Gravel hardness effect on compaction characteristics of gravelly soil

The compaction characteristics of gravelly soil are affected by gravel hardness.To investigate the evolution and influencing mechanism of different gravel hardness on the compaction characteristics of gravelly soil,heavy compaction tests and crushing tests were conducted on gravelly soils with gravels originated from hard,soft and extremely soft rocks.According to orthogonal experiments and variance analysis,it was found that hardness has a significant impact on the maximum dry density of gravelly soil,followed by gravel content,and lastly,moisture content.For gravel compositions with an average saturated uniaxial compressive strength less than 60 MPa,the order of compacted maximum dry density is soft gravels>hard gravels>extremely soft gravels.Each type of gravelly soil has a threshold for gravel content,with 60%for hard and soft gravels and 50%for extremely soft gravels.Beyond these thresholds,the compacted dry density decreases significantly.There is a certain interaction between hardness,gravel content,and moisture content.Higher hardness increases the influence of gravel content,whereas lower hardness increases the influence of moisture content.Gravelly soils with the coarse aggregate(CA)between 0.7 and 0.8 typically achieve higher dry densities after compaction.In addition,the prediction equations for the particle breakage rate and CA ratio in the Bailey method were proposed to estimate the compaction performance of gravelly soil preliminarily.The results further revealed the compaction mechanism of different gravelly soils and can provide reference for subgrade filling construction.

Distribution and characteristics of gravelly soil liquefaction in the Wenchuan M_s 8.0 earthquake

In this paper,a distribution map of gravelly soil liquefaction that was caused by the Wenchuan M8.0 earthquake in China is proposed based on a detailed field investigation and an analysis of geological soil profiles. The geological background of the earthquake disaster region is summarized by compiling geological cross sections and borehole logs. Meanwhile,four typical liquefied sites were selected to conduct sample drillings,dynamic penetration tests (DPT),and shear wave velocity tests,to understand the features of liquefied gravelly soil. One hundred and eighteen (118) liquefied sites were investigated shortly after the earthquake. The field investigation showed:(1) sandboils and waterspouts occurred extensively,involving thousands of miles of farmland,120 villages,eight schools and five factories,which caused damage to some rural houses,schools,manufacturing facilities and wells,etc.; (2) the Chengdu plain is covered by a gravelly soil layer with a thickness of 0 m to 541 m according to the geological cross sections; (3) there were 80 gravelly soil liquefied sites in the Chengdu plain,shaped as five belt areas that varied from 20 km to 40 km in length,and about ten gravelly soil liquefied sites distributed within Mianyang area; and (4) the grain sizes of the sampled soil were relative larger than the ejected soil on the ground,thus the type of liquefied soil cannot be determined by the ejected soil. The gravelly soil liquefied sites are helpful in enriching the global database of gravelly soil liquefaction and developing a corresponding evaluation method in further research efforts.

An evaluation method for internal erosion potential of gravelly soil based on particle size distribution

Internal erosion occurs when fine particles escape from the soil driven by seepage flow,which is considered to be the crucial factor causing the failure of earth structures filled with gravelly soil.The objective of this paper is to suggest an appropriate method to assess internal erosion potential of gravelly soil.By analyzing the sensitivity of soil material to internal erosion,the variable(Dc15/df85)max and the content of coarse particles(Pc)are selected as the evaluation indexes(Dc15 and df85 are the diameters of 15%mass passing in the coarse component and 85%mass passing in the fine component,respectively).A series of gravelly soils with different particle size distributions are tested for internal erosion by the self-made permeameter.Based on the test results,an evaluation method for the internal erosion of gravelly soil is proposed.Gravelly soil is prone to internal erosion when 60%≤Pc<95%and(Dc15/df85)max≥9.5.The proposed method shows good accuracy in evaluating the internal erosion of 36 soil samples from other studies,which confirms the reliability of the method.The proposed method makes it possible to accurately assess internal erosion of gravelly soil,and an alternative method is provided for engineers to determine whether there is a risk of internal erosion in earth structures consisting of gravelly soil.

Landslides & Debris Flows Formation from Gravelly Soil Surface Erosion and Particle Losses in Jiangjia Ravine

Gravelly soils are made up of gravel, sand, silt and clay. They are widely used in engineering applications such as rock-fill dams with clay cores, which are the main researches at present. The strength and mechanical properties of the gravelly soils are affected by the content of coarse grain, fine particles, and their adhesive states. These Properties can be verified by laboratory unconsolidated undrained triaxial tests with grain size less than 5 mm and by large scale direct-shear tests with original grain content. Fine particles of the loose gravelly slopes are released under rainfalls, alternated the structures and mechanical properties, even affected the slope stability. There are a series of large scale direct-shear tests with different coarse grain contents to study the influence of fine particles releasing and migration, results showed the strength behavior of the gravelly soils were affected by the coarse grain content （5） and the inflection coarse grain contents. In order to study the erosion features of the gravelly soil slopes on rainfall conditions and the slopes stability alteration, we had carried out one sort of artificial rainfall local and model experiments, the runoff sediment contents were monitored during the experiments. Result showed that the shapes of the slopes surface transformed periodically, runoff sediment contents were divided into five phases according to the experiment phenomena, runoff sediment contents maintained downtrend during the rain time and the downtrend was obviouslyinterpreted by one descend belt no matter the rainfall intensity and the slope angels. Particle size analysis released the deposit on the slope surface lost almost all of the clay, most of the silt and sand after the experiments, this meant the fine particles releasing, migration and accumulation process on condition of rainfall resulted in the instability factor of the slopes even induced landslide or debris flow.

Post-liquefaction shearing behaviour of saturated gravelly soils: Experimental study and discrete element simulation

To investigate the post-liquefaction shearing behaviour of saturated gravelly soil,laboratory tests were conducted using a staticedynamic multi-purpose triaxial apparatus.In addition,numerical simulations using the discrete element method(DEM)were performed to preliminarily understand the micromechanism of gravelly soil in monotonic loading after liquefaction.The influences of dry density,initial confining stress and degree of liquefaction on the post-liquefaction shearing behaviour of gravelly soil were discussed,and the evolution of the micro-parameters of the granular system was also analysed.The results show that the stressestrain responses of gravelly soil after liquefaction can be divided into three stages:(1)low strength stage,(2)super-linear strength recovery stage,and(3)sublinear strength recovery stage,which are distinctly different from those of the general saturated gravelly soil without previous cyclic loading.The initial state and prior dynamic stress history have significant influences on the post-liquefaction shearing behaviour of gravelly soil.The DEM simulation revealed that the average coordination number sharply increases,the contact normal shows an obvious orientation distribution,and the destroyed force chain backbones are reconstructed in the monotonic reloading process after liquefaction.The evolution of the micro-parameters of the granular system clearly reflects the interior interaction process and micro-mechanisms in the particles during the three different stages of the macro-mechanical behaviour of gravelly soil.

A Review of Test Methods for the Determination of the Permeability Coefficient of Gravelly Soils Used for Embankment Dams

The factors influencing the permeability coefficient of gravelly soils used for the development of embankment dams(core wall)are analyzed.Such factors include(but are not limited to)soil size,anisotropy,density and boundary effects.A review of the literature is conducted and new directions of research are proposed.In such a framework,it is shown that gravelly soil with controlled density and vertical stress should be used to optimize the measurement of the vertical and horizontal permeability coefficients,respectively.

砂砾土振动体变评价方法与离心机模型试验验证

2008汶川地震出现了砂砾土大范围液化致灾现象,现场震害调查表明砂砾土场地存在砾石效应影响,现有砂土场地的震后沉降评价方法不适用于砂砾土场地。对此,在“张-社本”振动体变评价方法的基础上进一步发展了考虑砾石含量的砂砾土振动体变评价方法,然后开展动三轴试验确定评价方法中的相关参数,最后开展3组典型砾石含量的砂砾土地基离心机振动台模型试验对评价方法的可靠性进行验证。试验结果表明,砾石含量越高,振动引起的场地沉降变形越小;砂砾土振动体变评价方法可以较为准确地预测新近沉积砂砾土场地的震后沉降,但对存在地震历史影响的砂砾土场地,本文提出的评价方法较为保守,建议进一步发展考虑地震历史效应的砂砾土振动体变评价方法。

基于剪切波速的砾性土液化概率计算的中国方法

砾性土地震液化风险评价是我国工程防震减灾面临的新问题,原位剪切波速试验是具有普适性的技术手段,但现有方法不适用于中国。建立中国模式下基于剪切波速的砾性土液化概率计算新方法,并与已有的基于地震循环剪应力比CSR(cyclic stress ratio)理论建立的CYY(Cao,Youd and Yuan,简称CYY)计算方法进行对比。采用实测数据和不同概率下液化临界线模型的对比分析表明,所提出的中国模式基于剪切波速的砾性土液化概率计算新方法,解决了CYY方法不适用我国的问题,且模型构造较CYY方法先进,克服了CYY方法难以兼顾不同砾性土层埋深和不同地震动强度的缺点。无论是退化为概率0.5的确定性判别结果,还是实测数据下液化概率计算的可靠性,本方法均优于CYY方法。提出的公式已被具有我国样板规范性质的《建筑工程抗震性态设计通则》修订版采纳,可为相关规范修订及工程应用提供指导与技术支持。

砾粒土卸载-再加载力学特性大型平面应变试验研究

针对水利和交通工程中平面应变类工程重复加卸荷问题,利用压力室平面应变改造后的西安理工大学大型土工真三轴仪在不同围压条件下对两种砾粒土进行固结排水平面应变卸载-再加载试验,研究了砾粒土在平面应变状态下的应力-应变关系和卸载回弹应变和卸载-再加载回弹坡度等力学特性。结果表明:砾粒土的颗粒圆度、孔隙比、母岩强度和围压均会影响剪切峰值应力及剪胀特性,颗粒圆度好、孔隙比小的砾粒土峰值应力较低且更易表现出剪胀特性,母岩强度低会促进应变软化并降低峰值应力,围压增大可抑制剪胀并使峰值应力增大;体积应变和广义剪应变卸载回弹量与应力水平和围压有关;回弹坡度随应力水平增大先增后减,密实度较大时回弹坡度较大;卸载-再加载过程中出现主应力轴旋转现象,零应变方向的应力并非一直为中主应力;回弹坡度显著大于初始切线坡度,回弹坡度与初始切线坡度之比随围压增大快速减小。

中国模式下砾性土液化指数评价新方法

砾性土地震液化是我国土木工程震害防治技术体系建设面临的新问题,砾性土液化指数作为砾性土液化判别的最终表征量及抗液化对策的实际控制指标,是当前体系发展中亟待突破的瓶颈。该文继承中国模式,基于2008年我国汶川地震实测数据,提出以超重型圆锥动力触探击数比余量为基本变量的砾性土液化指数评价新方法。采用我国独有资料,构建砾性土的理论计算液化指数与宏观调查液化指数间函数关系,分析我国规范中既有液化指数与液化等级对应关系的可行性,建立适于砾性土液化指数与液化等级的对等关系,以实测资料多方论证新方法的合理性。提出的新方法,保持了中国模式的优势,可为实际工程应用和我国规范修订提供直接的技术支持。

高土石坝心墙砾石土料掺配施工技术

高砾石土心墙土石坝防渗体砾石土料的质量对坝体结构稳定和长期安全运行至关重要,通过对不同土料掺配施工技术研究,制定出精确掺配的相关施工工艺参数,解决了常规施工存在的诸多问题,提高了高土石坝砾石土料掺拌和填筑施工质量,节约了工程施工成本,确保了坝体结构稳定和运行安全,为工程正常有序施工及完建创造了良好的条件。

新疆干旱区砾类土路基水分迁移试验研究

为探究新疆干旱区砾类土路基水分迁移特性,文章对哈密地区原路基土进行取样,通过砾类土室内土柱试验,对温度和含水率进行实时监测,分析不同冷端温度对水分迁移的影响。结果表明,土样冻结阶段各测点温度随时间表现出先快速下降、后缓慢下降、最终保持稳定的变化特点。距离冷端温度越远的土样,受暖端温度影响更大。不同冷端温度土样含水率变化总体呈先增大后减小的规律,土样水分受到温度的影响,含水率发生重分布,在距土样底端不同位置出现含水率的峰值,冷端温度越低,冻结锋面位置下降,冻结锋面边缘的未冻水不断向冻结锋面聚集,含水率明显增大。

Elastic-plastic solution and experimental study on critical water pressure inducing hydraulic fracturing in soil

It is widely believed that hydraulic fracturing will occur in the clay core of an earth-rockfill dam if the water pressure in the core increases to levels that are high enough to allow a fracture to form. An elastic-plastic solution to critical water pressure inducing hydraulic fracturing(fracture initiation pressure) in soil is derived based on Mohr-Coulomb shear failure criterion and the theory of cavity expansion. In order to verify the applicability of the criteria presented and study the relations among fracture initiation pressure, tensile strength and stress state of soil, laboratory tests are performed on compacted cuboid specimens by true triaxial apparatus. According to the test results, the cracks of hydraulic fracturing existed perpendicular to the minor principal stress plane. The hydraulic fracturing pressure pf increases with the increase of dry density of specimen, pf shows good linear relationship with σ2 and σ3. The prediction from presented equation is compared with test results and other three predictions, of which two are tensile failure(TS) criterion, and the other is Mohr-Coulomb(M-C) criterion. The presented solution is verified, and the other three approaches for pf are evaluated. The comparison indicates that the predicted values from the presented equations agree well with the test values for specimens of low dry density, and the error of the prediction is larger for those of high dry density, especially in lower minor stress states. The predicted average relative error of absolute value Ra from TS1 criterion is 13.3% for all specimens of different dry densities, and each prediction is lower than the test data. On the contrary, most of the predicted values from M-C criterion are greater than the test data, but the average relative error from the presented equation is the minimum. Considering the safety of soil works, an equation from TS1 criterion is suggested to evaluate the occurrence of hydraulic fracturing in earth-rockfill dam designing.

Effects of freezing-thawing on the engineering performance of core wall soil materials of a dam in the process of construction

The construction of water conservancy projects in cold regions experiences freezing-thawing cycles,which can greatly change the engineering properties of soil and have a significant impact on the construction of projects.Lianghekou Hydropower Station(LHS),is a controlling station with the largest installed capacity among the 7 middle reach projects in the Yalong River,the secondary tributary of the Yangtze River.LHS is located in a seasonally frozen soil area.Based on the measured data of air and ground temperature in winter in the dam core wall,the freezing-thawing variation of gravelly soil and contact clay during the filling process of the core wall are compared and analyzed,then the main impact factors of the freezing-thawing variation of soils are discussed.The results show that under the influence of air temperature,soil freezes unidirectionally from ground surface downward and deepens gradually,and the thawing processes are different at the aspects of thawing direction and rate.Air temperature and physical properties of soil including soil type,moisture content and dry density affect the freezingthawing processes of soils.And the impact of engineering construction is more remarkable than natural factors.The engineering construction affects soil temperature and freezing-thawing process by controlling the initial temperature of soil,the speed and duration of the technological conversion of paving,compaction,and the length of placed duration at night.Due to the long placed duration of soil with the slow construction method,the initial temperature of soil gradually reduces,the heat transfer process inside soil is fast.Then the internal heat of soil releases,the decreasing rate of ground temperature of soil at different depths is fast and the frozen depth deepens.While due to the short placed duration of soil with the rapid construction process,the initial temperature of soil is high,high internal heat of soil is supplied every day,and the heat transfer process inside soil is slow.Then the decreasing rate of temperature of soil at different depths is slow,and the variation amplitude of frozen depth is small.This study provides useful guidance for the freezingthawing prevention during the construction process of core wall dams located at high altitude region in winter.

砾石土料的湿化变形试验技术难点与解决方法

砾石土心墙料的大尺寸样品湿化变形试验难度极大,这主要是砾石土料的性质决定了其饱和固结排水困难、样品难以达到饱和状态、试验周期太长。从试验技术、测试方法等方面进行攻关,分析试验成果出现偏差的原因并修正,针对砾石土湿化变形离散性大、存在应力饱和问题,进行了艰难地研究探索。通过对湿化试验过程中的体变修正、进水量修正、饱和度实时计算、成果离散性处理等关键细节的严格把控,最终成功地完成了典型砾石土料的湿化变形试验,获得了规律性较好的砾石土心墙料湿化变形成果。试验过程中出现的异于常规的现象,如围压施加过程中三轴压力室的整体向上变形、高应力状态下没有湿化变形量等,通过试验数据分析和理论分析,最终都得到了合理的解释,加深了对砾石土心墙料土工试验技术和砾石土料湿化变形的认识。

强夯置换处理沙漠湖区砾石土路基试验研究

为分析沙漠湖区水下砾石土路基过渡段采用强夯置换法对置换墩体及墩间土的加固效果,采用强夯置换法对砾石土水下路基进行处理,监测其夯沉量、地表隆起量及超静孔隙水压力,并采用动力触探试验等方法检测其加固效果,通过监测、检测数据分析砾石土水下路基置换墩体及墩间土的加固效果。研究表明:2500,3500kN·m^(2)种能量下强夯置换单点最佳夯击数为11~12击;夯击时墩体周围地面以下沉为主,地表隆起量小;路基超静孔隙水压力消散快,多遍点夯施工时可连续施工;强夯置换能量主要影响置换深度及墩体密实度,对墩间土的加固效应影响小;强夯置换过程对无黏性的墩间土有密实作用。

波浪侵蚀诱发碎石土岸坡变形的模拟试验研究

波浪对岸坡的侵蚀不仅造成水土流失,甚至诱发塌岸和滑坡灾害发生。为探究波浪侵蚀对碎石土岸坡变形的影响,开展了波浪侵蚀岸坡的水槽试验,采用PIV技术对不同侵蚀阶段的岸坡位移进行定量处理,并利用ABAQUS中的“生死单元”功能模拟实现不同阶段的岸坡前缘侵蚀,分析侵蚀进程对岸坡应力场和位移场的影响。研究结果表明:岸坡坡度越大、碎石含量越少,岸坡侵蚀速率越快;水槽试验和数值模拟均表明岸坡后部变形相较于前部变形小,且存在滞后现象,呈现牵引式变形的特征;侵蚀改变了岸坡前缘形态,导致上部土体产生卸荷效应,是岸坡变形的内在原因。

砾石土心墙料的湿化变形特性试验研究

针对砾石土心墙料,采用大型应力式三轴仪开展了单线法湿化变形试验,较系统地研究了湿化应变与应力水平、围压之间的变化规律。依据试验成果,砾石土心墙料的湿化变形是明显的,且与应力水平、围压密切相关,在高围压、高应力水平条件下,外力改变了试样的饱和状态,砾石土样品逐渐从非饱和状态过渡到饱和状态,砾石土料存在应力饱和现象,导致湿化过程中没有明显的湿化变形。当围压较小时,湿化应变随应力水平的增大而增大,当围压增大到一定量值时,湿化应变反而随应力水平的增大而减小,呈现明显的分叉现象,表现出更加复杂的规律。最后提出了砾石土料湿化变形模型及模型参数,提出的砾石土料湿化模型可作为高土石坝湿化变形分析的基础。

基于响应面法的多砾石砂土滴灌春小麦水肥条件优选

【目的】研究多砾石砂土土质条件下不同水肥处理对滴灌春小麦生长发育的影响,为阿勒泰地区小麦的水肥施用提供指导。【方法】设置30 mm(W_(1))、45 mm(W_(2))、60 mm(W_(3))3个灌水水平及尿素施用0 kg/hm^(2)(N_(0))、300 kg/hm^(2)(N_(1))、600 kg/hm^(2)(N_(2))3个施肥水平,利用方差分析及响应面法进行结果优选。【结果】同一灌水水平下,N_(0)处理相比N_(1)、N_(2)处理春小麦株高及干物质积累量较低,其中N_(0)处理与N_(2)处理株高和干物质积累量差异显著(P<0.05);同一施肥水平下春小麦株高及干物质积累量随着灌水量增加逐渐增加。灌水量对有效穗数有显著影响(P<0.05),对千粒重无显著影响(P>0.05)。施肥量对千粒重和有效穗数无显著影响(P>0.05)。灌水量与施肥量对每穗粒数和产量有极显著影响(P<0.01),水肥交互仅对产量有极显著影响(P<0.01)。【结论】利用响应面法优选后的最佳水肥条件为灌水60 mm,施肥388 kg/hm^(2),该条件下小麦产量为6923.1 kg/hm^(2);W_(3)N_(1)处理(灌水量60 mm,施肥量300 kg/hm^(2))下小麦的干物质积累、产量构成及产量表现较好,最终产量为7040.93 kg/hm^(2),选取W_(3)N_(1)为较好的水肥处理。

特高心墙坝堆石料缩尺试验与变形特性验证分析

基于坝料现场与室内缩尺试验相结合和粘弹塑性固结有限元法,结合长河坝原型监测资料,研究了缩尺方法对大坝变形预测的影响;根据堆石料碾压试验资料,讨论了堆石体单一孔隙率标准存在的问题。结果表明:采用分形缩尺方法和与现场相同的相对密度制样,坝料室内三轴试验成果可以较好反映超径堆石料的力学特性,计算变形与原型大坝监测值吻合较好;混合法缩尺的坝料室内三轴试验成果计算变形明显偏离原型大坝监测值;由于长河坝坝料级配优良,采用33 t振动碾碾压4遍,堆石体孔隙率即可达到规范不大于21%的要求,但此时相对密度为0.52,尚未达到密实状态,坝体分区变形协调性较差,且坝顶将出现蓄水开裂现象;实际施工时堆石体采用33 t振动碾碾压6遍,孔隙率提高到不大于19%,相对密度为0.65,基本达到密实状态,即可避免坝顶出现蓄水开裂,也有利于提高大坝的抗震性能。高心墙堆石坝的变形协调设计需考虑级配效应的影响,应采用孔隙率和相对密度双控填筑指标。