Genetic Diversity in Wild Grapes Native to China Based on Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Analysis

The use of the RAPD technique was investigated on a set of 73 genotypes of 18 wild grape species native to China, and one interspecific hybrid, seven Vitis vinifera L. cultivars, one rootstock cultivar and one strain of V. riparia L. Genetic diversity among these grapes was investigated based on RAPD analysis. The screening of 280 decamer oligonucleotides allowed the selection of 20 primers used for the analysis. A total of 191 RAPD markers were produced from the 20 selected primers. Relationships among the 83 clones or accessions based on their genetic distances were clustered using unweighted pair_group method arithmetic average (UPGMA) analysis in a dendrogram. Twenty_two clusters which fortunately adapted to 22 grape species level were clearly resolved on the dendrogram. The 18 wild grape species native to China were grouped into ten subclusters. The largest distance was found between V. riparia L., V. vinifera L., interspecific hybrid ( V. vinifera L.× V. larbrusca L.) and the wild grapes native to China. Among the wild grapes native to China, the largest distance was found between V. hancockii Hance and the other wild species. V. qinlingensis P.C.He was the second. Large genetic variation occurred among the different flower_type clones in one species.

Serologic and molecular survey for major viral pathogens in grazing hybrid wild boars in Northeast China

Hybrid wild boar husbandry is an important component of livestock production in Northeast China.However,the current disease situation of these animals is largely unknown due to a lack of disease surveillance.The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of several important viral diseases in the hybrid wild boar population of Northeast China.Between September 2015 to December 2016,169 blood and 61 tissue samples were collected from apparently healthy hybrid wild boars from farms in Jilin,Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang provinces.ELISA detected serum antibodies against classical swine fever virus(CSFV),porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV),pseudorabies virus(PRV),porcine circovirus type 2(PCV2)and Japanese encephalitis virus(JEV),but not against African swine fever virus(ASFV),with PCV2 having the highest seropositive rate(87.2–100%in different farms).RT-PCR or PCR performed on the processed samples detected only PCV2,with 33.1%(56/169)of blood samples and 32.8%(20/61)of spleen samples being positive,respectively,indicating widespread PCV2 infection in hybrid wild boars.Phylogenetic analysis of 15 PCV2 ORF2 sequences showed that they belong to genotypes PCV2a,PCV2b and PCV2d,with nucleotide and deduced amino acid homologies of 88.5–100%and 88.1–100%,respectively.

<i>In Situ</i>Conservation of Wild Rice Populations: A Targeted Study of Common Wild Rice <i>Oryza rufipogon</i>from China

Although great accomplishments of in situ conservation have been made during the last decade throughout the world, there is an urgent need to conduct more targeted research to explore many basic questions about crop wild relatives (CWR) in situ conservation such as how to better identify and manage the target in situ conservation populations of CWR. In this study, we performed an extensive field investigation of 201 natural populations or habitats of O. rufipogon, a seriously endangered wild progenitor of cultivated rice in China. Our updated information suggests that: 1) the majority of the natural populations have been extinct throughout China, which leads to serious fragmentation of the population system as a whole;and 2) the survived populations have become small in size and thus fragmented within the population as a result of the loss of subpopulations. To assess the relationships between the biodiversity education and conservation of wild rice, we employed participatory approaches in the field investigation. Our data indicate that the continuous rapid decline of biodiversity education seemed closely related to the extinction of wild rice germplasm. These findings imply the potential necessity and huge challenge for making in situ conservation plans in the future. By means of our understanding of ecogeography, sociology and culture, and population genetics of the species, we propose a strategy for selecting in situ conservation locations as well as priority sites for establishing in situ conservation practices in China.

A Standards System for the Proteetion and Utilization of Wild Fauna and Flora in China

This paper analyzed the current state of protection and utilization of wild fauna and flora and its standardization. The principles needed to establish a standardized system for the protection and utilization of wild fauna and flora were put forward. A comprehensive standards system consisting of the basic standards, technical regulations, and various other standards related to products, epidemic disease prevention and control, first-aid and propagation, viewing and hunting was proposed. Such a standards system will play an important role for wild fauna and flora protection and utilization in China.

DNA Fingerprinting of Ninety Wild Strains of Agaricus from China

Ninety wild strains of Agaricus collected in China,including 44 strains preliminarily identified as Agaricus bisporus by isozyme electrophoresis,were studied using SRAP and ISSR techniques.Eighteen specific SRAP bands and 12 specific ISSR bands were scored,and a cluster dendrogram was constructed.The 90 wild strains of Agaricus were separated into two major groups,the first consisting of wild strains of A.bisporus and the second consisting of other Agaricus strains.Forty-one wild strains of A.bisporus collected in Sichuan and Tibet formed four groups according to the geographical location of the collection area.White A.bisporus strains from Xinjiang and Tibet(Xinjiang Wild,AgX04 and AgX042)exhibited unique band patterns resulting in lower similarity coefficient values(10%～13%)when compared with brown or light-brown A.bisporus strains.

东北地区不同区域野生刺五加种群结构及动态分析

【目的】分析中国东北地区野生刺五加Acanthopanax senticosus种群结构特征,明确刺五加种群生存现状,预测种群未来的演替趋势,为东北地区野生刺五加种群的保护、利用及可持续发展提供理论依据。【方法】在小兴安岭、张广才岭和长白山具有代表性的生境设立调查样地,并对样地内植物进行调查。通过样地调查和数据统计,绘制刺五加种群的年龄结构图,编制种群静态生命表,拟合其存活曲线、死亡曲线及生存曲线,运用生存分析与数量化动态参数预测种群发展趋势。【结果】①3个区域野生刺五加种群的年龄结构均近似于“金字塔”型,幼龄期和成龄期株数占该区域刺五加总株数的68.58%~83.04%,种群年龄结构稳定。②3个区域野生刺五加种群结构的数量变化动态指数(Vpn)和考虑未来外部干扰的种群年龄结构指数(V′pn)均大于0,存活曲线均趋于Deevey-Ⅱ型,为增长型种群,且对外界干扰敏感性较强。③3个区域1龄级的株数显著低于2、3龄级的株数,表明野生刺五加种子发芽率低,是目前该种群更新和发展的瓶颈。3个区域种群均在前期逐渐减少,后期趋于稳定,但危险率逐渐上升,预示种群后期有衰退的趋势。【结论】目前3个区域野生刺五加种群结构均为增长型,但幼龄级植株数量少,种群老龄个体数量发展潜力较小,种群整体的长期稳定性难以维持。建议加强对1龄级植株的精准抚育管理,通过人为辅助措施提高幼苗的保存率,促进野生刺五加种群的可持续发展。

东北毛樱桃酒的酿造工艺研究

以东北毛樱桃为原料,采用自然发酵的方法酿造樱桃酒,通过正交试验优化得到的最佳酿造工艺为:加糖量20%;发酵时间为30 d,发酵温度为20℃。最后得到的樱桃酒颜色鲜红,澄清,有光泽,香气纯正,优雅,口味醇厚,酒体丰满,各项指标符合国家标准规定。

Identification of Endophytic Bacillus BHL3501 from Wild Soybean and Its Inhibitory Effect against Soybean Cyst Nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe)

[ Objective] The paper was to identify endophytic bacillus BHL3501 from wild soybean and its inhibitory effect against soybean cyst nematode. [ Meth- od] Through morphological characteristic, physiological and biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA analysis, a strain of endophytic bacterium BHL3501 with ne- maticidal activity isolated and screened from the root of wild soybean was identified, the effects of BHL3501 metabolite solutions with different dilution multiples on egg hatching and activity of 2rd instar juvenile of soybean cyst nematode were also studied. [ Result ] BHL3501 strain was preliminarily identified to be Bacillus sp.. The relative inhibitory rate of its original fermentation broth on egg hatching of soybean cyst nematode after 24 h was 98.3% ; the relative inhibitory rate under 10- time diluted solution treatment was 79.5%, which had significant difference with sterile water control. The corrected mortality rate of 24 instar juvenile was 93.1% after treated by original fermentation broth for 24 h, the treatments of all diluted solutions had significant difference with sterile water control. [ Conclusion ] BHL3501 metabolites had strong inhibitory effect against egg hatching of soybean cyst nematode, which also had strong toxic effect on its 2nd instar juvenile.

Community Characteristics of Wild Fruit Forests Along Elevation Gradients and the Relationships Between the Wild Fruit Forests and Environments in the Keguqin Mountain Region ofⅠii

In this paper,the quantitative relationship between the wild fruit communities and direct environmental factors is discussed on the basis of detailed data on landscape scale habitats obtained through field vegetation investigation.The results from TWINSPAN and DCCA showed that:1) In the distribution sections of the wild fruit forest in the Keguqin Mountain region,the basic patterns characteristic of the different habitats are due to topographic factors,nutrients and moisture conditions;2) The elevation affected the most basic differentiation of plant communities in the study area,indicating that the elevation condition was the most important factor restricting the distribution of the wild fruit communities in the study area;3) The close relationship between the moisture content in the upper soil layer and the elevation reflected the influence of moisture conditions on both wild fruit and herb-layer communities;4) Nutrient differences not only indicated that the habitat conditions were different in themselves but also showed that the present nutrient conditions of the habitats were seriously affected by human activities.In summary,under complicated mountainous topographic conditions,the habitat conditions for the communities differed very significantly,and the combination of elevation,soil moisture content,total nitrogen,slope aspect,and pH value influenced and controlled the formation of community distribution patterns in the study area.

内蒙古有分布的国家重点保护野生植物种类

从最新发布的《国家重点保护野生植物名录》中整理出分布于内蒙古自治区(简称“内蒙古”)的野生植物共46种,隶属5个门,26个科和36个属。其中,被子植物门有39种,占全部种类的84.78%,在植物门的分类等级上处于绝对突出的地位。在植物科的分类等级上,禾本科(Gramineae)含7种、兰科(Orchidaceae)含6种、豆科(Leguminosae)含5种,占全部种类的39.13%,处于相对突出的地位。披碱草属(Elymus L.)含5种、杓兰属(Cypripedium L.)含4种,占全部种类的19.56%,在植物属的等级上处于相对突出的地位。

Study on the Current Situation and Protection Countermeasures of Wild Plant Resources in Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve

[Objective] The aim was to study the current situation and protection countermeasures of wild plant resources in Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve. [Method] The current situation of wild plant resources in Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve was researched by means of route survey, sample plot survey and literature survey, and then the main impact factors of wild plant resources were analyzed by using participatory rural appraisal and problem tree analysis, finally protection countermeasures were put forward according to current situation and main impact factors. [Result] There were 2 779 species of vascular plants belonging to 214 families and 1 012 genera (including subfamilies and varieties) in Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve, among them, there existed 261 species of pteridophyte belonging to 41 families and 91 genera, 14 species of gymnosperm belonging to 6 families and 6 genera, and 2 504 species of angiosperm belonging to 167 families and 915 genera. Wild plant resources in reserve were mainly affected by planting under forest, habitat fragmentation, cutting trees, collection and utilization of no-timber products, development of animal husbandry, insufficient recognition of community residents to reserve management establishment and lots of floating population. In the future, wild plant resources in reserve could be protected through strengthening propaganda, education and management, enforcing the law strictly and other countermeasures. [Conclusion] The study could provide theoretical foundation for the protection of wild plant resources in Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve.

西南地区救荒野豌豆种子性状与萌发特性鉴定

救荒野豌豆(Vicia sativa L.)是一种粮菜兼用的食用豆类作物,也是重要的绿肥和优质牧草,具有重要经济价值和显著生态优势。目前关于西南地区救荒野豌豆资源的种子形态鉴定及萌发特性等相关研究存在空白。为了更好的保护和利用救荒野豌豆珍稀濒危野生种质资源,本研究对我国西南地区贵州、四川和云南三省的救荒野豌豆野生种质资源开展了调查收集,共调查了20个县(区),收集到106份形态多样、耐逆性强的野生种质资源。对这些资源的百粒重、粒长和粒宽等8个种子性状进行了鉴定评价,发现百粒重变异系数最大(92%),百粒重最大的来自云南(9.18 g),最小的来自贵州(0.31 g)。同时发现云南地区的救荒野豌豆与贵州和四川地区的资源在8个性状上均有显著差异。此外,对来自3个地区的3份代表性种质资源开展萌发特性研究,发现机械破皮和浓硫酸处理30 min均可有效打破休眠,显著提高救荒野豌豆野生种质资源的种子萌发率。以上研究结果为我国救荒野豌豆珍稀濒危野生资源的保护利用提供了重要理论基础和技术保障。

国家重点保护淡水鱼类特点及其保护建议

为了更好地保护中国淡水鱼类的多样性和种群资源,对2021年2月1日修订的《国家重点保护野生动物名录》中淡水鱼类(含圆口纲和软骨鱼纲)的种类组成、地理分布、生态特点及保护地位进行了系统整理与总结。分析了当前保护工作所面临的困境和存在的问题,并针对性地提出了保护建议:①开展系统的保护鱼类资源调查,查明保护鱼类的分布、资源现状及面临的保护威胁,并建立信息共享机制;②加强鱼类生态学、人工繁育等保护科学技术研究;③落实责任强化监管,让保护工作落到实处;④持续开展监测评估,依据评估结果对保护名录进行适时调整。

中国3种野生海马的食用安全性评价

为评估有关环境污染物造成野生海马(Hippocampus)的摄食安全性风险。2017-2019年在中国沿海各地分别采集了日本海马(Hippocampus japonicus)、三斑海马(H.trimaculatus)和大海马(H.kuda),采用ICP-MS法测定海马中的铜(Cu)、镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、汞(Hg)和铬(Cr)等重金属含量,通过高效液相色谱法测定苯并芘含量,并分析海马肠道中的微塑料颗粒密度。利用目标危害指数(Target hazard quotients,THQs)和SV值(Screening value)评价这些环境污染物在海马体内蓄积对其食用安全影响。结果表明,中国野生海马中重金属的含量和类型与海马种类以及海马来源存在密切联系。根据《中华人民共和国药典》(2015年版)和GB 2762-2022《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》判断,所有海马样本均未受到Cu和Hg的污染,但遭受Cd、Cr和Pb的严重污染。就海马种类而言,大海马几乎未受到重金属和苯并芘的污染,日本海马遭受Pb、Cd和Cr的污染,三斑海马受到Cd、Cr、Pb和苯并芘的污染。经食用安全风险评估,除威海产地的日本海马外,其他产地海马体内的重金属和苯并芘的THQs均小于1.0;所有海马体内苯并芘的SV值均低于10-5。这表明,现阶段摄入中国沿海野生海马的潜在健康安全风险较小。

半野化散养模式下华南虎常见病的调查

为了探究半野化散养模式下华南虎常见病及其预防措施,本研究统计了2011—2020年10年间某市中型华南虎半野化散养基地的华南虎数量,并通过麻醉华南虎采集其血液,综合分析华南虎常见病。结果表明:半野化散养模式下华南虎常见疾病包括外伤、消化系统疾病、生殖系统疾病、神经系统疾病、呼吸系统疾病、运动疾病、被毛疾病等。消化系统疾病的发病较为显著,其中消化器官溃疡的发病权重最高,达到0.554;其次是撕咬伤,发病权重达到0.542。针对华南虎常见疾病,文章还提出了一些预防措施,以提高华南虎常见病的防治效果。

中国野生稻的现状调查

中国有三种野生稻。野生稻是栽培水稻的野生近缘种，已被列为濒危植物［７］，它们分布于中国南方８个省（区）的热带、亚热带湿热生境中。近年来人为的干扰和生境的破坏已导致它们的居群大量绝灭，其中濒危程度最高的是普通野生稻。本文阐述了它们的生物学、生态学特性，研究了它们的群落学特征，初步报道了它们的濒危状况。

习近平美丽中国建设思想及其重要意义

习近平美丽中国建设思想的提出具有深刻的国际国内背景,其基本内容包括:人与自然和谐相处是美丽中国建设的基本要求;拥有天蓝、地绿、水清的自然生态环境是美丽中国建设的首要目标;实现中华民族永续发展是美丽中国建设的应有之义;让广大人民群众享有更多的生态福祉是美丽中国建设的根本目标;坚持节约资源和保护环境的基本国策,建立资源节约型、环境友好型社会是美丽中国建设的重要措施;构筑绿色发展的生态体系是推进美丽中国建设的重要途径;深化生态文明体制改革,加强生态文明制度建设是美丽中国建设的根本保障。习近平美丽中国建设思想具有重要的理论和现实意义。

华南主要野生蔬菜的基本营养成分及营养价值评价

对华南主要的8种野生蔬菜守宫木、土人参、一点红、白仔菜、紫背菜、鳄嘴花、藤三七、塘葛菜和华南特产蔬菜菜心的基本营养成分作了较全面系统的分析。结果表明,8种野菜营养成分差异较大,其可食部分都含有较丰富的灰分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维和VC含量。8种野菜中检测出钾、磷、钙、镁、钠、铁、锌、锰、铜、镍、铅、镉、铬等无机元素,其中钾含量比菜心高3～6倍,为高钾低钠植物。守宫木、白仔菜、鳄嘴花等对有毒重金属的富集能力较强。

华南野生蔬菜守宫木的毒理学研究

试验以华南主要野生蔬菜守宫木为材料,对其毒理学进行了探讨.结果表明:小鼠经口服LD50大于10.00 g.kg-1;守宫木引起小白鼠的精子畸形率增多;守宫木30 d喂养对SD大白鼠的肝、肾、脾、心、肺、睾丸等器官有损伤,且组间差异显著,呈一定的剂量反映关系,试验表明30 d喂养守宫木最大无作用剂量组应小于2.5 g.kg-1.说明守宫木可能具有蓄积毒性,不适宜作为蔬菜长期日常食用.

西南地区部分野生羊肚菌ITS序列鉴定及生境分析

分析了川渝7个县（／区）18个位点野生羊肚菌的生态环境；同时对羊肚菌的品种进行鉴定。运用SPSS对各位点野生羊肚菌的生态环境相关数据（包括海拔、生长环境、土壤物理指标和有机质、总氮、总磷等化学成分）进行因子分析。采用内转录间隔区（ITS）序列，结合观察特征，鉴定各位点羊肚菌品种。各位点样品PCR扩增所得片段大小约为1200—1800bp，经过测序及BLAST分析，18个位点羊肚菌品种集中为羊肚菌（Morchella esculenta）、尖顶羊肚菌（Morchella conica）、小羊肚菌（Morchella deliciosa）等7个种类，与根据形态命名方式得到的结果差距较大；其生境中关键因子为有机质，范围为0．55％--2．60％；其次是磷元素和含水量。西南地区野生羊肚菌生境相似度较高，品种较为集中，为西南地区羊肚菌野生资源研究和人工栽培提供了参考依据。