Changes in Climate Factors and Their Impacts on Wind Erosion Climatic Erosivity in Farming-pastoral Zone of Northern China

Climate change can affect wind erosion power and hence induce changes in wind erosion rates.In this study,the wind erosion climate factor(C-factor),proposed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,was used to assess the impact of changes in climate on wind erosion climatic erosivity.The Mann-Kendall test was employed to detect trends in the C-factor during the period of 1961–2017 in the farming-pastoral zone of northern China.Sensitivity analysis was used to determine the sensitivity of the C-factor to changes in key climate factors.Furthermore,a comparison of the contributions of different climate factors was carried out to understand their impact on changes in the C-factor.The results indicated that most of the surveyed region exhibited decreasing trends in wind speed at a confidence level of 90%,while maximum and minimum temperatures showed increasing trends throughout the study area.As a consequence of decreasing wind speed,the annual C-factor exhibited significant decreasing trends,with a mean slope of–0.58/yr.Seasonal analysis revealed that in most regions,the changes in the C-factor had significant decreasing trends in spring,winter,and autumn,while in more than two-thirds of the study area,no significant change trends in the C-factor were detected in summer at a confidence level of 90%.Sensitivity analysis showed that the C-factor was most sensitive to wind speed,and that the sensitivity coefficients from July to September were much higher than those in other months.Contribution analysis revealed that,for most stations,wind speed(with greater values of sensitivity coefficients)was the dominant factor in the change of C-factor,while for some stations,the minimum temperature made the most contribution to the C-factor’s change due to its dramatic changes during the study period.Although the minimum temperature sensitivity coefficient was the lowest of all the sensitivity coefficients,it is urgent to evaluate the expected impact of minimum temperature due to its possible changes in the future.

Changes of spring wind erosion based on wind erosion climate factor in the black soil region of Northeast China

The dry and windy climate and low ground cover in spring in the black soil region of Northeast China make the soil strongly affected by wind erosion,which seriously threatens the food security and ecological security of this region.In this paper,based on the daily observation data of 124 meteorological stations in study area from 1961 to 2020,seasonal and monthly wind erosion climate factor(C)in spring(March to May)were calculated by using the method proposed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO),the wind erosion characterization in spring were systematically analyzed based on C by various statistical analysis methods.The results showed that in the past 60 years,spring wind erosion climate factor(CSp)and monthly C of the whole region and each province(region)all showed highly significant decreasing trend,but they began to show rebounded trend in the middle or late 2000s.CSp of the study area showed a significant upward trend since 2008 with an increase of 4.59(10a)^(-1).The main contributors to this upward trend are the changes of C in March and in April.For the four provinces(regions),CSp in Heilongjiang,Jilin,Liaoning and eastern Inner Mongolia all showed rebounded since 2008,2011,2008 and 2009,respectively.The rebounded trend of CSp in eastern Inner Mongolia was the most obvious with a tendency rate of 11.27(10a)^(-1),and its mutation occurred after 1984.The rebound trend of CSp in Heilongjiang Province takes the second place,with a trend rate of 4.72(10a)^(-1),but there’s no obvious time mutation characteristics.The spatial characteristics of CSpand monthly C are similar,showing decreasing characteristics centered on the typical black soil belt of Northeast China.Compared with 1961-1990,in the period from 1991 to 2020,the proportion of high value areas(CSp>35,monthly C>10)has decreased to varying degrees,while the proportion of low value areas(CSp≤10,monthly C≤4)has increased.The trends of seasonal and monthly C in 82.2%~87.7%of the stations show significant decreases at 95%confidence level.CSp is closely related to wind speed at 2m height,temperature difference,minimum temperature and precipitation in the same period,of which the correlation between CSp and wind speed is the strongest,indicating that the main control factor for CSp in the study area is wind speed,but the impact of the change of temperature and precipitation on CSp cannot be ignored.

Analysis on Status and Development Trend of Wind Erosion in Black Earth Region of Northeast China

In this paper,areas and main factors of wind erosion in black earth region of Northeast China were systematically analyzed,as well as the development trend of wind erosion in black earth region of Northeast China.In addition,development trend of wind erosion in black earth region of Northeast China was analyzed from the aspects of the geographic position,climatic change law in recent 40 years and effects of northeast sand land desertification on wind erosion in black earth region,which had provided references for the research and prevention of wind erosion in soil of black earth region of Northeast China.

Spatio-temporal Variation of Wind Erosion in Inner Mongolia of China Between 2001 and 2010

Using Geographic Information System(GIS), based on wind speed, precipitation, topographic, soil, vegetation coverage and land use data of Inner Mongolia between 2001 and 2010, we applied the revised wind erosion equation(RWEQ) model to simulate wind erosion intensity. The results showed that an area of approximately 47.8 × 10~4 km^2 experienced wind erosion in 2010, 23.2% of this erosion could be rated as severe, and 46.0% as moderate. Both the area and the intensity of wind erosion had decreased from 2001 to 2010, the wind erosion area reduced 10.1%, and wind erosion intensity decreased by 29.4%. Precipitation, wind speed, population size and urbanization in rural areas, and gross domestic product of primary industry(GDP1) were the main factors influencing wind erosion. Overall, these factors accounted for 88.8% of the wind erosion. These results indicated that the decrease in wind erosion over the past decade related to the increase in precipitation and the decrease in the number of windy days, while modest urban development and optimization of the economic structure might partially reduced the level of ecological pressure, highlighting the importance of human activities in controlling wind erosion.

Application of a new wind driving force model in soil wind erosion area of northern China

The shear stress generated by the wind on the land surface is the driving force that results in the wind erosion of the soil.It is an independent factor influencing soil wind erosion.The factors related to wind erosivity,known as submodels,mainly include the weather factor(WF)in revised wind erosion equation(RWEQ),the erosion submodel(ES)in wind erosion prediction system(WEPS),as well as the drift potential(DP)in wind energy environmental assessment.However,the essential factors of WF and ES contain wind,soil characteristics and surface coverings,which therefore results in the interdependence between WF or ES and other factors(e.g.,soil erodible factor)in soil erosion models.Considering that DP is a relative indicator of the wind energy environment and does not have the value of expressing wind to induce shear stress on the surface.Therefore,a new factor is needed to express accurately wind erosivity.Based on the theoretical basis that the soil loss by wind erosion(Q)is proportional to the shear stress of the wind on the soil surface,a new model of wind driving force(WDF)was established,which expresses the potential capacity of wind to drive soil mass in per unit area and a period of time.Through the calculations in the typical area,the WDF,WF and DP are compared and analyzed from the theoretical basis,construction goal,problem-solving ability and typical area application;the spatial distribution of soil wind erosion intensity was concurrently compared with the spatial distributions of the WDF,WF and DP values in the typical area.The results indicate that the WDF is better to reflect the potential capacity of wind erosivity than WF and DP,and that the WDF model is a good model with universal applicability and can be logically incorporated into the soil wind erosion models.

1980—2016年中国北方风蚀气候侵蚀力的变化

随着修订风蚀方程(RWEQ)的提出,采用增加了冻结因子的气候因子(WF)表达风蚀气候侵蚀力更具有科学性和必要性。基于中国北方风蚀区157个气象站1980—2016年的观测数据,逐月计算了各站点气候因子,并探讨了气候因子时空分布变化特征及影响因素。结果表明:①1980—1997年,年气候因子值表现为快速下降,从940.46 kg/m下降到273.03 kg/m;而1998—2016年,年气候因子值表现相对稳定,在139.81~398.85 kg/m范围内波动。②春季气候因子值约占全年63%,其变化也显著高于其它季节,这也是土壤风蚀发生在春季的主要原因。③气候因子的高值区分布在新疆东部、青海西部、40°N以北的内蒙古中西部,这与气压中心和高大山体地形分布有关。

典型水蚀区坡耕地黑土质量的空间分异特征及影响因素

[目的]为明确侵蚀—沉积在黑土坡耕地土壤质量空间分异格局中的塑造作用。[方法]以东北典型水蚀区坡耕地为研究对象,利用110个样点的土壤属性,采用基于最小数据集的土壤质量指数(SQI)指标,评价坡面尺度土壤质量的空间分异特征,并利用广义线性模型(GLM)明确坡度、坡位、土层深度等因子对土壤质量的贡献。[结果](1)坡耕地土壤养分含量和空间特征在耕作层和亚表层间呈相反规律。对于大部分养分指标,耕作层的含量显著高于亚表层,但是,其空间异质性及土壤养分含量间的相关性低于亚表层(p<0.05);(2)侵蚀沉积作用影响坡耕地土壤质量的空间分布特征。SQI在强烈侵蚀的坡中显著低于轻度侵蚀的坡上和沉积区的坡下(p<0.05),与坡上相比,坡中SQI在耕作层和亚表层分别降低26.2%和31.6%,沉积作用并不一定提高强烈侵蚀坡耕地沉积区的土壤质量,坡下和坡上耕作层的土壤质量无显著差异(p>0.05);(3)土层深度、坡位和坡度是坡耕地SQI变异的主要影响因素。GLM结果显示,对于同一个土壤层次,坡度、坡位及其交互作用对SQI变异的解释度达95%,其中,坡位和坡度的解释度分别为68%和22%;考虑土壤深度因素,在0—40 cm土层,土层深度、坡位和坡度对SQI变异的解释度分别为39%,31%和10%。[结论]采用SQI和GLM相结合的方法,明确侵蚀—沉积过程在坡耕地黑土质量空间分异中的塑造作用,研究成果可为典型水蚀区侵蚀退化黑土地质量评价和管理提供技术支撑。

生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀在改善土壤侵蚀中的应用

【目的】雨、雪、波浪、风等作用常会引起土壤侵蚀。生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀技术(MICP/EICP)由于环境友好的特点已成为岩土和地质领域的研究热点之一。为了探究MICP/EICP在土壤抗侵蚀性方面的效果,【方法】介绍了MICP/EICP的矿化过程,基于现有成果总结了MICP/EICP改善不同类型土壤侵蚀效果。【结果】结果显示:对于土壤适应性,MICP处理粗砂的无侧限抗压强度和CaCO_(3)含量高于EICP,而在粉细砂中结果相反。对于遇水崩解特性,MICP改性黏土中25μm以下颗粒质量减少,75~250μm颗粒质量分数增加,团聚体变大,有效降低了黏土、黄土、黏性紫色土崩解速率和崩解率。对于波浪侵蚀特性,随喷洒固化次数由1增加到4,海岸砂质边坡侵蚀速率呈对数下降,固化18次后,30次潮汐变化下坡角几乎不变。对于切向水流侵蚀特性,1 g/L的黄原胶溶液结合MICP固化2次的样品和0.5 mol/L胶结液结合掺入0.2%纤维所得到的固化土的抗侵蚀性优于单纯高剂量MICP处理的结果。对于风蚀,MICP固化时,0.25 mol/L胶结液可达到抗风蚀效果,而EICP反应较快应加入抑制剂。对于多次干湿和冻融循环侵蚀,MICP/EICP处理试样的强度和侵蚀量都好于未处理试样,EICP处理砂土样的耐久性效果不如MICP明显。【结论】结果表明:MICP适用于粗粒土,生成的CaCO_(3)整体性好;EICP脲酶分子小,工艺简单,可应用于细粒土中,但生成的CaCO_(3)较松散。MICP/EICP作用可有效降低细粒土的遇水崩解特性,有效降低海岸砂质边坡的波浪侵蚀,与纤维或生聚物结合可改善固化土的脆性,抵抗切向水流的侵蚀。低浓度的胶结液配方即可抵抗风蚀。MICP/EICP可提高固化土的耐久性。

沙坡头自然保护区不同固沙技术生态效益监测评价

【目的】为了深入了解设置沙障后不同固沙条件下植被物种组成、多样性的变化规律。【方法】以扎设草方格、尼龙网格、草绳方格固沙的沙地植被恢复技术示范区为研究对象,分析不同固沙模式对土壤风蚀、水分和电导率以及草本植物群落组成的影响,总结不同固沙模式对沙地植被恢复区的土壤风蚀、水分和电导率及植物多样性指数的影响规律。【结果】结果表明,①从总风蚀速率来看,流动沙丘风沙活动最强,为0.15 cm·d^(-1),且以沉积为主;草方格沙丘风沙活动最弱,为0.04 cm·d^(-1);土壤风蚀的总风蚀速率较流动沙丘减小0.11 cm·d^(-1)。沙丘风蚀与沉积的净变化速率在草方格沙丘最小,为-0.04 cm·d^(-1);流动沙丘最为剧烈,为0.15 cm·d^(-1);土壤风蚀的净变化速率较流动沙丘减小0.19 cm·d^(-1)。②流动沙丘和尼龙网格沙丘在不同土层深度的土壤水分和电导率无明显变化(P>0.05);草绳方格沙丘土壤水分含量由大到小依次为表层、深60 cm、深40 cm(P<0.05),不同土层深度电导率差异不显著(P>0.05);草方格沙丘土壤电导率由大到小依次为表层、深60 cm、深40 cm(P<0.05),土层深度对水分含量的影响较小(P>0.05)。③不同固沙模式对多度和物种数无显著影响(P>0.05)。不同固沙模式中,草本植被多样性指数无显著差异(P>0.05),表现较为一致的趋势;草方格沙丘的香浓-威纳指数、均匀度指数、物种数均最高,分别为0.93、0.57和1.80。【结论】综合分析表明,草方格固沙模式下植被恢复效果较好,对土壤水分和电导率影响较小;草绳方格固沙对土壤水分和电导率的影响较大。建议在后续沙地生态修复时,以草方格固沙为主,草绳方格为辅。

Assessing changes in wind erosion climatic erosivity in China＇s dryland region during 1961-2012

China＇s dryland region has serious wind erosion problem and is sensitive to climate change due to its fragile ecological condition. Wind erosion climatic erosivity is a measure of climatic factors influencing wind erosion, therefore, evaluation of its intensity and response to recent climate changes can contribute to the understanding of climate change effect on wind erosion risk. Using the FAO equation, GIS and statistical analysis tools, this study quantified the climatic erosivity, analyzed its spatiotemporal variations, and detected the trend and sen- sitivity to climate factors during 1961-2012. The results indicate that mean annual climatic erosivity was 2-166 at 292 stations and 237-471 at 6 stations, with the spatial distribution highly in accordance with wind speed （R^2 = 0.94）. The climatic erosivity varied greatly over time with the annual variation （CV） of 14.7%-108.9% and monthly variation （concentration degree） of 0.10-0.71 in the region. Meanwhile, annual erosivity showed a significant down- ward trend at an annual decreasing rate mostly above 1.0%. This significantly decreasing trend was mainly attributed to the obvious decline of wind speed during the period. The results suggest that the recent climate changes were highly possible to induce a decrease of wind erosion risk in China＇s dryland region.

陕西省降雨和风蚀气候侵蚀力时空分布特征

[目的]研究陕西省不同区域降雨侵蚀力和风蚀气候侵蚀力的时空分布特征、突变特征和周期特性等,为陕西水土流失防治和生态建设提供科学依据。[方法]利用陕西省96个气象站1981-2020年气象观测资料计算了全省降雨侵蚀力和风蚀气候侵蚀力,采用气候趋势分析、空间插值、M-K检验、小波分析等方法,分析了陕西省风蚀、水蚀气候侵蚀力时空分布特征、突变和周期特征等。[结果](1)全省1981-2020年降雨侵蚀力为2 719.6 MJ·mm/(hm^(2)·h),空间差异性较大,呈现南高北低的空间分布。陕西省风蚀气候侵蚀力为3.18,呈现北高南低的空间分布特征。(2)近40年陕西省降雨侵蚀力年际波动较大,呈现微弱上升趋势,但未通过显著性检验。全省降雨侵蚀力经历了先减小后增大的变化趋势,目前处于降雨侵蚀较大的年代。陕西省风蚀气候侵蚀力年际波动较大,但无显著变化趋势。风蚀气候侵蚀力近40年先增强后减弱,大部分地区风蚀气候侵蚀力在20世纪90年代最强,目前处于最弱的年代。(3)降雨侵蚀力主要以6-9月较大,最大值出现在7月,风蚀气候侵蚀力则以冬春两季较大,4月最大,二者具有明显的非同步性。(4)陕西省降雨侵蚀力存在2~4 a, 8 a和31~32 a共3个时间尺度的振荡周期,风蚀气候侵蚀力变化主要存在5~10 a和31~32 a两个时间尺度的振荡周期。2009年为降雨侵蚀力突变年份,降雨侵蚀力自此逐渐上升,突变前后降雨侵蚀力相差416.27 MJ·mm/(hm^(2)·h)。[结论]目前,陕西省大部分地区降雨侵蚀力均处于较强的时期,尤以陕北北部降雨侵蚀力距平最大,且陕北北部全省风蚀气候侵蚀力最强的区域,榆林东部风蚀气候侵蚀力近40年亦呈上升趋势,该地区风蚀水蚀气候侵蚀力的增长更应引起重视。

近39年东北地区风蚀气候侵蚀力及其对气候变化的响应

为评估东北地区风蚀气候侵蚀力及其对区域气候变化的响应,基于东北地区66个气象站点1981—2019年气象数据,采用风蚀气候侵蚀力计算方法,解析东北地区风蚀气候侵蚀力空间分布特征、时间变化趋势及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明:近39年(1981—2019年),东北地区风速和相对湿度呈下降趋势,降水量呈波动增加趋势,气温呈上升趋势;风蚀气候侵蚀力整体呈西高东低趋势,全区平均为18.8,空间变化范围为0.9~63.8;春、夏、秋和冬季的风蚀气候侵蚀力分别为10.4,1.4,4.1和2.9;全区年风蚀气候侵蚀力平均每10年减小3.71,春、夏、秋和冬季平均每10年分别减小2.05,0.24,0.96和0.44;风蚀气候侵蚀力有明显的空间性(西高东低)和季节性(春季高,夏季低)。39年来,全年及四季的风蚀气候侵蚀力整体呈下降趋势。研究结果可为不同农业种植区土壤风蚀防治提供理论依据。

基于RWEQ模型的茫崖市防风固沙功能评估及敏感地类识别

为了较准确评估茫崖市的防风固沙功能,识别对防风固沙功能敏感的土地利用类型,通过4种方法确定修正风蚀模型(RWEQ)中的气候因子(WF)参数,计算出实际风蚀量和防风固沙量,依据指南法、自然间断法和文献—实际结合法对防风固沙功能进行了评估分级,借助ArcGIS软件将土地利用类型和防风固沙功能进行空间叠置分析以识别出敏感地类。结果表明:(1)利用风蚀气候因子(Fq)直接代替法确定的WF空间分布和阈值范围最符合实际,RWEQ模型能较准确地评估荒漠戈壁区茫崖市的防风固沙功能;(2)茫崖市2014年平均风蚀模数为57.99 kg/(m^(2)·a),属于风力侵蚀严重区域,2014年全市单位面积防风固沙量介于0~44.93 kg/m^(2),防风固沙功能整体较弱;(3)在3种评估分级方法中,文献—实际结合法更为详细地反映出2014—2018年茫崖市西南山区较强的防风固沙功能,且高等级功能的区域范围较广;(4)草地是茫崖市2014—2018年对防风固沙功能变化最敏感的土地利用类型。RWEQ模型有效评估了茫崖市的防风固沙功能,并识别出了敏感的土地利用类型。本研究为县级地区防风固沙功能评估技术的应用提供了科学参考。

宁夏风蚀气候侵蚀力时空演变及影响因素分析

[目的]揭示宁夏回族自治区风蚀气候侵蚀力(C值)的时空演变特征,阐明宁夏气候对风蚀的影响及因素,进而为宁夏风蚀评估提供科学依据。[方法]基于宁夏及周边气象站1965—2019年的观测数据,根据FAO风蚀气候侵蚀力计算公式,利用Mann-Kendall趋势检验、Pettitt突变点检验、Morlet小波分析及随机森林等方法,开展了宁夏风蚀气候侵蚀力时空演变及影响因素的研究。[结果](1)宁夏多年平均C值为23.8,在年尺度和季节尺度上呈现可持续的显著减少趋势,且春冬季高、夏秋季低。(2)多年平均C值在空间上呈现中北部高、南部低的分布,显著减少的站点共8个,且均呈现可持续性。(3)除夏季尺度外,其他季节尺度和年尺度的C值均在2003年前后发生显著突变,且均存在一个30 a左右的主周期。(4)影响C值最主要的因子是风速,其次是降水量、相对湿度、热力因子、太平洋年代际振荡指数。[结论]宁夏属于干旱半干旱地区气候侵蚀力较弱的区域,风速是影响宁夏C值最主要的因子。

1960—2019年河西地区风蚀气候侵蚀力时空演变及其影响因素分析

基于河西地区14个气象站点1960—2019年逐月气象观测资料,利用联合国粮农组织(FAO)推荐的公式计算河西地区风蚀气候因子指数值(C值),对河西地区气候侵蚀力的时空演变特征及其影响因素进行分析。结果表明:①在整个研究时段内,河西地区C值的年际变化呈现出波动下降趋势,下降速率为4.03/10a,年C值呈现出上升−下降−略微上升的状态;该地区季节C值呈现出秋季开始逐渐变大、次年春季达到最大、到夏季又迅速减小的变化特征。②河西地区多年平均C值范围8.7~132.9,整体呈现出从东南向西北增加的特点;研究区C值最大值位于西北部的马鬃山,中部地区C值相对较小,最小值出现在研究区东部的武威。③Mann-Kendall(M-K)突变检验结果表明,该地区年C值在1984年发生突变,而春、夏、秋、冬四季C值发生突变的年份分别为1983年、1984年、1987年和1988年;突变前和突变后C值差异明显;④河西地区气候因子对C值的影响程度表现为平均风速>降水量>相对湿度>平均气温,其中风速是首要驱动因子。

1960—2019年中国沿海地区风蚀气候侵蚀力的变化及其影响因素分析

基于中国主要沿海地区64个气象站点1960—2019年的观测数据,采用风蚀气候侵蚀力计算的FAO公式及Mann-Kendall检验模型、Morlet小波变换等方法,对中国沿海地区的风蚀气候侵蚀力及其变化进行了测算和分析。结果表明:(1)沿海地区年际风蚀气候侵蚀力介于0.34~197.32,平均值为38.78,与内陆干旱半干旱地区相近,其季节差异表现为冬季(14.13)>秋季(11.74)>春季(9.99)>夏季(2.57);(2) 1960—2019年沿海地区年际、季节风蚀气候侵蚀力明显下降但不存在突变点,年际变化的第1主周期为12 a,季节变化主周期则分别为春季和冬季5 a、夏季与秋季26 a;(3)起沙风日数是中国沿海地区风蚀气候侵蚀力变化的主控正向因素,厄尔尼诺-南方涛动则通过影响降水量而间接负向驱动其变化,干旱和降水主要在风速减弱的冬季对风蚀气候侵蚀力产生较弱的负向影响。

基于修正风蚀模型(RWEQ)的河北省张家口市防风固沙功能空间格局研究

RWEQ(Revised Wind Erosion Equation)风蚀模型源于农田土壤风蚀量预测模型,早期适用于田块尺度,当前研究者开始尝试利用该模型测算区域尺度防风固沙能力时空格局。基于原RWEQ模型,对气象因子和地表粗糙度因子进行修正,以张家口市域为研究区,测算了2018年研究区防风固沙功能空间格局、四季动态变化,分析了相关影响因子。结果表明:1)2018年张家口市防风固沙总量为1.13亿t,单位面积防风固沙量为25.85 t/hm^(2),整体呈现坝上高原、间山盆地和燕山谷地防风固沙量低,冀西北间山盆地山区、燕山山区和太行山区防风固沙量高的空间分布格局。2)四季防风固沙量由高到低为春季、冬季、秋季、夏季,单位面积防风固沙量分别为8.32、7.65、6.92、2.96 t/hm^(2)。3)2018年张家口市单位面积防风固沙量与风力、地形起伏度和植被覆盖度均呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.937、0.955和0.917。修正后的模型可以用于区域尺度防风固沙功能时空格局测算,研究结果可为张家口市防风固沙功能提升和区域生态建设工程布局提供科学依据。

沙漠化逆转过程中毛乌素沙地土壤风蚀可蚀性影响因子的变化特征

[目的]揭示毛乌素沙地沙漠化逆转过程对土壤风蚀可蚀性的影响,为该区风蚀防治和生态重建提供科学参考。[方法]选取1986—2021年共8期遥感影像,以ENVI 5.3和ArcGIS 10.7为平台对毛乌素沙地不同时期土地沙漠化进行反演,同时构建研究区2021年沙漠化差值指数(DDI),并按照自然断裂法将毛乌素沙地土地分为非、轻度、中度、重度和极重度5种沙漠化类型代表沙漠化逆转的不同阶段。根据反演结果,应用空间代替时间的方法,对不同沙漠化类型土壤进行样品采集,并对土壤机械组成、土壤有机质含量、土壤结皮、植被因子等土壤风蚀可蚀性影响因子进行测试分析。[结果]毛乌素沙地1986—2021年沙漠化整体呈逆转趋势,沙漠化土地面积由1986年的47877.81 km^(2)缩减至2021年的45914.06 km^(2),以56.11 km^(2)/a的速率逆转。该区土地沙漠化可分为3个时期:1986—2001年为沙漠化发展期,土壤黏粒、粉粒百分含量、有机质含量呈降低趋势,土壤砂粒百分含量、结皮因子和植被因子值呈增加趋势;2001—2011年为沙漠化显著逆转期;2011—2021年为沙漠化稳定逆转期,逆转期内,土壤黏粒、粉粒百分含量和有机质含量呈增加趋势,土壤砂粒百分含量、结皮因子和植被因子值呈降低趋势,且逆转程度越大,各因子变化速率也越快;随着沙漠化程度减弱,土壤黏粒、粉粒百分含量、有机质含量呈线性增加趋势,递增率分别为1.55%,7.08%和1.98%,土壤砂粒百分含量、结皮因子和植被因子值呈线性下降趋势,递减率分别为8.62%,0.13%和0.23%。[结论]毛乌素沙地沙漠化逆转过程使土壤结构变细,结皮发育,植被增加,土壤抗蚀性增强,对土壤风蚀起到显著抑制作用。

植被覆盖度的时间变化及其防风蚀效应

在防治风蚀过程中过去人们只关注植被覆盖度的空间特性,但对其随时间变化的特性未引起足够的重 视。该文着重强调了植被覆盖度随时间变化的特性,并对不同类型植物覆盖度的动态变化特征进行了研究。通过 调查研究与理论分析,在土壤风蚀量与植被覆盖度及风蚀气候侵蚀因子三者之间建立了随时间变化的定量关系, 并利用该公式计算和比较了不同类型植物防风治沙性能的动态差异、总植被覆盖度及相应的总土壤风蚀量的动态 变化。结果表明在防风蚀的作用效应中灌木>多年生牧草>林木>作物>一年生牧草;总时空植被覆盖度与总土 壤风蚀量呈"反相位"的动态变化;风蚀季节总植被覆盖度较低,介于0.11-0.14之间,低于20％的临界覆盖度,这 也是该地区风蚀危害严重的一个重要原因所在。

青海贵南草原沙漠化影响因子的贡献率

影响因子贡献率是目前沙漠化研究的焦点之一,诸因子对沙漠化发展的贡献和对沙漠化现状的贡献是这一科学问题的两个方面。利用风洞模拟实验和137Cs示踪技术,建立了青海贵南现代草原沙漠化多因子方程,分别区分了该区风速变化、植被变化、牲畜践踏(滥牧)、樵采破坏(滥樵)和草地开垦(滥垦)等五个主要影响因子对沙漠化现状及其发展的贡献率。结果表明,牲畜践踏、樵采活动和草地开垦对沙漠化发展的贡献率分别为54.78%、4.66%和40.56%,人类不合理经济活动是近40a来沙漠化发展的根本原因。平均侵蚀风速变化很小,对沙漠化发展的贡献率为零。植被盖度的变化对沙漠化发展具有显著的贡献,但在近几十年来气候变化尚不足于对植被盖度造成明显影响的前提下,对沙漠化的影响作用被进一步归结为人文因子的贡献。沙漠化现状是在自然沙漠化过程的基础上人类不合理经济活动进一步叠加的结果,自然因子和人文因子对当前沙漠化现状的贡献率分别为27.8%和72.2%,人文因子中牲畜践踏、樵采活动和草地开垦对沙漠化现状的贡献率分别为39.55%、3.37%和29.28%。沙漠化影响因子的贡献率因时、因地而异。