Nutritional Composition of Four Underexploited Wild Fruits in Mali

Malnutrition and food insecurity are major concerns for the Malian authorities. The objective of this study was to strengthen the knowledge about the nutritional and physicochemical values of four underutilized edible wild fruits picked at two cities belonging to different bioclimatic zones of Mali. The physicochemical and nutritional parameters were performed using standard methods. The findings revealed that all these parameters varied from one fruit to another, this outcome could be associated with the provenances of the wild fruits (p-value < 0.05). The protein contents varied from 4.53 g/100g by dry matter (DM) for R. sudanica fruits to 5.34 g/100g DM for those of B. aegyptiaca, all these samples were being harvested from Sikasso. The highest concentrations of vitamins are C (150,800 to 151,000 μg/100g DM), E (1,310 to 1,350 μg/100g DM) and A (38 to 40 μg/100g DM) respectively for the fruits of Z. mauritiana, B. aegyptiaca and S. senegalensis. In addition, these fruits would constitute a potential source of minerals such as iron, phosphorus and calcium. Thereby, these fruits are promising raw materials to be used against the malnutrition linked to the micronutrients deficiencies and the management of certain pathologies related to oxidative stress.

Technical Regulations for Standardized Planting of Rare and Multi-purpose Wild Fruit Kadsura coccinea

The cultivation technology were standardized for improving the yield and quality,and the commodity value and the competitiveness of fruit market,and solving the bottleneck problem—fruit quality and yield that affect the industrial development of rare and multi-purpose wild fruit Kadsura coccinea(Lem.)A.C.Smith.Through the investigation of K.coccinea production area and planting area,collection and analysis of fruit samples,it was found that in most planting area,the varieties of K.coccinea were mixed,with great differences in fruit quality and yield,which makes it impossible to realize large-scale planting.In view of these problems,a series of studies have been carried out and the technical regulations for standardized planting of rare and multi-purpose wild fruit K.coccinea were formulated.

Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load of Juice from Edible Wild Fruits (Adansonia digitata, Tamarindus indica and Parkia biglobosa) Consumed in Cote d’Ivoire

The diabetes mellitus is a public health problem in C?te d’Ivoire. The Glycemic index (GI) and the Glycemic load (GL) determination of commonly consumed foods such as juice fruits is an alternative to prevent metabolic diseases. This study carried out three wild fruits locally named Baobab (Adansonia digitata), Tomi (Tamarindus indica) and Néré (Parkia biglobosa) collected at maturity stage. The juices from the pulp of fruits have been elaborated, pasteurized, submitted to microbiological and physicochemical analysis before GIs/GLs determination. Ten healthy subjects with body mass index and age average respectively 21.57 ± 1.06 and 28 ± 2 years old tested the three juices and glucose (50 g) as reference food. Blood samples have been collected at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min after foods consumption. The GIs/GLs has been determined according to ISO/FDI 26642:2010 protocol. Data showed that pasteurized juices has a weak microbiologic load (1.0102 - 2.4102 of Mesophylls Aerobic Germs) and not contain pathogen germs. The GI and GL of Néré juice are high with respective values of 89.54 ± 1.63 and 29.22 ± 4.09 whereas those of Baobab and Tomi juice are moderate with respective GI/GL values of 66.48 ± 2.12/13.24 ± 1.99 and 60.41 ± 2.63/12.87 ± 1.67. The juice of Néré should be consumed occasionally when those of Baobab and Tomi should be consumed with moderation. It would be suitable to know more about the GI and GL of all the juice fruits produced locally so as to prevent efficiently diabetes mellitus in the country.

Wild fruit resources and exploitation in Xiaoxing'an Mountains

The ornamental characters, nutritious composition, edible value and medical value of thirteen kinds of major wild fruit resources in Xiaoxing’an Mountains Region were synthetically analyzed such as Rosa spp,, Actinidia spp. and so on. The results showed that the wild fruit resources in this region had important garden ornamental value, edible value and medical value. A lot of good germplasm resources and honey plant resources hadnt been effectvely protected and enough utilized. The right way of appropriate arrangement and reasonable exploitation of wild fruit resources in this region should be benefit to got rid of economic crisis early in this region.

Community Characteristics of Wild Fruit Forests Along Elevation Gradients and the Relationships Between the Wild Fruit Forests and Environments in the Keguqin Mountain Region ofⅠii

In this paper,the quantitative relationship between the wild fruit communities and direct environmental factors is discussed on the basis of detailed data on landscape scale habitats obtained through field vegetation investigation.The results from TWINSPAN and DCCA showed that:1) In the distribution sections of the wild fruit forest in the Keguqin Mountain region,the basic patterns characteristic of the different habitats are due to topographic factors,nutrients and moisture conditions;2) The elevation affected the most basic differentiation of plant communities in the study area,indicating that the elevation condition was the most important factor restricting the distribution of the wild fruit communities in the study area;3) The close relationship between the moisture content in the upper soil layer and the elevation reflected the influence of moisture conditions on both wild fruit and herb-layer communities;4) Nutrient differences not only indicated that the habitat conditions were different in themselves but also showed that the present nutrient conditions of the habitats were seriously affected by human activities.In summary,under complicated mountainous topographic conditions,the habitat conditions for the communities differed very significantly,and the combination of elevation,soil moisture content,total nitrogen,slope aspect,and pH value influenced and controlled the formation of community distribution patterns in the study area.

Wild Fruits Traditionally Gathered by the Malinke Ethnic Group in the Edge of Niokolo Koba Park (Senegal)

In rural areas, the local population draws from several forest resources needed for survival including food. Then it is a granary for these native people. Unfortunately, useful wild plants are highly threatened, especially by various human activities. Because of this situation we started with open semi-structured interviews to identify wild fruit plants, their consumed organs and their seasonality in the rural community of Tomboronkoto. Tomboronkoto is located at the edge of the Niokolo-Koba National park (Senegal) and is mainly inhabited by Malinke. We identified 45 wild fruit species belonging to 38 genera that can be divided in 28 botanical families. The more diversified are successively the Anacardiaceae, Tiliaceae, Apocynaceae and Caesalpiniaceae. More than half of the plants inventoried are trees (53%). We can distinguish three categories of fruits depending on their Fidelity Level (FL) that informs us about their popularity: the well-known or common fruits, moderately known fruits and little known fruits. A dozen wild fruits happen to be greatly appreciated with very high fidelity level (100% to 84%). The fruits of Saba senegalensis, Adansonia digitata, Parkia biglobosa, Tamarindus indica and Vitellaria paradoxa are the most variously used because they are appreciated being fresh or cooked. Only fruits of Ficussur are available all year long. The large majority of the most consumed fruits are available between the end of the hot dry season until the middle of the rainy season. This period coincides with the period where crops from the previous rainy season are depleted and the new crops are not yet ripe. Thus, these wild fruits would greatly contribute to food security in this area during the lean period.

Bioinventory and documentation of traditional ecological knowledge of wild edible fruits of Kodagu-Western Ghats, India

Forty-five species of wild edible fruits were identified and traditional local knowledge of their usage was recorded in 40 villages of Kodagu district in Central Western Ghats, India one of the eight top hotspots of biodiversity in the world. We combined biodiversity inven-tory of trees with village interviews to record traditional ecological knowledge. Wild edible fruits were an opportunistic source of food for rural people. Wild edible fruits were rich in minerals, vitamins, carbohy-drates, proteins, fats and fiber. In recent years there has been a decline in numbers of wild fruit trees due to changes in land use from uncultivated private wooded area to cardamom and coffee cultivation. The availability of wild edible fruits that were once very common on private cultivated areas has declined and their distributions are now restricted more to jungles and wildlife sanctuaries. We propose methods for conservation and describe the need for sustainable utilization to provide supplemen-tary sources of nutritional and pharmaceutically useful edible wild fruits.

A method to evaluate the bioactive function of fruit extracts of Chinese wild Citrus with microtubular activity

China is one of the most important centers of origin for Citrus genetic resources. Due to the high content of secondary metabolites, mining wild Chinese Citrus for novel medical applications is promising. In this study, extracts of Chinese wild species from different taxonomical groups were screened for potential effects on microtubules （MTs） in vitro. MT density as a readout for nucleation, and frequency distribution over MT lengths as a readout for elongation and decay were determined by quantitative image analysis via a standardized coverslJp assay using fluorescently labelled neurotubulin. Extract from peels of Citrus ichangensis Swing. strongly increased the density of MTs; whereas, extract from peels of Cfurs limon （L.） Burm.f. exerted the opposite effect. Extract from pulp of Citrus limonia Osbeck promoted MT elongation, and in addition induced a small population of very long MTs. These data suggest that wild Chinese Citrus harbour compounds that act specifically on different aspects of MT nucleation, elongation, and decay.

基于草本群落、牧道特征对野果林放牧干扰强度的评价

客观、综合评价野果林放牧强度对正确认识林牧矛盾,制定科学合理的放牧制度具有重要意义。目前的研究主要集中在野果林放牧对植被群落特征和物种多样性影响上,然而野果林放牧活动本身的关注以及放牧强度的量化方法等方面尚不明确。基于此以新疆野果林6个典型放牧区为试验地,分析对比各放牧区的草本群落组成结构、生长特征、物种多样性以及牧道特征,并筛选出评价放牧干扰强度的主导因子,对其放牧干扰强度进行定量评价。结果表明:(1)草本群落特征方面,杏花沟物种数最多,且以禾本科种属植物为优势种;但莫乎儿沟草本密度比杏花沟高1.26%;各放牧区物种多样性水平存在显著差异,与其他放牧区相比,莫乎儿沟Shannon-Wiener多样性、Simpson优势度指数最高,分别为1.92、0.84,而吾都布拉克沟的Pielou均匀度指数最大;(2)牧道特征方面,伊勒格代沟的牧道密度显著大于匹里青沟,分别为19.23%、14.77%,而杏花沟的牧道宽度显著大于大西沟;在牧道分布格局上,除匹里青沟外,其他放牧区皆为均匀分布;(3)相关性分析表明草本群落结构特征、物种多样性水平及牧道特征指标间均存在较好的相关关系,对其12个指标主成分分析筛选出草本群落盖度、生物量、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数以及牧道密度与格局指数可作为评价放牧干扰强度的主导因子,依据牧压指数判定杏花沟与莫乎儿沟为轻、中度放牧干扰,大西沟、伊勒戈代沟、吾都布拉克沟与匹里青沟为重度或极度放牧干扰。当前新疆野果林整体受到放牧重度干扰,急需优化或者制定科学的放牧制度维护野果林的可持续发展。

基于GEE的天山野果林分布区土地利用变化分析

基于谷歌地球引擎(Google earth engine,GEE)遥感大数据云平台,通过Landsat系列影像,运用随机森林算法,结合光谱指数、地形特征进行土地利用分类,通过地学信息图谱、土地利用动态度分析天山野果林分布区1997—2021年土地利用时空变化特征。结果表明,通过GEE平台,利用随机森林算法,可以快速实现土地利用分类,总体分类精度均大于90.00%,Kappa系数均高于0.85;1997—2021年天山野果林分布区主要为耕地、林地和草地,三者占总面积的90%以上;土地利用变化以草地向耕地的转变以及林地向草地的转变为主;建设用地、耕地、水域面积持续增加,变化呈聚集分布,林地先减后增,总体占地面积减少严重;建设用地增长速度最大,变化最为剧烈,未利用地、林地总体减少速度较大,变化较为剧烈。

河北省野生红树莓果实品质差异分析及评价

【目的】探究野生红树莓(Rubus idaeus L.)的果实品质差异,为红树莓高效栽培和品种选育提供理论依据。【方法】以河北省冀东区(秦皇岛市)、冀北区(承德市)、冀西北区(张家口市)以及冀西太行山区(保定市)4个野生红树莓种质资源主要分布区域的13个县域野生红树莓为研究对象,通过对果实外在表型性状和内在营养成分等指标的测定,对比分析不同区域野生红树莓的果实特性差异,运用相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析法,对野生红树莓的果实品质进行综合评价。【结果】冀北区野生红树莓的果实大小显著大于冀东区、冀西太行山区和冀西北区,纵径与横径分别在9.64~14.41 mm、9.48~16.30 mm之间,且该区的单果质量和单株产量更高,最高单株产量为306.70 g,各区域果形无显著差异;冀西太行山区的红树莓可溶性蛋白含量(w,后同)高于其他地区,在1.78~1.84 mg·g^(-1)之间;冀西北区的红树莓具有较高的维生素C含量(22.83~29.79 mg·100 g^(-1))和较高的氨基酸含量(12.47~12.96 mg·g^(-1));冀东区的红树莓花青素含量较为突出,在587.82~599.19 mg·kg^(-1)之间;经主成分分析,将18个指标经简化为4个相对独立的综合指标,累积方差贡献率为88.530%,综合得分排名前三位的地区为宽城、兴隆和围场;通过聚类分析,将13个样地的野生红树莓果实分为3类。【结论】结合河北省分区综合评价果实品质,得出冀北区的野生红树莓产量大、风味佳,适合鲜食生产,而冀西北区、冀西太行山区和冀东区的野生红树莓果实有机物含量突出,适合不同需求的加工生产。

海拔对塔城地区野果林生态位与种间关联影响

新疆塔城地区野果林作为新疆野果林的重要组成部分,在维持当地物种资源多样性中起到至关重要的作用,为探索该地区野果林生境因子对其生态位与种间关联的影响,在本地区的额敏县、裕民县和托里县,设立30 m×30 m的样方80个,记录海拔、坡度、坡向、土壤含水量、pH和草本盖度6种生境因子参数,通过Mantel检验分析生境因子对物种分布的影响,并将影响最大的生境因子分成4级,采用Levins生态位宽度指数(O ik)、Spearman秩关联系数(r ik)、Shannon-wiener指数和Simpson指数等进行分析。结果表明,(1)在6种生境因子中,海拔因子对树种分布影响最大(Mantel指数为0.2615),且呈现极显著性(P=0.0001);其次是土壤含水量、草本盖度(Mantel指数分别为0.1092、0.0987)。(2)塔城地区野果林主要树种为新疆野苹果(Malus sieversii)、红果山楂(Crataegus pinnatifida)和大叶绣线菊(Spiraea salicifolia),主要分布在海拔1100~1300 m。(3)新疆野苹果的频度和生态位宽度在各个等级均最高,而其余树种在不同等级下却表现出较大的差异,随着海拔的增加,树种的频度与生态位宽度出现了先增长后减少的趋势。(4)在4个海拔(第1等级为700~900 m,第2等级为900~1100 m,第3等级为1100~1300 m,第4等级为1300~1500 m)下,O ik>0分别占比树种间生态位重叠的83.33%、65.38%、60.44%和76.19%;生态位重叠指数随着海拔的增加呈现出先减少后增加的趋势。(5)4个海拔下,r ik≥0分别占比相对应海拔树种间正关联性66.67%、58.97%、35.16%和38.10%;树种在第1和第2等级下表现为以正关联性为主,而第3、第4等级则以负关联性为主,同时,正关联性、显著正关联性、显著负关联性随着海拔的增加呈现出先减少后增加的趋势,而无明显关联性却表现出先增加后减少的趋势。研究显示,海拔是塔城地区野果林物种分布最主要的影响因子,随着海拔增加,树种频度与生态位宽度出现了先增长后减少的趋势,生态位重叠指数、种间关联性呈现出先减少后增加的趋势,在海拔为1100~1300 m时,树种有着更好的分布与种间关系。

2007—2020年新疆额敏县野果林时空分布和重心动态变化

以额敏县野果林分布区域为研究区,利用2007年快鸟(Quick bird)遥感影像、2013年和2020年高分一号卫星遥感影像、野果林野外实测数据等,实现野果林的信息解译和面积提取,基于动态度模型、转移矩阵模型、重心迁移模型,分析了2007—2020年研究区野果林的时空分布特征和动态变化情况,掌握了各类地物与野果林之间的相互转换,剖析了野果林空间分布的重心偏移规律,探讨了影响研究区野果林时空分布变化的原因。结果表明,2007—2020年,野果林面积增加了3.91 km2,呈持续缓慢增加趋势,旅游景区的开发,直接导致建筑用地面积有所增加;14年间,野果林面积逐步增加,归因于草地和裸土向野果林的转换较为频繁,其中草地向野果林的转化最为显著;野果林的重心变化幅度较小,空间分布较为稳定。

旱区野生铁线莲种实表型分析

为探明旱区野生铁线莲的种实表型特征,对其种实表型观赏、园林绿化植物选择及旱区铁线莲进一步开发和利用提供参考,以甘肃省野生的甘青铁线莲(Clematis tangutica)、粉绿铁线莲(Clematis glauca)、短尾铁线莲(Clematis brevicaudata)、灌木铁线莲(Clematis fruticosa)和小叶铁线莲(Clematis nannophylla)为研究对象,采用相关性分析、主成分分析、聚类分析等方法对其16个种实表型性状进行分析。结果表明,铁线莲种实性状在种间存在丰富的遗传分化(46.92%),种内存在一定的遗传变异(45.56%),果表型性状差异较种子大。甘青铁线莲的果实最大,与粉绿铁线莲的种实表型相似,短尾铁线莲的果实最小,小叶铁线莲与灌木铁线莲的种实表型相似,灌木铁线莲的种子最大,甘青铁线莲的种子最小。铁线莲能够通过增加果观赏性提高其观赏价值,五种铁线莲中甘青铁线莲和粉绿铁线莲果观赏性较好,优先推荐其选择应用及开发利用。

利用野生松蘑子实体碎屑扩大其发生面积及产量的试验

野生松蘑的总产量除受自然气候影响外,着生面积大小也是主要因素。野生松蘑在自然条件下着生面积扩展缓慢,因此尝试通过播撒子实体碎屑扩大其着生面积,以提高其总产量。试验结果显示,当松蘑碎屑土(松蘑子实体碎屑与细土的混合物)播撒量为30 kg·667^(-1)m^(-2),撒播间隔为12 d时,效果最好。

山西吕梁山区9个野生酸枣类型果实大小差异分析

以山西吕梁山区9个野生酸枣类型果实作为样品,对酸枣果实、果核、核仁等性状进行调查并作差异分析。结果显示,酸枣果实干果质量和果核质量呈显著相关性,核仁质量和果核质量呈极显著相关性,干果质量和核仁质量之间呈现不显著相关性。野生酸枣果实横径按采集类型差异较大,有两个类型集中于11~13 mm,集中于13~15 mm、15~17 mm、17~19 mm的果实存在类型之间交叉,有三个类型集中于19~21 mm,一个类型集中在21~22 mm。不同类型酸枣果实果肉含量/可食率有差异,其中有一个类型明显表现出果肉含量明显较低,其余各野生酸枣类型果肉含量在0.6~0.8,大部分在0.7左右。酸枣果实横径与果核横径表现出极显著相关性,果实横径和核仁宽表现出相关性不显著,果核横径和核仁宽表现出显著相关性。在实际生产中,进行酸枣品种筛选时,可以根据不同用途结合果形指标进行。

西天山野果林准噶尔山楂土壤种子库海拔梯度分布格局

通过野外调查采样和室内实验的方法,对西天山野果林中新疆特有珍稀植物准噶尔山楂(Crataegus songarica K. Koch)土壤种子库组成、空间分布特征及其幼苗更新情况进行分析,并对该物种土壤种子库海拔梯度分布格局进行探讨。结果显示:(1)准噶尔山楂土壤种子库中虫蛀种子、实心种子和饱满种子分别占总种子数的50.83%、46.22%和2.95%;各海拔内饱满种子数量极少,随着海拔上升基本呈现先降后增再降的波动变化趋势,最高密度为(2.36±0.71)粒/m^(2),出现在海拔1400~1500 m处。(2)土壤种子库垂直分布中,各土层内以虫蛀种子居多,其次为实心种子,饱满种子密度极显著低于前二者,且各土层间饱满种子密度差异不显著;水平分布上,随着离母树距离的增加,土壤种子库虫蛀、实心和饱满种子密度基本上呈递减的趋势,约94%的饱满种子分布在距母树3 m冠幅范围内。(3)幼苗为近母树分布(2.5 m内),幼苗数量少,实生苗更少,不足1株/50 m^(2),种苗转化率仅为5‰,趋向于以萌生的无性繁殖为主,实生的有性繁殖为辅。研究结果表明,自然条件下准噶尔山楂种子密度受海拔梯度影响小,种子更新能力差。可以通过调节立地环境因子、改善种子的着地生境,从而提高种苗转化率,促进种群的良好更新。

小宗特色野果风味物质研究进展

野果是非常重要的一类野生植物资源,在中国境内资源丰富,但目前野果的价值未被发挥至最大化,利用率也较低。随着天然产物中风味物质的提取、分离技术日趋成熟及高精密仪器的研发与使用,风味物质的研究也日益深入。野果因其独特的风味而被人们喜爱,其风味物质的提取和分离也是人们研究的热点。目前,关于野果中风味物质研究的文献相对零散,特别是对小宗特色野果中风味物质的含量、种类分布等研究缺乏系统、综合性报道。通过收集野果风味物质研究文献,从小宗特色野果种类、风味物质提取方法、风味物质所属类别及含量等入手,对小宗特色野果风味研究进行了文献综述;并对小宗特色野果在食品加工工业中的应用进行了分析与展望,以期为研究分析小宗特色野果风味物质、小宗特色野果类天然野生植物纵深开发及果树品种改良和选育提供参考。

天山野果林分布区土地利用时空演变图谱研究

为研究天山野果林分布区域的土地利用变化问题,基于天山野果林分布区1980—2020年8期土地利用数据,构建7个时序的土地利用地学信息图谱体系,分析天山野果林分布区土地利用变化时空特征。结果表明:(1)天山野果林分布区土地利用结构以草地和耕地为主,占总面积的80%左右。(2)土地利用变化图谱以林地、草地之间的相互转变及耕地增加为主,其他地类总体变化较小。(3)土地利用涨落势图谱中草地净增长最大,其次为耕地;林地萎缩最为严重,后期呈断崖式下降。(4)土地利用变化模式图谱以稳定不变型为主,其次为后期变化型,全期变化型占比最小;土地利用后期变化相比前期更为频繁。(5)土地利用变化频率图谱以稳定不变区域为主,其次为低频区域,两者占比大于98%,故土地利用结构总体较为稳定。研究分析天山野果林分布区土地利用时空演变的特征,揭示研究区土地利用变化规律,可为天山野果林资源优化调度提供依据。

秦巴山区20份野生美味猕猴桃果实品质分析与综合评价

为了解野生美味猕猴桃种质资源多样性,构建猕猴桃品质评价体系,对秦巴山区20份野生美味猕猴桃果实的单果质量、可溶性固形物、维生素C、可滴定酸、糖酸比和干物质含量等指标进行测定,并利用SPSS软件进行变异性、相关性、主成分和聚类分析评价。结果表明,6个品质性状差异明显,变异系数为6.95%~50.61%,以糖酸比的变异幅度最大,达到50.61%,单果质量的变异幅度最小,为6.95%;相关性分析结果表明,糖酸比和可滴定酸含量(相关系数r=-0.856)呈极显著负相关,证明猕猴桃风味的形成与酸度密切相关,而维生素C含量和可溶性固形物(r=0.477)、可滴定酸(r=0.543)含量均呈显著正相关,即这3种成分有同步上升或下降的趋势。主成分分析和聚类结果表明,20份材料可以分为3个类群,其中第Ⅰ类可以作为加工资源,第Ⅱ类作为鲜食资源,第Ⅲ类可作为果实大,可食率较大的资源,而类群Ⅰ和Ⅲ中的pl17-06、ns17-02、pl17-07、pl17-03和lg17-01综合性状表现最好。猕猴桃果实品质性状间具有一定相关性,需要根据育种目的进行综合考虑,同时,采集的20份材料中,pl17-07、ns17-02和pl17-06可以作为新品种选育或亲本材料。