Harmonics in the Squirrel Cage Induction Motor Analytic Calculation-Part Ⅰ: Differential Leakage, Attenuation, Asynchronous Parasitic Torques

The magnetic field generated in the air gap of the cage asynchronous machine and the harmonics of the magnetomotive forces creating that magnetic field, as well as the related differential leakage, attenuation, asynchronous parasitic torques have been discussed in great detail in the literature, but always separately, for a long time. However, systematization of the phenomenon still awaits. Therefore, it is worth summarizing the completeness of the phenomena in a single study – with a new approach at the same time-in order to reveal the relationships between them. The role of rotor slot number is emphasized much more than before. An existing, commonly used, but still impractical basic figure has been modified to more clearly demonstrate the response of the rotor for the harmonics of the stator. The need to treat differential leakage, asynchronous parasitic torques and attenuation together will be demonstrated: new formula for asynchronous parasitic torque is derived;the long-used characteristic curves for differential leakage and attenuation used separately so far was merged into one, correct curve in order to provide a correct design guide for the engineers.

Harmonics in the Squirrel Cage Induction Motor,Analytic Calculation Part Ⅱ:Synchronous Parasitic Torques,Radial Magnetic Forces

The magnetic field generated in the air gap of the cage asynchronous machine and the harmonics of the magnetomotive forces creating that magnetic field,as well as the synchronous parasitic torques,radial magnetic forces have been discussed in great detail in the literature,but always separately,for a long time.However,systematization of the phenomenon still awaits.Therefore,it is worth summarizing the completeness of the phenomena in a single study–with a new approach at the same time-in order to reveal the relationships between them.The role of rotor slot number is emphasized much more than before.New formulas derived for both synchronous torques and radial magnetic forces are used for further investigation.It will be shown that both phenomena in subject must be treated together.Formulas will be provided to take into account attenuation.Design guide will be provided to avoid dangerous rotor slot numbers.It will be shown that the generation of synchronous torques and radial magnetic forces do not depend–in this new approach-on the slot combination,but on the rotor slot number itself.

Effects of Wind Turbines Equipped with Doubly-fed Induction Generators on Distance Protection

Nowadays wind energy is the fastest growing renewable energy resource in the world.The problems of integrating wind farms are caused by changes of wind speed during a day.Moreover,the behaviors of wind turbines equipped with doubly-fed induction generators differ fundamentally from synchronous generators.Therefore,more considerations are needed to analyze the performances of the distance protection relays.The protection of a wind farm with distance relay is inspected.By changing the conditions of the wind farm,the characteristics of the distance relay are studied.

Coordination between Fault-Ride-Through Capability and Over-current Protection of DFIG Generators for Wind Farms

Fault Ride-Through （FRT） capabilities set up according to the grid codes may affect the performance of related protective elements during fault periods. Therefore, in this paper the coordination between the FRT capability and over-current protection of DFIG Wind Generators in MV networks is investigated. Simulation test cases using MATLAB-Simulink are implemented on a 365-MW wind farm in AL-Zaafarana, Egypt. The simulation results show the influence of the FRT capability on the protective relaying coordination in wind farms, showing that the FRT may work in situations where is were expected not to work, and then disabling the over-current protection, which should have worked in this situation.

Dynamic Couplingand Cooperative Control for Multi-paralleled Doubly Fed Induction Generator Wind Farms during Symmetrical Low Voltage Ride-through in a Weak Grid

In multi-fed grid-connected systems,there are complex dynamic interactions between different pieces of equipment.Particularly in situations of weak-grid faults,the dynamic coupling between equipment becomes more pronounced.This may cause the system to experience small-signal instability during the fault steady-state.In this paper,multi-paralleled doubly fed induction generator(DFIG)-based wind farms(WFs)are taken as an example to study the dynamic coupling within a multi-fed system during fault steady-state of symmetrical low voltage ride-through(LVRT)in a weak grid.The analysis reveals that the dynamic coupling between WFs will introduce a damping shift to each WF.This inevitably affects the system’s dynamic stability and brings the risk of small-signal instability during fault steady-state in LVRT scenarios.Increasing the distance to fault location and fault severity will exacerbate the dynamic coupling between WFs.Because of the dynamic coupling,adjusting the control state of one WF will affect the stability of the remaining WFs in the system.Hence,a cooperative control strategy for multi-paralleled DFIG WFs is proposed to improve dynamic stability during LVRT.The analysis and the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy are verified by modal analysis and simu-lation.

A novel dynamic equivalence method for grid-connected wind farm

Dynamic equivalence of the wind farm is a fundamental problem in the simulation of a power system connected with wind farms because it is unpractical to model every generator in a wind farm in detail. In this paper, an Equivalence Method based on the Output Characteristics (EMOC) is proposed, with which the wind farm composed of Squirrel-Cage Induction Generators (SCIGs) can be equivalent to one generator. By considering the diversity of wind generators and special operating characteristics of a wind farm, the equivalent generator based on EMOC responds accurately in various faults. No matter whether the wind farm is integrated in grid or just programmed, EMOC can be used to acquire an accurate equivalent generator. Simulation of the dynamic equivalence of an SCIG wind farm validated the method.

Impact Analyses of Wind Farm on Performances of Transmission Line Relay Protection

A simulation system for power grid with concentrated large-scale wind farm integration is established based on the electro-magnetic transient model of wind turbine equipped with doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG),which is built by real-time digital simulator (RTDS).Using the hardware communication interface of RTDS,a closed-loop testing experiment is accomplished to study the impacts of large-scale wind farms on the existing relay protection devices for wind farm outgoing transmission line.This paper points out problems existing in current relay protection devices as follows:fault phase selector can select unwanted phase due to the changes of fault features caused by special network connection of wind farms;blocking condition for distance protections needs to be re-examined due to the weak power-feed characteristics of wind farms;and power frequency parameter based relay protection devices cannot accurately operate due to the special transient voltage and current characteristics of wind farms during fault period.Results lay the foundation for improving the performances of the existing relay protection device and developing new principle relay protection.

Impact of the Fermeuse Wind Farm on Newfoundland Grid

This paper aims to study the impact of the Fermeuse wind farm (46&deg58'42'N 52&deg57'18'W) through simulation of wind turbines driven by doubly fed induction generator which feed AC power to the isolated utility grid of Newfoundland. The focus is on the determination of both voltage and system stability constraints. The complete system is modeled and simulated in Matlab Simulink environment.

Transient Stability Analysis during an Improved Coupling Procedure for an Induction Generator Based Wind Generation System to the Grid

For fixed speed wind turbines, the connection of its squirrel cage induction generator (SCIG) to the grid leads to inrush current which can reach an average of 2 p.u. up to 2.5 p.u. in higher wind speed even by using a soft starter. We propose in this paper a new soft starting of squirrel cage induction generator based wind turbine connected to the grid. Our strategy overcomes such transient instability problems and pinpoints rapidly synchronous speed regardless the wind speed acting on pitch angle. The proposed strategy ensures at least 50% reduction of inrush current and 18% gain of WTG starting time. A state model of the system is given including the wind turbine model and the SCIG model in the synchronous reference frame. Simulation results are analysed and compared to the classic coupling procedure.

计及低电压穿越及故障全过程动态的双馈风电场等值方法

在分析双馈感应发电机(DFIG)故障各阶段动态的基础上,提出了一种计及低电压穿越控制的双馈风电场等值方法。首先,讨论了低电压穿越控制策略,给出了含双馈风电场的电力系统故障稳态潮流计算方法。在考虑电压暂态过程的条件下,分析了外部系统短路故障后DFIG转子电流的变化机理,指出电压跌落深度及风电功率是影响短路电流的主要因素,可根据动作分界线判断撬棒是否动作。然后,根据初始风速及撬棒状态将风电场中的DFIG分为3群,并对等值DFIG及集电网络进行聚合。为提高等值模型在恢复阶段的精度,根据故障稳态电压对双馈风电场功率恢复曲线进行预估,并在此基础上对等值DFIG恢复速率进行分段修正。最后,对含双馈风电场的算例系统进行了等值计算。仿真结果表明,等值模型较好地保持了原系统在故障各阶段的动态,在保持较高精度的前提下有效简化了系统,提高了计算速度。

含双馈机组风电场备用电缆位置和容量优化方法

链状结构风电场中电缆故障后,故障串部分风电机组将被迫停运。在两串末端增加备用电缆,可以为故障下游风电机组提供输电通道,但对非故障串电缆容量要求较大,利用率低。文章提出一种备用电缆位置和容量优化方法。首先定义最小路矩阵,评估随机风速/电缆故障时风电场输出。根据备用电缆位置对风电场分区。提出有限容量模型解决故障串输电优先性顺序,以确定备用电缆最佳位置。然后引入双馈感应发电机(doubly-fed induction generator,DFIG)稳态约束,采用主从分裂算法,求解风电场潮流。以利用率和成本为目标,提出备用电缆容量的优化模型。最后给出算例分析结果,验证所提方法的有效性。

基于硬件在环仿真的DFIG并网系统开环模式谐振风险及验证

开环模式谐振理论是阐释风电并网引起的电力系统振荡机理的研究成果,其中基于平均模型的离线时域仿真结果可信度存疑。为提升开环模式谐振的工程指导可靠度,首先基于硬件在环仿真,组建了用于验证开环模式谐振的半实物实验平台;其次建立双馈风电场并网系统的小信号模型,提出开环模式分析通用方法评估系统振荡风险;最后以两个算例进行了开环模式谐振现象的分析与实验。得到结论:硬件在环仿真的结果符合开环模式分析的结果,在开环模式谐振条件下,系统稳定性下降。留数法可以较为准确地预测系统闭环模式,系统参数的合理整定可以减小开环模式谐振带来的影响。

适用于全故障类型的双馈风电场送出线负序电流纵联保护方案

随着双馈风电机组(DFIG)并网容量的增加,给风电场送出线继电保护的整定带来新的挑战,保护动作性能下降甚至会出现拒动和误动的风险。为此,首先分析双馈风电机组负序电流分量特征;然后进一步分析风电场经交、直流并网时交流送出线两侧电流的特征差异,提出一种适用于双馈风电场送出线的负序电流分量纵联保护新方法。该方法利用双馈风电场送出线两侧负序电流的幅值比和相位差构成保护动作判据,同时,利用数据延时在对称故障下构造出负序分量,使其能适用于风电场送出线的各种故障类型,且具有灵敏度高、耐受过渡电阻能力强等优点。最后,在Matlab/Simulink和PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建双馈风电机组电磁暂态仿真模型,仿真分析保护方案在交直流送出线上的适应性。

基于PSS／E Wind大型风电场并入输电网的动态特性研究

以PSS/E和风机软件包为平台,建立了基于滑差可调绕线式异步风电机组的恒速恒频风电场模型,并以CIGREB4-39风电场并网系统标准模型为例,研究了不同种风速扰动下的风电场动态特性,分析了对于不同容量、不同并网点风电场在不同种故障点扰动下保持稳定运行的能力。研究表明,扰动风速增量过大时,风电场振荡加剧;在一定容量范围内,大容量风电场表现出更强的抗扰动能力;同步发电机的调节作用对近区风电场稳定运行有明显改善的效果。

STATCOM/VRB改善笼型风电机组性能的控制策略

为了提供笼型机组发电时所需无功功率并平滑笼型机组有功功率的波动,将无功功率补偿装置STATCOM与VRB储能系统合二为一构成STATCOM/VRB装置,用以改善笼型风电机组性能。首先构建了STATCOM/VRB数学模型;然后研究系统各部分的控制策略,通过在STATCOM/VRB装置的DC/DC变换器处加装模糊控制器,并提出一种基于模糊自适应的STATCOM/VRB控制策略;最后在MATLAB/Simulink环境下进行仿真研究,结果表明在风速骤升和骤降两种情况下该控制策略依然可以有效平抑风电功率波动并维持储能系统工作在合理状态,有效提升电网安全运行水平。

Comparative Performance of Fixed-Speed and Variable-Speed Wind Turbine Generator Systems

In the early development of the wind energy, the majority of the wind turbines have been operated at constant speed. Subsequently, the number of variable-speed wind turbines installed in wind farms has increased. In this paper, a comparative performance of fixed and variable speed wind generators with Pitch angle control has been presented. The first is based on a squirrel cage Induction Generator （IG） of 315 kW rated power, connected directly to the grid. The second incorporated a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator （PMSG） of 750 kW rated power. The performances of each studied wind generator are evaluated by simulation works and variable speed operation is highlighted as preferred mode of operation.

Analysis on Effect of Parameters of Different Wind Generator on Power Grid Transient Stability

To analyze the factors which affecting transient stability of power system, the dynamic model of doubly-fed induction generator and direct-drive PM synchronous generator has been built using PSCAD. Impact of different wind farm integration on grid typically in China has been presented. The influence of the variations of transient reactance, negative sequence reactance and rotary inertia on critical clearing time of power system transient stability is analyzed by time-domain simulation. Mixture operation of DFIG and PMSG to optimize the stability of system has been analyzed firstly. The digital simulation results show that doubly-fed induction wind turbines is a better choice to meet the requirement of system instability due to large wind farm integration in comparison with direct-drive PM synchronous wind turbines. With a rather large rotary inertia, the proper ratio of direct-drive PM synchronous wind turbines used in wind farm could be comprehensive planning by optimized the stability of system. Analysis of this paper should be provided as academic reference for improving design of wind farm system.

Fault Ride-Through Study of Wind Turbines

The installation of wind energy has increased rapidly around the world. The grid codes about the wind energy require wind turbine (WT) has the ability of fault (or low voltage) ride-through (FRT). To study the FRT operation of the wind farms, three methods were discussed. First, the rotor short current of doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) was limited by introducing a rotor side protection circuit. Second, the voltage of DC bus was limited by a DC energy absorb circuit. Third, STATCOM was used to increase the low level voltages of the wind farm. Simulation under MATLAB was studied and the corresponding results were given and discussed. The methods proposed in this paper can limit the rotor short current and the DC voltage of the DFIG WT to some degree, but the voltage support to the power system during the fault largely depend on the installation place of STATCOM.

基于改进混沌布谷鸟算法的风电场多机等值参数辨识方法

针对风电场的参数准确辨识问题,提出了一种基于改进混沌布谷鸟算法的风电场多机等值参数辨识方法。首先,阐述了风电场的系统结构与多机等值建模思路,设计了混沌布谷鸟算法的改进方案。然后,通过综合使用解析法与辨识法,建立了基于改进混沌布谷鸟算法的风电场多机等值参数依次辨识流程。最后,利用Matlab平台搭建了风电场多机等值仿真模型,比较了所提依次辨识方法与同时辨识方法在风电场参数辨识中的效果,分析了改进混沌布谷鸟算法与传统粒子群算法、布谷鸟算法的性能差异。结果表明:所提方法将风机参数辨识平均误差由11.07%降低至2.41%,提高了风电场动态特性拟合度,验证了其用于风电场多机等值参数辨识的有效性。

双馈风场串补系统次同步振荡紧急控制策略

在新能源侧振荡抑制措施失效的情况下,双馈风电场与串补相互作用诱发的次同步振荡会造成大量风机脱网,对系统稳定性产生不利影响。现有振荡抑制措施无法保证在任何情况下都能可靠抑制振荡,因此需要网侧主动对风场进行紧急控制。文中基于频域阻抗判据,针对辐射型网络网侧选切过程中实时计算量过大的问题制定紧急控制策略,以达到降低计算量,减少决策时间的目的。在极坐标系下推导新能源侧频域阻抗实部与支路阻抗模值相角的关系,根据实部变化量分三步进行判断:首先排除“切除无效机组”;其次在余下的机组中筛选紧急控制作用有效的机组;最后根据复阻抗量的投影大小确定切除顺序以防过切。基于国内某风电场经串补送出电网实际参数,通过PSCAD仿真试验对所提策略的有效性进行仿真验证,仿真结果表明按照文中所述切除策略进行紧急控制可有效提升系统在次同步振荡过程中的系统阻尼,避免振荡快速发散。