents were cultivars or breeding lines （65.5%）. Cultivars and breeding lines were mostly used as female parents, with 53.0% and 38.7% respectively. The 316 released cultivars were traced to 373 final ancestors, mainly com-posed of landraces （55.5%） and breeding lines （36.7%）. The 373 final ancestors came from different regions, including 121 from northern area, 110 from Huang-Huai-Hai area, 53 from southern area and 76 from abroad. These ancestors were mainly from the same ecologic zone as the approved cultivars. Newly approved cultivars always have more ancestors and a broader genetic base. However, distribution of these ancestors was unbalanced, and a few ancestors provided significant genetic contributions to later generations, such as the most concentrated final ancestors from Huang-Huai-Hai region followed by northern and southern regions. These results offer more information regarding their important parents and provide valuable references to soybean breeding. We should increase soybean germplasm exchanges with different regions and make use of elite lines, foreign cultivars and wild soybean germplasm to broaden the genetic background.

Principles and practices of the photo-thermal adaptability improvement in soybean

As a short-day(SD)and thermophilic plant,soybean(Glycine max(L.)Merr.)is sensitive to photo-thermal conditions.This characteristic severely limits the cultivation range of a given soybean cultivar and affects the performances of agronomic traits such as yield,plant architectures,and seed quality.Therefore,understanding the mechanism of photo-thermal sensitivity will provide a theoretical basis for soybean improvement.In this review,we introduce the advances in physiological,genetic,and molecular researches in photoperiodism of soybean,and progress in the improvement of the photo-thermal adaptability.We also summarize the photo-thermal conditions and characteristics of widely-planted soybean cultivars of major production regions in China.Furthermore,we proposed a novel concept of‘ecotyping’and the strategies for widely-adapted soybean cultivar breeding.This review provides an important guide for improving the adaptability of soybean.

玉豆间作条件下不同品种大豆干物质积累及转运特性研究

以4个耐荫高产大豆品种为材料,以‘中黄13’大豆品种为对照,研究不同品种大豆在玉米-大豆间作条件下,开花至成熟阶段植株地上部各器官(主茎叶、分枝叶、主茎秆、分枝秆、荚及籽粒)干物质积累、分配及转运变化规律。结果表明,玉豆间作条件下,大豆开花后7~57 d,单株地上部干物质积累量及籽粒干物质积累量均呈现“慢-快-慢”的“S”型增长模式;开花后27~37 d是大豆产量形成的关键时期;植株干物质在各器官中的分配随生长中心的转移而转变;主茎叶是充实籽粒“库”的主“源”,对籽粒产量的贡献最大;不同品种大豆干物质积累及转运能力差异显著,与CK(中黄13)比较,品种SL-3(陕豆125)、SL-4(山宁17)表现出较高的干物质积累及转运能力,具有“源”强、“库”大特性。综合分析表明,玉豆间作生产中,选用“源”强、“库”大的品种,抓好花荚期田间管理,强源、增库、促流是提高大豆产量的关键。

早熟稳产夏大豆新品种宿豆219的选育

宿豆219是宿州市农业科学院以皖宿5717为母本,中黄13×中豆20后代选系2007-3为父本进行有性杂交,采用改良系谱法选育而成的夏大豆新品种。该品种早熟、稳产、抗病性好、适应性强、耐热耐旱、不裂荚、熟相优、籽粒商品性好,适宜淮河以北及沿淮地区作夏大豆推广种植。2018—2019年参加安徽省夏大豆区域试验,2年平均产量为2568.5 kg/hm^(2),较对照品种中黄13增产6.69%。2020年参加安徽省夏大豆生产试验,平均产量为2831.1 kg/hm^(2),较对照品种中黄13增产6.49%。2021年通过安徽省农作物品种审定委员会审定,审定编号为皖审豆20210005。

Map-based cloning of a novel QTL qBN-1 influencing branch number in soybean[Glycine max(L.)Merr.]

Branch number(BN)is an important agronomic attribute related to the plant architecture,adaptability,and yield of soybean.To date,few studies ofBNhave been conducted to elucidate its genetic background.We aimed to localize genetic factors affecting BN using segregating populations derived fromthe high-branching cultivar‘Kennong24’(KN24)and the low-branching cultivar‘Kenfeng19’(KF19).Composite interval mapping analysis detected a QTL(qBN-1)on chromosome 6 between the SSR markers BARCSOYSSR_06_0993 and BARCSOYSSR_06_1070 using an F2 population.To fine-map qBN-1,a RIL population was developed and genotyped with 14 SSRmarkers located in the QTL region.qBN-1 was localized to a 115.67-kb interval flanked by markers BARCSOYSSR_06_1048 and BARCSOYSSR_06_1053.The QTL was further confirmed using backcross populations of size 1305(BC2F2 with KN24 as a recurrent parent)and 1712(BC3F2 with KF19 as a recurrent parent).The fine-mapping region of qBN-1 contained only two candidate genes,Glyma.06G208800 and Glyma.06G208900,whose expression patterns were investigated by qRT-PCR.Compared to Glyma.06G208800 gene expression,Glyma.06G208900 showed the highest expression of the two genes and showed a significant difference in expression between high-and low-branching genotypes in either axillary meristem or shoot apical meristem,and showed opposite expression patterns in the two tissues at V4 and R1 stages.These results identify Glyma.06G208900 as a novel candidate gene controlling BN.Taken together,the results of this study provide a foundation for cloning and functional analysis of the qBN-1 gene and for the improvement of BN bymarker-assisted selection in soybean breeding.

Geographic differentiation and phylogeographic relationships among world soybean populations

A fast-growing protein and oil crop,soybean was domesticated in ancient China and disseminated early in Asia and afterwards to other continents,in particular the Americas in recent centuries.After adaptation,locally developed landraces and cultivars formed a diversity of geographic-populations.In an investigation of their phylogeographic features,marker-derived traits were combined with geography-related photo-and temperaturesensitive traits to study 13 geographic-populations comprising 371 accessions.Extreme differentiation among geographic-populations was observed for flowering date(33–94 days),maturity date(79–181 days),and main stem node number(6–25 nodes).Restriction-site associated DNA sequencing revealed strong genetic differentiation among these geographic-populations,including genetic richness(alleles,35,242–44,986)and specific-present alleles(SPAs,0–67).More SPAs(28–67)emerged in some secondary and tertiary centers than in centers of origin(8–11).Phenotypic and genotypic clustering divided 11 of the 13 geographic-populations into the same five sets of sensitivity-similar geographic-populations and grouped the populations of northeast China and northern North America rather than center-of-origin populations as secondary centers,indicating the importance of geography-related traits in determining genetic differences among geographic-populations.A model of four soybean dissemination paths is presented:from the center of origin to the north,east,and south in Asia and from northeast China to Europe and the Americas.These findings provide a detailed phylogeographic understanding of worldwide soybeans.

Activity of Isoxaflutole plus Metribuzin Tankmixes in Isoxaflutole-Resistant Soybean

Isoxaflutole-resistant soybean is currently in development for commercialization in North America. Proposals to use isoxaflutole + metribuzin as the main herbicide tank-mixture raise concerns as there is limited grass control with these herbicides. Strategies are needed to improve grass control with isoxaflutole + metribuzin. Nine experiments were conducted over a two-year period (2017, 2018) to determine the efficacy of isoxaflutole + metribuzin (52.5 + 210 g a·i· ha-1) applied alone and co-applied with pendimethalin, dimethenamid-P, pethoxamid, pyroxasulfone or S-metolachlor applied preemergence (PRE). Comparisons were made with isoxaflutole + metribuzin at a low rate (52.5 + 210 g a·i· ha-1), medium rate (79 + 315 g a·i· ha-1) and a high rate (105 + 420 g a·i· ha-1). Eight weed species were evaluated including common lambsquarters, green and redroot pigweed, common ragweed, velvetleaf, green and giant foxtail, yellow foxtail, barnyardgrass and witchgrass. All herbicides were affected by amount of rainfall following application;less rainfall resulted in reduced weed control. The addition of pendimethalin, dimethenamid-P, pethoxamid, pyroxasulfone or S-metolachlor to the low rate ofisoxaflutole + metribuzin provided equivalent control of all weed species evaluated compared toisoxaflutole + metribuzin at the low, medium, or high rate.

早熟高产大豆新品种吉育209的选育及栽培技术

高产大豆新品种吉育209是吉林省农业科学院大豆研究所2009年以公交0503-2为母本、延-08-2为父本配制杂交组合,采用系谱法经多年鉴定选育而成的大豆新品种。2018—2019年参加吉林省北方春大豆早熟组区域试验,平均产量2 542.8 kg·hm^(-2),比对照合交02-69增产6.8%。2019年参加生产试验,平均产量2 524.5 kg·hm^(-2),较对照品种合交02-69平均增产6.9%。2020年通过吉林省农作物品种审定委员会审定,审定编号为吉审豆20200003。

Influences of Temperature Regime on Germination of Seed of Wild Soybean(Glycine soja)

As an important plant species with high protein contents,wild soybean(Glycine soja),has drawn much attention and appeared to be useful for the genetic improvement of soybean germplasms.Since temperature is one of the numerous environmental factors affecting the germination of most plants,an experimental study was carried out to determine the effect of temperature on germination of wild soybean(G.soja)seeds.Germination test was conducted by setting up thirty-six constant and alternating temperature regimes,ranging from 5 to 40 ℃(16 h night/8 h day).Responses in germination rate to these temperature regimes were then used to construct a quadratic response surface,giving estimated germination rates with confidence intervals at P ≤ 0.05.The results showed that germination capacity was significantly greater while exposed to constant temperatures of 25 ℃,and under the alternating temperature regime the optimum temperature occurred at the 20/25,25/25,25/30 ℃ regime(16 h/8 h)with the amplitude widened from 0 to 5 ℃.Together with regional monthly climate data,these results could be used to improve and promote the cultivation of wild soybean(G.soja),making it available to develop the location-specific optimum seeding time and to apply weed-control treatments.

国审高油大豆新品种安豆1498的品种特性及高效栽培技术

安豆1498是安阳市农业科学院以安豆6号为母本,Sprite 87为父本进行有性杂交,系谱法选育而成的高油大豆新品种。2018-2019年参加国家黄淮海夏大豆北片组区域试验,2年区域试验平均产量为3009.8 kg/hm^(2),较对照品种冀豆12号平均增产5.6%。2020年参加国家黄淮海夏大豆北片组生产试验,平均产量为3418.5 kg/hm^(2),较对照品种冀豆12号平均增产11.8%。该品种高产稳产、抗病性强、脂肪含量高、适种范围广。2年平均粗脂肪含量为22.02%,属高油大豆品种。适宜在北京中部和南部、天津、河北北部和中部及山东北部地区夏播种植。2021年通过国家农作物品种审定委员会审定,审定编号为国审豆20210039。

Glyphosate-Residues in Roundup-Ready Soybean Impair Daphnia magna Life-Cycle

Herbicide tolerant plants such as Roundup-Ready soybean contain residues of glyphosate herbicide. These residues are considered safe and previous animal-feeding-studies have failed to find negative effects related to such chemical residues. The present study tests 8 experimental soy- meal diets as feed in groups (each containing 20 individuals) of test-animals (D. magna). The diets have different levels of glyphosate residues and we show that animal growth, reproductive maturity and number of offspring are correlated with these chemicals. The tested soybeans are from ordinary agriculture in Iowa USA and the residues are below the regulatory limits. Despite this, clear negative effects are seen in life-long feeding. The work enhances the need for including analysis of herbicide residues in future assessment of GMO.

中国大豆疫病的发生与防治

从病害发生情况、危害症状、病原侵染循环、流行因素和防控技术等方面对我国大豆疫病发生与防控的研究进展进行总结、分析和展望,以期为大豆重大病害监测与防控技术的深入研究提供参考。

大粒高产大豆新品种齐农41的选育

齐农41是黑龙江省农业科学院齐齐哈尔分院于2015年以黑河26为母本,合丰53为父本进行有性杂交,系谱法选育而成的大粒、高产、早熟大豆新品种。该品种适用性广、蛋白质含量及产量稳定、抗灰斑病。2020—2021年参加黑龙江省大豆品种区域试验(第三积温带西部区),2年区域试验平均产量为2953.4 kg/hm^(2),较对照品种龙垦316增产10.3%。该品种2年平均粗蛋白质含量为40.22%,平均粗脂肪含量为19.41%。齐农41品种特异性及稳定性好,适宜在黑龙江省第三积温带西部≥10℃活动积温2350℃区域种植。2023年通过黑龙江省农作物品种审定委员会审定,审定编号为黑审豆20220044,品种权号为CNA20201001282。

耐密型大豆品种农艺和产量性状对增密减肥的响应

施肥水平和种植密度是影响大豆产量的两个关键因素。为发挥大豆品种的产量潜力,明确增密减肥的产量形成机理,实现绿色高效生产,以大豆普通品种辽豆11(L11)和耐密型品种辽豆14(L14)为试材,采用裂-裂区设计,2个品种为主区,2个种植密度(15万株·hm^(-2)和30万株·hm^(-2))为裂区,3个磷酸二铵施肥水平为再裂区,即150 kg·hm^(-2)(N1,生产施肥常量),112.5 kg·hm^(-2)(N2,减少25%施肥量),75 kg·hm^(-2)(N3,减少50%施肥量),研究增密减肥对大豆叶片光合生理参数、植株倒伏率、农艺性状和籽粒产量的影响。结果表明:种植密度在30万株·hm^(-2)条件下,耐密植品种L14的节间数、LAI、SPAD和产量显著高于普通品种L11。施肥量在112.5 kg·hm^(-2)条件下,耐密品种L14的产量、节间数、SPAD均增加,且在R5时期仍维持较高的光合生产能力,植株倒伏率显著低于普通品种L11。耐密植品种L14种植密度由15万株·hm^(-2)增加到30万株·hm^(-2),籽粒产量随种植密度增产12.8%。在常规施肥量减少25%的条件下,耐密品种L14种植密度由15万·hm^(-2)增加到30万株·hm^(-2)时籽粒产量比低密植常量施肥增产16.0%。综上,增密减肥与耐密型品种相结合,可以降低大豆群体的植株倒伏率和植株结荚高度,增加节间数和株高,提高大豆群体产量和肥料利用效率,实现高产高效。

种植密度和氮施用时期对不同大豆品种农艺性状和产量的影响

合理密植和延后施氮是提高大豆产量的重要手段,为阐明不同大豆品种对种植密度和施氮时期的响应,于2020年在河南省新乡县开展试验,试验以大豆品种齐黄34和郑1307为试验材料,采用裂区设计,主处理为大豆品种,副处理为种植密度和氮施用时期,分析其农艺性状、生物量积累及产量要素构成的差异。研究结果表明:齐黄34和郑1307在18万~27万株/hm^(2)密度范围内苗期、盛花期、盛荚期施氮时产量分别为4027.55~4748.20和4783.65~5113.60 kg/hm^(2),郑1307产量比齐黄34高12.2%~21.8%。随种植密度增加,两个品种产量均无显著变化,其中齐黄34茎粗降低、分枝减少、有效荚数、有效粒数和百粒重均降低,但其茎秆伸长、地上部和根系生物量增加;郑1307茎粗和有效分枝降低,但单位面积生物量增加。氮施用时期对齐黄34产量影响显著,盛荚期施氮产量最高,与苗期和盛花期施氮相比分别提高5%~8%和8%~17%;对郑1307产量无显著影响,但在27万株/hm^(2)下盛荚期施氮有一定增产效应,且影响其有效荚数和百粒重。综上所述,在18万~27万株/hm^(2)种植密度区间内,种植密度通过调整大豆株型、改变地上部和根系的干物质积累,维持其群体产量;延后施氮对齐黄34有一定的增产效应,但对郑1307的增产效应未达到显著水平。研究结果为稳定提高黄淮海地区大豆单产,保障我国大豆产量及落实“大豆振兴”战略提供了理论基础及科学依据。

江苏省春播鲜食大豆主栽品种营养和功能品质研究

为探究江苏省春播鲜食大豆主栽品种营养成分和功能成分的组成与差异,以台湾292、新3号和苏新6号为研究对象,对营养组成(脂肪、蛋白质、可溶性糖、氨基酸组成、糖组分)和功能成分相关指标(总酚、总黄酮、6种异黄酮组分和抗氧化活性)进行了比较分析。结果表明:鲜食大豆的氨基酸主要以天冬氨酸和谷氨酸为主,苏新6号的总氨基酸含量最高,为37.38 g·(100 g)^(-1);糖组分中,蔗糖(47.93~63.45 mg·g^(-1))是鲜食大豆的主要糖组分;鲜食大豆主要以糖苷型异黄酮形式(64.17~95.67μg·g^(-1))存在,而苷元型异黄酮为23.6~33.88μg·g^(-1)。不同品种间营养及功能品质都有显著性差异,台湾292可溶性糖和蔗糖含量最高,甜味较好,DPPH和ABTS自由基清除能力最强;苏新6号具有高蛋白质和高氨基酸含量,且有较高的苷元型异黄酮含量。综上所述,营养成分上,苏新6号更符合消费者对鲜食大豆营养品质的要求,功能特性上,台湾292具有较高的抗氧化活性。

The T2T genome assembly of soybean cultivar ZH13 and its epigenetic landscapes

Dear Editor,earCultor,Soybean is a crucial source of protein for both humans and livestock and a vital oilseed crop.In 2010,the Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute released the first version of the soybean cultivar genome Williams 82(Schmutz et al.,2010).Since then,numerous soybean genomes have been assembled and annotated,including wild species,cultivars,landraces,and pangenomic assemblies(Shen et al.,2018;Xie et al.,2019;Liu et al.,2020).The Chinese soybean cultivar "Zhonghuang 13"(ZH13),which is widely used in China for its high yield and stress resistance,represents a genetic signature of Asian soybean and is the most complete soybean genome assembled using thirdgeneration sequencing technology(Shen et al.,2019).These genomes have facilitated the study of molecular mechanisms and gene regulation,hastening soybean breeding.Nonetheless,there are still many gaps in these soybean genomes,particularly in the centromere and telomere regions,which have not been assembled and annotated,hindering the development of soybean genomes and functional genomic research.