Living environment shaped residents’willingness to pay for ecosystem services in Yangtze River Middle Reaches Megalopolis,China

Profound understanding on the diversity of local residents’willingness to pay(WTP)for ecosystem services(ESs)may aid evaluation of policy impacts by uncovering trade-offs and synergies for achieving sustainable environmental resource management.However,the reasons for the spatial preference heterogeneity of WTP are still unclear.In this study,an extensive survey with 4,580 residents in the Yangtze River Middle Reaches Megalopolis(YRMRM),central China,was carried out to investigate the public’s WTP to maintain and improve ESs.We identified key influencing factors and explored how they shaped the preference heterogeneity in WTP by random forest model and surface fitting method.Our results showed that 81.4% of residents reported WTP for ESs greater than zero.Water supply,waste treatment,food supply and raw material supply were the preferred ESs for residents.Living environment factors(i.e.,extent of farmland,water and forest near the residence)were found as the key drivers of WTP.Proximity to farmland,water and forests resulted in high WTP values for a series of specific ESs.The reasons for the heterogeneity of WTP are(1)the difference in proximity to farmland,water and forest(i.e.,the contributor to ESs),(2)the divergence of local residents’preferences for ESs.This study disclosed the heterogeneity and causes of public preferences in YRMRM,which could help policy and decision makers to develop eco-compensation initiatives towards conservative and sustainable use of the environmental resources.

Willingness to Pay (WTP) for an Improved Environmental Quality in Ebonyi State, Nigeria

Increasing generation of rice husk requires better quality disposal options in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. The common practice has been incineration or dumping into dumpsite. The enormous heaps of these rice husks which have piled up since the 1960s now constitute nuisance. Removal of this rice husk from the environment is urgently needed because of the environmental pollution and health hazards it poses to the people and the environs. This study estimates the willingness to pay (WTP) for improved waste disposal services. Findings indicated that about 95% (152) of the households were willing to pay for removal of rice husk waste with an average amount of N957. Factors that positively affected WTP for the removal of rice husk from the environment include annual income (0.001), years of education (0.013), farm size (0.051), age (0.025) and farming experience (0.008), while household size (0.003) and distances of homes/farms from rice mill centers (RMCs) (0.001) were inversely related to WTP with the R2 value of 77%. About 90% (144) of the respondents generated rice husk with an average of 23 bags (kg). The study therefore recommends among others that through the help of extension agents, the general public should be informed on the need for waste recycling and the need for attitudinal change towards recycled product.

Willingness to pay for environmental protection in China:Air pollution,perception,and government involvement

The deteriorating environment has become an urgent global problem.As developing country,China is no exception.Demand for clean air is increasing in response to health and social problems.We use China's micro household survey data to explore individual residents'willingness to pay for environmental protection(WTP).Results show that air pollution improves WTP.A 100​μg/m^(³)increase in PM_(2.5)leads to approximately 84.1%WTP on a given day,but local residents are habituated to local pollution.We further study air pollution affects individual perceptions.We discuss the belief that local governments take pollution seriously can promote WTP.In addition,respondents who own smartphones,demonstrate environmental awareness,are happier,and enjoy higher household assets and income are willing to pay more.

An Application of ＇Willingness to Pay＇ Method as a Quantifier for Environmental Impact Assessment

The preservation/restoration of natural environment is frequently entailing excessive cost （paid by people through taxation） while it is a source of additional income for both, the State and the people, due to tourism. Since the evaluation of this good cannot be in market terms, it is applied here in a modified version of the CVM （Contingent Valuation Method）, which is used in experimental economics in order to investigate the significance that people put on this good and how much they might be WTP （Willing to Pay） for supporting activities concerning the preservation/restoration of Lake Kastoria. The WTP dependence on （i） external diseconomies; （ii） the expectations for property values＇ rise as a result of the restoration; （iii） the proximity of interviewees＇ residence to the lake; （iv） the opinion of the interviewee on the time and money spent to visit the lake; （v） the time and money the interviewees spent to visit the lake, as well as other dependencies （all taken as independent variables） are estimated by means oflogit, probit, logistic and linear regression models. The optimal concentration Copt of a pollutant in the environment can be determined as an equilibrium point in the tradeoff between （i） environmental cost, due to impact on man/ecosystem/economy; and （ii） economic cost for environmental protection, as it can be expressed by Pigouvian tax. These two conflict variables are internalized within the same techno-economic objective function of total cost, which is minimized. In this work, the first conflict variable is represented by a WTP index. A methodology is developed for the estimation of this index by using fuzzy sets to count for uncertainty. Implementation of this methodology is presented, concerning odor pollution of air round an olive pomace oil mill.

Consumer willingness to pay for plastic bags levy and willingness to accept eco-friendly alternatives in Botswana

Plastic bags, though commonly used for packaging of goods, are highly durable and non- biodegradable. Plastic bag litter serves as a negative environmental externality detrimental to animal health and natural beauty of the environment. In an effort to curtail the excessive use of plastic bags in Botswana, the government introduced a plastic levy targeted at consumers at retail points. This study uses primary data collected from 367 respondents randomly selected from six geospatially and purposively selected shopping malls to determine the consumers＇ willingness to pay （WTP） for continued plastic bag usage and their willingness to accept （WTA） to shift to eco-friendly alternatives. The results of the study revealed that open dumping and burning of plastic litter are more common in Maun than in Gaborone, It also showed that there is a significant relationship between the level of education and W＇FP. Further, there is a significant variation in income and education in respect to environmental awareness. The government should improve its efforts of sensitizing the public about the improper disposal of plastic bags.

Analysis on the Influencing Factors of Residents' WTP for Environmental Protection in Tourist Destination——A Case Study of Yellow River Stone Forest in Jingtai of Gusu Province

On the basis of questionnaire survey,by adopting Contingent Valuation Method,residents' WTP for the protection of Yellow River Hoodoo National Geopark in Longwan Village,Jingtai County of Gansu Province was investigated.The result showed that tourism development had greatly influenced local society,economy and culture.Residents in this area had a strong awareness of all the factors above mentioned and showed a positive attitude.Local residents would definitely like to provide a certain degree of labor or money to promote the development of tourism,which was different from the residents' attitude of developed countries.To some extent,it reflected the characteristics of tourism development in developing countries.However,the result of this paper that demographic among residents had little effect on WTP also differed from previous researches.The improvement of living standard and residents' consciousness of environmental protection were the main reasons affecting residents' WTP.Besides,the amount of payment was also in remarkable correlation with the improvement of living standard and the destruction degree of local ecological environment.

Study on Cognition of Urban Residents on Haze Control and Their Willingness to Pay:A Case Study of Zhengzhou City and Jiaozuo City

Residents’payment is an important supplement to the government’s urban haze control costs.In this paper,Zhengzhou City and Jiaozuo City of Henan Province were taken as research objects.Through research methods such as data mining,questionnaire survey and model construction,the residents’cognition on haze control,willingness to pay and its influencing factors were deeply studied.Main research results were as below:residents in Zhengzhou and Jiaozuo have improved their awareness and satisfaction with haze control,but the growth rate was slow.In 2014,2018 and 2021,the expected values of willingness to pay for haze control in Zhengzhou were 79.94,85.52 and 47.20 yuan/month respectively,while they were 62.17,57.77 and 46.96 yuan/month in Jiaozuo City.Residents’haze awareness had the most significant effect on the willingness to pay for haze control,and there was positive correlation(P<0.05).Residents’cognition of haze control was the most important factor affecting their willingness to pay for haze control.Residents’income level and air pollution level had a positive effect on residents’willingness to pay,while residents’confidence in the government had a weak impact on their willingness to pay.

Study on the Willingness to Pay the Tourists in the Ecological Environment Protection of Huashan Scenic Spot

In this paper, CVM method (conditional value evaluation method, also known as willingness investigation method) is used to investigate the willingness to pay about the ecological environment protection cost of Shaanxi Huashan scenic spot in July and August, 2013. By establishing the Logistic regression model, the per capita willingness to pay (WTP) of the tourists is calculated to be 79.2 yuan / person. The results show that the tourists' awareness of environmental protection is increasing day by day, and the visitors are fully aware of the importance of protecting the ecological environment. 57.85% of the tourists will be willing to pay, including civil servants, self-employed persons, college degree or above, family monthly income in the 8000-10000 yuan visitors will pay higher. This provides a reference for the sustainable development and development of ecotourism in Huashan Scenic Spot.

人口流动对农户环境治理支付意愿的影响——基于双栏模型

农村环境治理关乎乡村振兴的成效,农户的参与与否及其参与程度直接影响着农村环境治理的成效。基于农村人口流动的现状,对福建、安徽、陕西三省的529位农户进行了调查,采用双栏模型检验家庭人口流动对农户环境治理支付意愿及其支付额度的影响程度。结果表明,人口流动对农户环境治理支付意愿有显著的负向作用,而对农户环境治理支付额度有显著的正向作用。此外,不同省份区域人口流动对环境治理支付意愿的影响机制不同。

农村环境治理中政策规制对村民参与意愿的影响

从政府和村民这2个视角出发,系统分析了政策规制、环境认知与村民环境治理参与意愿的关系,探究了环境认知对政策规制—参与意愿的中介效应。结果表明,政策规制、环境认知对村民参与环境治理意愿的提升有促进作用,且强制型、激励型、引导型3种政策的规制效应以及环境感知、环境知识均对参与意愿有极显著正向影响;政策规制通过环境认知这一中介变量影响着村民环境治理参与意愿。

Public Participation in Rural Environmental Governance around the Water Source of Xiqin Water Works in Fujian

Public participation is an important way to improve the overall effect and social recognition of rural environmental governance in water source areas. Public participation makes environmental governance measures more targeted and effective, contributes to protecting the basic environmental rights of the public, and makes it easier to meet the livelihood needs of rural people. Public participation in rural environmental governance in water source areas is characterized by complex behavior and is dependent on public willingness to participate. Amongst other factors, it is subject to the combined influences of both internal（psychological cognition） and external（environmental regulation） conditions. This paper builds a theoretical framework for understanding public participation behavior in rural environmental governance, and uses it to analyze a case in the rural area surrounding the Xiqin Water Works in Fujian Province. In the case study, the public shows high willingness to participate, but low actual rates of participation. At the same time, the willingness of villagers to pay for the control of pollution from livestock and poultry breeding varies greatly from village to village, and there are also noticeable individual differences in public participation in the use of public collection points for rural household waste. We found that gender, understandings of environmental protection and perception of environmental regulation, play a key role in influencing the willingness of farmers to pay for the control of pollution from livestock and poultry breeding. Individual awareness of environmental protection, environmental protection facility conditions, and environmental service quality had a significant influence on public participation in the use of public collection points for rural household waste.

信任和收入对农户参与村域环境治理的影响

农户是农村环境问题的制造者,同时也是直接的利益相关者,农户参与农村环境治理有天然的合理性和必要性,信任和收入是影响农户参与意愿和参与方式的重要因素。利用对陕西省474户农户的入户调研的微观数据,采用Heckprobit模型,实证分析了信任与收入对农户参与村域环境治理的影响。研究发现,信任对农户环境治理参与意愿有显著的积极作用,即信任水平越高,参与意愿越高,但对参与方式没有显著作用;农户人均年收入对参与方式有显著的积极作用,收入越高,越倾向于以投资的方式参与供给;信任与收入水平对参与意愿和参与方式的交互影响均不显著;家庭人口对参与意愿有显著的积极影响,而对参与方式有显著的消极影响;年龄对参与意愿有显著的消极影响,而对参与方式没有显著影响;环境认知水平对参与环境治理意愿有显著的积极影响。为此提出,政府在农村公共环境管理制度制定过程中,应更重视农户的主体作用;继续引导农民创收,提高农民收入水平;重视农村社区以信任为代表的社会资本的培育,以提升农户的信任水平和对环境治理的参与意愿及贡献度。

基于计划行为理论的农村居民参与人居环境治理意愿研究:以新疆为例

基于新疆北疆371份微观调查数据,在计划行为理论框架下利用双变量Probit模型对农村人居环境治理农民的参与意愿和支付意愿进行了研究。行为态度、主观规范和知觉行为控制显著影响农民参与意愿与支付意愿,其中环境治理重要性认知、媒体信息传播力度和政策补贴是显著影响农民参与意愿与支付意愿的共同因素;环境污染认知、政府投入力度、开展乡村旅游显著影响农民的支付意愿;受教育程度对农民参与意愿和支付意愿的影响显著但方向不同。建议强化宣传力度,培育农民环境意识;建立并灵活运用激励机制,制定完备有效的村规民约;动员基层干部党员、乡贤能人发挥带头示范效应。

邻避运动是否会提高民众的抗争意愿——基于全国民调数据的分析

近年,我国发生了多起造成广泛社会影响的重大邻避运动。在此情况下,经历过重大邻避运动的城市民众的抗争意愿是否也会随之提高呢?基于全国民调数据的分析结果表明,与未发生邻避运动的城市相比,发生过邻避运动的城市的民众抗争意愿不升反降。通过进一步回归分析发现,地方政府环保绩效是造成这一差别的核心因素。由此,邻避运动的发生一定程度上有助于提高政府的环保绩效,降低民众的抗争意愿,进而实现政府与民众之间的良性互动。

地方依恋有助于提高农户村庄环境治理参与意愿吗?——基于湖北省调查数据的分析

在农村社会转型背景下,从人地关系视角探讨农户地方依恋对其村庄环境治理参与意愿的影响,对剖析农村环境治理难题意义重大。以湖北省为例,利用1074份农户微观调查数据,从环境心理学视角下的人地关系出发,探讨了地方依恋对农户村庄环境治理参与意愿的影响,并进一步运用工具变量法(IV-Oprobit)进行内生性处理与稳健性检验。结果表明:①农户地方依恋水平整体一般,通过提高农户对村庄的依恋水平,可显著提升其村庄环境治理参与意愿。具体而言,农户地方依恋水平每提高1个单位,可使其环境治理“非常愿意”参与的概率提升35.51%。②社会信任在地方依恋对农户村庄环境治理参与意愿影响中发挥显著的调节和中介作用。一方面,地方依恋对农户村庄环境治理参与意愿的影响会随着农户社会信任水平的提高而不断增强;另一方面,地方依恋能够显著增强农户社会信任水平,从而提升其村庄环境治理参与意愿,即社会信任是地方依恋影响农户村庄环境治理参与意愿的重要传导中介,中介效应占总效应的比重为23.37%。③代际差异分析表明,在新生代和老一代农民群体中,地方依恋对其村庄环境治理参与意愿影响均显著。此外,性别、环保意识和环保态度等对农户村庄环境治理参与意愿也产生显著影响。据此,应加强村庄基础设施和文化建设等,不断增强农户的村庄认同感和依恋感,进而在美丽乡村建设中提升农户村庄环境治理参与水平。

生计资本、生态认知与农村环境治理支付意愿——基于江西省588份农户数据

农村环境治理是事关农民福祉的民生工程,研究农户的环境治理支付意愿对打造美丽乡村尤为重要。文章基于江西省588份农户问卷调查数据,运用Ordered Probit模型与中介效应模型综合分析农户生态认知、生计资本对农村环境治理支付意愿的影响。结果表明:首先,农户生计资本总指标对环境治理支付意愿影响显著,各资本中社会资本、物质资本、金融资本和自然资本对支付意愿影响显著;其次,生态认知在农户生计资本对环境治理支付意愿关系中,物质奖励和效能认同均起到部分中介作用,效应值分别为0.223和0.517,而经济惩罚起到了遮掩效应,效应值为0.265;最后,中老年农户和在婚农户生计资本对环境治理支付意愿促进作用显著。据此提出巩固农户生计资本积累,积极开展农村环境治理宣传教育活动,培育农户生态认知等建议。

白洋淀流域农村水环境治理农户参与意愿研究——以安新县PPP项目为例

农村水环境治理是实现“生态宜居”的重要基础,应充分发挥农户的主体作用,提高整体治理效果,减少搭便车问题。本研究基于296份白洋淀流域调研数据,依据计划行为理论框架,构建农户参与农村水环境治理意愿SEM模型,对其影响因素进行实证分析。研究结果表明,农户参与水环境治理的行为意向受到的总效应依次为,主观规范(0.420)>行为态度(0.380)>知觉行为控制(0.340)>环境认知(0.325)>政策认知(0.306)>企业认知(0.153)。据此建议,发挥村委会职能,增强农户参与治理能力;提高信息透明度,保障农户知情权监督权;加强政府引导协调,构建三元协同治理机制。

环境关心与环保支付意愿:政府信任的调节效应——兼论环境治理的困境

中国政府和公民越来越重视环境保护,但生态环境的总体趋势依然不容乐观。本文基于全国性调查数据CGSS2010,实证分析造成环境治理困境的原因,发现中国居民环境关心对环保支付意愿确实存在促进效应,但是二者关系会受到政府信任抑制性的调节作用。换而言之,信任政府的居民,环境关心对其环保支付意愿的促进效应比较弱,而不信任政府的居民则相反。由此可见,中国政府与居民在环境保护过程中形成"控制——依赖"关系并产生环保"套结",这种环保依赖性是导致居民主观能动性"缺席"的结构性原因,也是中国政府环境治理困境的根源之一。

外出务工经历、制度约束与农户环境治理支付意愿

引导和鼓励农户参与环境治理是解决农村环境问题有效的着力点。在劳动力流动的背景下,基于“制度约束”和“主体参与”的视角,探讨外出务工经历、正式制度和非正式制度对农户环境治理支付意愿的影响,并利用湖北省1095户农户的调研数据进行实证检验。研究结果显示:①72.3%的样本农户有支付意愿,表明总体上农户环境治理的支付意愿较高。②外出务工经历、村规民约、政策约束力对农户环境治理支付意愿均有显著的正向影响。③对有外出务工经历的农户而言,村规民约和政策约束力对其环境治理支付意愿均有显著的正向影响,但政策约束力对农户环境治理支付意愿的影响更大;对无外出务工经历的农户而言,村规民约对其环境治理支付意愿有显著的正向影响,而政策约束力的影响不显著。基于上述结论,政府应该为农村劳动力的城乡自由流动提供制度保障,同时应进一步完善农村环境保护及治理等方面的政策法规,并加大执行力度;村集体应该进一步完善村规民约,提高农户的参与度。

The Impact of Government Supervision and Consumer Purchasing Behavior on Food Safety

This paper aims at the theoretical analysis to the impact of government supervision and consumer purchasing behavior on food quality security, so as to look for safety strategies and measures to strengthen and improve the level of food safety in China. Reputation mechanism is introduced and Bayesian approach is based on, in which government supervision as well as consumer purchasing behavior is taken as crucial factors to impact on the food quality security. As to the proposed quantitative indicators, government supervision includes exposure rate, fine and etc.;at the same time, consumer purchasing behavior includes consumer’s WTP for security food and consumer expectations to food safety. Taking China’s dairy industry as an example, it makes simulation by Netlog. The results show that consumer purchasing behavior alone has little effect on the dairy companies’ decision-making to be honest or counterfeiting enterprises. However, combination government supervision with purchasing behavior has great impact, and plays very good effects on food safety.