Saline Stress Response of Plantlets of Common Wheat （Triticum aestivum） and Its Wild Congeners

The aim of this work was to study the reactions of wheat （T. aestivum L.） and its wild congeners under salt stress. Physiological mechanisms that underlie traits for salt tolerance plantlets have been used to test some wheat species and to identify sources of salty tolerance. Stress conditions were founded by means of exposure of the plantlets in NaCI water solution, 1.68% that demonstrably differentiates the samples by growth parameters. Under laboratory conditions the ability of seedlings to bear a significant shortage of water, their ability to accumulate biomass, changing the parameters of linear growth processes and changes in water content in leaves and roots of seedlings under stress was determined. Interest is also the rate of growth of root fibrils in saline conditions. These experiments allowed to provide a comprehensive diagnosis of studied forms of wheat and make an initial opinion on their salt tolerance. Different features of abiotic stress responses of some wheat species at the early stages of development were shown that testifies necessi~ of great number of approaches at selection of genetic material for improvement of modern wheat eultivars. This work is the first phase of research for practical breeding.

The Taxonomy and the SEM Observation on Tubercles on Lemma of Yihuang Wild Rice

To distinguish the taxonomy of Yihuang wild rice found in Yihuang County, Jiangxi Province, China in 1999, the botanical characteristics of Yihuang wild rice were retrieved by genus, and species; at the same time, the tubercle characters on lemma in Yihuang wild rice, O. rufipogon, 0. officinalis, 0. meyeriana, and O. granulata, were also observed by scanning electron microscopy. The retrieval result by genus showed that Yihuang wild rice is Leersia Soland. Ex Swartz., not Oryza L., Hygroryza Nees and Chikusichloa Koidz. The retrieval result by species showed that Yihuang wild rice is L. sayanuka Ohwi, not L. hexandra Swartz., L. japonica （Makino） Honda and L. oryzoides （L.） Swartz. The results of the SEM observation on tubercles on lemma showed that the tubercle characters on lemma of Yihuang wild rice belongs to ＂inlaid- silica-peak＂ type, which is different from the three types of wild rice existing in China, O. rufipogon, O. officinalis, O. Meyeriana, and also O. granulata, but is similar to L. tisseranti, thereby gives a proof of the above retrieval results. It could be concluded that Yihuang wild rice does not belong to Oryza L., but to Leersia sayanuka Ohwi of Leersia Soland. Ex Swartz.

Seedling Production from Seeds of a Wild Ecotype of Vetiver Grass (<i>Vetiveria zizanioides</i>L.) in Southern China

Vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides L.) is widely used for soil and water conservation, and land management. In practice, all vetiver seedlings are propagated via ramets or tillers, which cannot meet the market demand and would also destroy the original habitat. Most vetiver genotypes flower but do not produce seeds. A wild ecotype of vetiver grass originated in southern China is fertile, but the rate of seed germination is very low. This study aimed to develop a novel method to improve its seed germination and seedling establishment. In the field, the inflorescences of wild vetiver were wrapped using a transparent plastic bag with a pot containing wet soils. The effects of inflorescence bagging and Tween 80 application on seed germination and seedling growth were examined. The results showed that seed development was characterized by low seed setting rate (19.2%), uneven maturity time, easy shedding (more than 95% of spikelets shed off 20 days after flowering), therefore difficult harvest of viable seeds. Bagging the inflorescence with moist soils in pot ensured the mature seeds falling onto the nursery soil surface and absorbing water for germination while the immature seeds continued to grow on the inflorescence. Bigging not only improved seed development and maturity, saved the procedure of seed collection and storage, but also provided a humid micro-environment for seed germination and seedling growth. Tween 80 as a surfactant promoted seed water absorption, germination and seedling growth. This simple and novel method has integrated the procedures of seed collection, storage, germination and seedling establishment, and enables the production of a large number of healthy seedlings. The possible reasons for the degeneration and disappearance of the original population were also discussed from the perspective of the disadvantages of vetiver propagation.

Determination of Polyphenols Content in Carob Pulp from Wild and Domesticated Moroccan Trees

Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) fruit pulp from 12 wild and 8 domesticated trees from 15 Moroccan localities were investigated for their polyphenols contents: total polyphenols content (53.22 - 118.04 mg and 57.46 - 183.31 mg), total flavonoids (1.41 - 4.83 mg and 1.62 - 7.46 mg) and condensed tannins (1.47 - 7.36 mg and 1.85 - 6.66 mg) in one carob fresh pulp for wild and domesticated trees, respectively. Fruit pulp from trees in the same region shows variable contents in polyphenols, flavonoids and condensed tannins.

Effects of a Food Supplement with a Wild Thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.) Extract on Gut Health and the Microbiome in Humans: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

Background: Based on the scientific and traditional knowledge, benefits for gut and digestive health were expected from Wild Thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.) extract (WThE) consumption, but no controlled human studies were performed yet to prove the proposed health benefits. Method: The aim of this human randomized, double-blind parallel arm pilot study was to explore the impact of aqueous Wild Thyme extract, a food supplement, in a healthy but overweight study collective (N = 40). In detail, the impact on digestion, gastrointestinal symptoms, gut microbiome, and quality of life by employing an essential oil-free WThE preparation or a matching placebo was investigated. Results: The study results indicate that WThE has the potential to improve gastrointestinal symptoms and increase stool frequency, thus an improved quality of life was observed. The stool microbiome of study collective was characterized by a high Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio. A decrease in the mean Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was seen in WThE group. Conclusion: The data support the potential applications of WThE as a food supplement with benefits on gut health.

Influence of Saline Stress on Ionic Balance of Wheat （Triticum Aestivum） and Its Wild Congeners

Purpose of this work was to study changes in the ion balance under salt stress in roots and leaves of seedlings of T. aestivum L. and its wild congeners with different genomic composition. Laboratory assessment of salt tolerance in seedlings was carried out and contents of ions K^＋, Na^＋ and Ca^2＋ in roots and leaves were defined. Considerable change of ionic balance in roots and leaves of studied forms of wheat against salt stress is shown. It is noticed that the parity K^＋/Na^＋ decreases in process of strengthening of salt stress. Authentic negative correlation between a relative gain of a biomass of leaves and roots in the stress conditions and accumulation of ions Na^＋ and between a relative gain of a biomass of leaves in the stress conditions and a parity in them of ions K^＋/Na^＋ is revealed. The research results also show that the stability characteristics of indicators of changes in ionic composition or balance in the leaves of young plants are more informative than in the roots and allow to reveal the form, characterized by relatively high of K^＋/Na^＋ ratio and the relatively low accumulation of Ca2^＋ as the most resistant to salt stress.

Distribution Area and Yield Indicators of Poa bulbosa L. in Uzbekistan

The article is based on field research, existing literature, and samples of herbarium kept in the National Herbarium fund (TASH) Poa bulbosa L. The distribution maps and productivity indicators in the flora of Uzbekistan are presented. As you know, Poa bulbosa L. is considered the wild relative of cultural plants, as a forage plant, it is a plant with high protein value. In the course of research during 2021-2022, in 16 areas, the yield indicators of the species were determined. In the studied research areas, indicators of the total weight of plant bushes (on the account of wet mass) and, respectively, the volume of plant biomass (on the account of dry mass, the upper part of 25%) were determined. According to him, it was determined that the average yield of the plant the wet mass is 14669.8 kg/ha, and the average yield of the plant the dry mass in areas of total 244.0 ha in the total area is 63172.5 kg.

余甘子(Phyllanthus emblica L.)Vc含量分析

采用2,6-二氯酚靛酚滴定法分析比较了余甘子各器官之间、同品种不同植株之间、不同余甘子品种之间以及与野生资源之间的Vc含量以及不同预处理方法对Vc测定的影响。结果表明,Vc在余甘子各器官中均有分布,以果实与初生幼叶中居多,茎、根中含量较低;皇帝甘与粉甘含量较多,但与其它品种的差异不大;5个野生资源单株Vc含量差异极显著,其中有3个野生单株的果肉Vc含量高于主栽品种粉甘。

茄子及其近缘野生种AFLP分析体系的建立

本文以若干茄子自交系及其近缘野生种为材料,从DNA提取、酶切连接、预扩和选扩等几方面进行选择优化,建立起高效稳定的AFLP分析体系;从64对AFLP引物组合筛选出多态性好的引物组合38对,栽培种茄子和野生种托鲁巴姆间多态性高达68.5%。本实验室正以本AFLP分析体系开展茄子资源遗传多样性、青枯病抗性基因分子标记等遗传分析研究工作。

用荧光显微镜技术观察药用野生稻(Oryza officinalis Wall)和转基因水稻的不亲和性

采用荧光显微镜技术观察转基因水稻花粉在药用野生稻柱头上的萌发及在花柱内的生长过程,以明确两者之间不亲和性发生的阶段,为判断其能否发生基因漂流提供依据。结果表明,两种转基因栽培稻(Y003和99t)的花粉在药用野生稻柱头上的萌发率均比药用野生稻自花授粉的低,花粉管在花柱中的生长速度较慢,且分别在到达花柱中部(Y003)或花柱基部(99t)时停止生长,顶端异常膨大,杂交子房逐渐萎缩,结实率为0。药用野生稻与栽培稻杂交不亲和的原因是花粉管在花柱中停止生长、不能进入胚囊完成受精,在自然条件下转基因栽培稻中的外源基因向药用野生稻漂流的可能性较小。

多环境下野生大豆染色体片段代换系群体农艺性状相关QTL/片段的鉴定

【目的】改进染色体片段代换系群体,挖掘野生大豆(Glycine soja Sieb.et Zucc.)中蕴藏的农艺性状优异等位变异,为拓宽栽培大豆(Glycine max(L.)Merr.)的遗传基础提供材料和依据。【方法】通过标记加密和剔除部分单标记型片段的方法,改进以野生大豆N24852为供体,栽培大豆NN1138-2为受体的染色体片段代换系(CSSL)群体Soja CSSLP1;对改进后的群体(Soja CSSLP2)进行3年2点田间试验,通过单标记分析、区间作图、完备复合区间作图和基于混合线性模型的复合区间作图等4种定位方法,结合与轮回亲本有显著差异的染色体片段代换系间相互比对,检测与大豆开花期、株高、主茎节数、单株荚数、百粒重和单株粒重相关的野生片段。【结果】改进后的群体(Soja CSSLP2)由150个CSSL构成,其中,有130个家系与Soja CSSLP1相同;在原遗传图谱上,新增40个SSR标记,相邻标记间平均遗传距离由16.15 c M变为12.91 c M,大于20 c M的区段由32个减少至17个,标记覆盖遗传距离总长度较原图谱(2 063.04 c M)增加103.52 c M;群体NN1138-2背景回复率变幅为79.45%—99.70%,平均为94.62%。利用Soja CSSLP2群体,分别鉴定到与开花期、株高、主茎节数、单株荚数、百粒重和单株粒重相关的4、5、5、7、14和3个工作QTL(working QTL)/片段,其中有15个工作QTL/片段能在多个环境下检测到,属共性工作QTL(joint working QTL);除片段Sct_190—Sat_293上的主茎节数位点外,野生等位变异具有的加性效应方向与双亲表型差异方向一致;单个位点分别能解释5%—64%的表型变异;同时,分别检测到3、2和2个与地点存在互作的株高、主茎节数和单株荚数QTL/片段,其中与凤阳环境的互作均具有增加表型的效应,这可能与凤阳较南京所处纬度高有关;这些位点/片段分布在26个染色体片段上,其中有7个片段与2个及以上性状相关,可能是性状相关的遗传基础;与前人结果比较,有3个开花期、3个株高、2个主茎节数、2个单株荚数、8个百粒重、2个单株粒重位点能在其他遗传背景栽培大豆中检测到,说明在这些位点上野生大豆和栽培大豆间及栽培大豆间均存在遗传差异;另外18个位点(片段)为本研究利用野生大豆的新发现。【结论】大豆开花期、株高和主茎节数的遗传基础较百粒重简单,前者均存在效应较大位点/片段,后者多由小效应位点控制,遗传基础极为复杂;野生大豆中蕴藏着新的等位变异,能拓宽栽培大豆遗传基础。

两个割手密(Saccharum spontaneum L.)无性系对UV-B辐射响应的形态和生理差异

采用田间试验方法,研究了连续两年大田条件下,增强UV-B辐射(UV-B,280￣310nm,5.0kJ·m-2)对两个割手密(Saccharum spontaneum L.)无性系(Ⅰ91-48和Ⅱ91-81)形态和生理的影响,以及两个割手密无性系对UV-B辐射响应的种内差异。结果表明,两年中,在增强UV-B辐射下,Ⅰ91-485个生育时期的株高(除2004年成熟后期外)和分蘖数,以及分蘖期和伸长初期的茎径显著增加,而Ⅱ91-81株高在伸长初期和伸长后期,分蘖数在伸长初期、伸长后期、成熟初期和成熟后期(除2004年伸长后期外),以及茎径在分蘖期、伸长初期和伸长后期显著降低。两年的成熟后期,UV-B辐射导致Ⅰ91-48生物量、叶面积指数和节间长显著增加,Ⅱ91-81生物量、叶面积指数和节间长显著降低,而两个无性系节数无显著变化。两年中,UV-B辐射显著降低两个割手密无性系伸长后期和成熟初期叶展开角度。在UV-B辐射下,两年的5个生育时期中,Ⅰ91-48的类黄酮含量显著增加,丙二醛含量无显著变化,而Ⅱ91-81的类黄酮含量显著降低(除2003成熟后期外),丙二醛含量显著增加。总体上,UV-B辐射导致Ⅰ91-48叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素(a+b)含量在两年的分蘖期、伸长初期和伸长后期显著增加,而Ⅱ91-81叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素(a+b)含量在两年的分蘖期、伸长初期、伸长后期和成熟初期显著降低。割手密无性系Ⅰ91-48和Ⅱ91-81对UV-B辐射的响应具有种内差异。

新疆野生油菜与野芥(Sinapis arvensis L.)遗传性状的比较研究

对新疆野生油菜和野芥（Sinapis arvensis L）的cpDNA,染色体数及核型,叶表皮气孔保卫细胞叶绿体数,生殖隔离,植株形态和生长发育等研究结果表明,新疆野生油菜就是野芥。鉴于野芥在我国还没有记载和报道,因此,新疆野生油菜的发现就是野芥在中国的新发现。野芥在加拿大被称为“毒草”。文章对防止野芥蔓延,野芥作为种质资源利用的可能性和在油菜起源进化中的地位等问题作了讨论。

2000年间野生稻和栽培稻(O.sativa.L)分布区逆向分离的过程及动力 Ⅰ.古今野生稻和栽培稻(O.sativa.L)的分布与人口分布的关系

２０００ａ间，中国境内野生稻分布区域由２４９５５７５ｋｍ２缩减至１３７１０９４ｋｍ２，减少了４５．０６％；分布纬度北界由３８°３′Ｎ南移至２８°１４′Ｎ，南移９°４９′、１１４０ｋｍ；中国境内栽培稻分布区域由４０８１８６０ｋｍ２增加至９６０００００ｋｍ２，增加了１３５．００％；分布北界由３８°Ｎ北移至５３°２９′Ｎ，北移１５°２９′、１７００ｋｍ。人口分布重心主要在黄河流域和长江流域，对该区域野生稻的生存产生不利影响。而促进栽培稻的发展，必须建立野生稻自然保护区。

2000年间野生稻和栽培稻(O.sativa.L)分布区逆向分离的过程及动力 Ⅱ古今野生稻和栽培稻(O.satival.L)分布区变化的动力分析

人口增加、人口扩散从而促进农业发展是野生稻面积缩小、分布北界南移而栽培稻面积扩大、分布区向北、向东扩张的根本动力。由于野生稻与栽培稻在历史上处于同一生态位，发展栽培稻使野生稻生境破坏。提出生态位恒定假说并解释了野生稻与栽培稻分布区变化的特点。

120g/L烯草酮乳油防除农牧交错区春油菜田野燕麦效果研究

为了更好地防治春油菜田野燕麦杂草，在青海省农牧交错区对120g/L烯草酮EC防除春油菜田野燕麦的效果及其对作物的安全性进行田间小区试验。试验结果表明：120g/L烯草酮EC不同制剂量于野燕麦4～7叶期（春油菜4—6叶期）兑水300L／hm2茎叶喷雾，对野燕麦的防除效果达到74．66％-87．93％，各处理区油菜生长正常。120g/L烯草酮EC安全性好、防效高、持效期长，可在青海高原农牧交错区进一步示范推广。

基于SSR荧光标记的121份野生枸杞种质遗传结构解析

以采集的121份野生枸杞(Lycium barbarum L.)种质为材料,用9对SSR引物进行扩增,采用GeneALEX、Power Marker软件进行多态性分析,利用NTSYS、STRUC-TURE软件进行遗传多样性分析、聚类分析和主成分分析。结果表明,9对SSR引物共检测到108个等位基因,等位基因数(Na)、有效等位基因数(Ne)、观测杂合度(Ho)、期望杂合度(He)、多态信息含量(PIC)、Shannon’s信息指数分别为12个、4.620个、0.678、0.651、0.629、1.568;聚类结果显示121份野生枸杞种质可划分为5个亚群,群体遗传结构表明当K=5时,121个种质划分为5个亚群,来自宁夏的NXGY-02、NXGY-032个种质与来自内蒙古的6个种质之间的遗传距离最远,亲缘关系较远,来自青海省、新疆、甘肃省及内蒙古的其余野生枸杞种质之间存在广泛的基因交流现象;宁夏、内蒙古的野生枸杞种质具有独立起源进化的可能,而新疆、甘肃省、青海省的种质与宁夏种质亲缘关系较近,很可能属于同一起源。

红麻(Hibiscus cannabinus L.)长速节律和产量性状的遗传分析

以3份野生型和3份栽培型红麻按6×6半双列杂交组配的15个杂种及其亲本为材料,研究了红麻生长过程中(分7期测定)的株高和基部茎粗、收获时诸产量性状及生育期的遗传构成。结果表明:除平均节间长外,其它所测性状的基因加性(σ_A^2)与非加性(σ_D^2)方差均达显著或极显著。第一次分析了基因型间长速节律的遗传差异,但被测材料间未发现显著差异。生长过程中的株高、收获时株高及生育期主要受基因加性效应控制、狭义遗传力(h_N^2)高,分别为75.47％、57.82％和71.66％,且显性不完全。但单株麻骨重及出麻率主要受控于σ_D^2,h_N^2低,分别为17.56％和5.22％,超显性。σ_A^2和σ_D^2对基部茎粗和单株纤维重作用大致相当,h_N^2一般高(42.74—47.17％),显性接近完全。

野生大豆(Glycine soja)YD63和栽培大豆(G. max)ZD19茎秆解剖结构比较

以野生大豆YD63和栽培大豆ZD19为研究对象,通过组织化学方法观察茎秆解剖结构的差异,分析和阐述这些解剖结构与功能和环境适应性间的关系,旨在为大豆抗逆性研究提供解剖学依据。结果表明:1.野生大豆表皮毛和腺毛多于栽培大豆,且角质层厚度、表皮厚度和表皮比例均大于栽培大豆,表皮和外皮层细胞的木质化和木栓化程度也高于栽培大豆;2.野生大豆皮层、韧皮部、木薄壁组织和髓的比例均大于栽培大豆,茎秆机械强度降低,可塑性升高,抗逆性增强;3.栽培大豆木质部、木纤维和总纤维比例均大于野生大豆,并且表皮细胞壁、韧皮纤维壁、木纤维壁和导管壁厚度均大于野生大豆。栽培大豆组织木质化的比例大于野生大豆,茎秆的机械强度升高,可以更好地维持直立生长和形态构建;4.栽培大豆微管形成层的细胞层数和厚度均大于野生大豆。栽培大豆木质部的比例大于韧皮部的比例,而野生大豆两者比例基本相同;5.野生大豆韧皮部厚壁组织几乎是连续分布,仅在髓射线处中断,而栽培大豆是不连续的,呈片状分布,野生大豆韧皮部厚壁组织的比例大于栽培大豆;6.野生大豆导管壁强度(t/b)2和小导管比例大于栽培大豆,水分运输的安全性较高,但野生大豆木质部的连通性和水分运输的效率低于栽培大豆。

Autolytic and Proteolytic Properties of Strains of<i>Lactococcus lactis</i>Isolated from Different Vegetables, Raw-Milk Cheeses and Commercial Starter Cultures

The autolysis and proteolysis are important features in the strains of L. lactis used in the manufacture of cheese. The autolytic and proteolytic activity of L. lactis has been linked with the development of flavor and texture in the cheese. On the other hand, there is a growing interest in new strains isolated from raw-milk cheeses and vegetables. These wild-strains have showed different features of industrial importance in comparison with those observed in commercial cultures. However, it still not clear if the autolytic and proteolytic properties of these wild-strains differ from the industrial strains. The objective of this work was to assess the autolytic and proteolytic activities of 21 strains of L. lactis isolated from diverse sources. The rates of autolysis and proteolysis observed in vitro were highly strain-dependent. The pH and the NaCl concentration in the media affected significantly the autolysis of L. lactis. The strains isolated from vegetable showed in general low and medium autolytic activity, whereas the strains isolated from raw-milk cheeses had medium to high autolytic activity. The strain with highest proteolytic activity was a strain isolated from corn leaves. Although still not clear how this strain acquired this pronounced characteristic.