NUMERICAL SIMULATION ON THE WIND FIELD STRUCTURE OF A MOUNTAINOUS AREA BESIDE SOUTH CHINA SEA DURING THE LANDFALL OF TYPHOON MOLAVE

Leveraging the commercial CFD software FLUENT,the fine-scale three-dimensional wind structure over the Paiya Mountains on the Dapeng Peninsula near Shenzhen,a city on the seashore of South China Sea,during the landfall of Typhoon Molave has been simulated and analyzed.Through the study,a conceptual wind structure model for mountainous areas under strong wind condition is established and the following conclusions are obtained as follows:(1)FLUENT can reasonably simulate a three-dimensional wind structure over mountainous areas under strong wind conditions;(2)the kinetic effect of a mountain can intensify wind speed in the windward side of the mountain and the area over the mountain peak;and(3)in the leeward side of the mountain,wind speed is relatively lower with relatively stronger wind shear and turbulence.

The Influence of Radial Area Variation on Wind Turbines to the Axial Induction Factor

Improvements in the aerodynamic design will lead to more efficiency of wind turbines and higher power production. In the present study, a 3D parametric gas turbine blade geometry building code, 3DBGB, has been modified in order to include wind turbine design capabilities. This approach enables greater flexibility of the design along with the ability to design more complex geometries with relative ease. The NREL NASA Phase VI wind turbine was considered as a test case for validation and as a baseline by which modified designs could be compared. The design parameters were translated into 3DBGB input to create a 3D model of the wind turbine which can also be imported into any CAD program. Design modifications included replacing the airfoil section and modifying the thickness to chord ratio as a function of span. These models were imported into a high-fidelity CFD package, Fine/TURBO by NUMECA. Fine/TURBO is a specialized CFD platform for turbo-machinery analysis. A code-geomturbo was used to convert the 3D model of the wind turbine into the native format used to define geometries in the Fine/TURBO meshing tool, AutoGrid. The CFD results were post processed using a 3D force analysis code. The radial force variations were found to play a measurable role in the performance of wind turbine blades. The radial component of the blade surface area as it varies in span is the dominant contributor of the radial forces. Through the radial momentum equation, this radial force variation is responsible for creating the streamline curvature that leads to the expansion of the streamtube (slipstream) that is responsible for slowing the wind velocity ahead of the wind turbine leading edge, which is quantified as the axial induction factor. These same radial forces also play a role in changing the slipstream for propellers. Through the design modifications, simulated with CFD and post-processed appropriately, this connection with the radial component of area to the radial forces to the axial induction factor, and finally the wind turbine power is demonstrated. The results from the CFD analysis and 3D force analysis are presented. For the case presented, the power increases by 5.6% due to changes in airfoil thickness only.

Industrial Arrangement of Large-scale,Non-grid-connected Wind Power Industrial Zones in Coastal Areas of China

Constructing an industrial system for a large-scale,non-grid-connected wind power industry is a key step towards the diverse utilization of wind power.However,wind power exploitation is not only a technical challenge but an industrial problem as well.The objective of this study is to introduce a concept of large-scale,non-grid-connected wind power(LSNGCWP) industrial zones and establish an evaluation model to assess their industrial arrangement.The data of wind energy,industry,nature resources and socio-economy were collected in this study.Using spatial overlay analysis of geographic information system,this study proposes a spatial arrangement of the LSNGCWP indus-trial zones in the coastal areas of China,which could be summarized as the 'one line and three circles' structure,which will contribute to the optimization of the industrial structure,advance the wind power technology,coordinate the multi-industrial cooperation,and upgrade the industrial transformation of China's coastal areas.

Measurement of self-development capacity in the contiguous destitute mountainous areas, China

Affected by the mountainous location and ecological vulnerability, the incidence of poverty in contiguous destitute mountainous areas is higher than that in other regions of China. Regional selfdevelopment capacity is an internal driving force for poverty reduction in contiguous destitute mountainous areas. This study selects 17 indicators from the four dimensions: industrial capacity, market capacity, spatial capacity and soft power to measure the overall self-development capacity of 658 counties in 14 different mountain areas in China. The results show that self-development capacity is at a low level and the development of the different regions is unbalanced. The self-development capacity is low in the southwest and high in the east and "low in the middle, high around" in each study region. It has achieved a certain degree of improvement in 2011, 2013 and 2015. From the perspective of the four dimensions, industrial capacity is the constraint on the promotion of self-development capacity. Based on this, we should develop green industries in line with local realities and achieve industrial poverty eradication, but the expansion of space capacity should take into account the resources and environmental carrying capacity in these areas and should not be blindly expanded. Local leaders should be made to improve the local education level and public service level, improve social infrastructure, develop reserve strength for the future, and enhance future development potential.

Feasibility of Wind Power Generation for the Reduction of Power Costs in Residential Buildings

The installation of wind power generators on buildings located in areas with regular winds may be a suitable investment in a renewable power source. Brazil has a high eolic potential, where the annual mean wind speed may reach over eight meters per second. This case study is aimed to assess the economic feasibility of the installation of small wind power plants in urban areas. This work evaluates a project for the installation of a vertical axis wind turbine in three buildings （15-, 22-, and 26-story） including the following stages： （1） installation of a real-time power meter in the 15-store unit; （2） demand analysis of the 26-store building＇s power consumption; （3） winds survey along the coast of the State of Ceara; （4） analysis of the wind turbines available in the market; （5） simulation aimed to choose the system. Vertical wind power generators offer better conditions of use in urban areas. The turnover time was established to be between four and six years in the three studied units. The installation of a wind power generator on buildings in regions with an adequate eolic regimen reaches a financial return of the investment before the end of the equipment＇s lifespan.

Simulated Influence of Mountainous Wind Farms Operations on Local Climate

Renewable energy sources,especially wind power,were believed to be able to slow down global warming;however,evidence in recent years shows that wind farms may also induce climate change.With the rapid development of wind power industry,the number of wind farms installed in mountains has gradually increased.Therefore,it is necessary to study the impact of wind farms in mountainous areas on local climate.The Suizhou and Dawu wind farms in northern Hubei Province were chosen for the present study on the impact of wind farm operations on the local climate in mountainous areas.The mesoscale meteorological numerical model Weather Research and Forecasting Model(WRF)and the Fitch model,together with turbulence correction factor,were used to simulate wind farm operations and study their effects on local climate.The results showed the characteristics of wind speed attenuation in mountainous wind farms:the amplitude and range of wind speed attenuation were stronger in the nighttime than in the daytime,and stronger in summer than in winter.The surface temperature increased and became more significant in summer.However,a cooling variation was observed above the surface warming center.The height of this center was higher in the daytime than it was in the nighttime.The latent heat flux in the wind farms decreased at night,accompanied by an increase in sensible heat flux.However,these changes were not significant.Some differences were observed between the impact of wind farms on the climate in the plains and the mountains.Such differences are more likely to be related to complex terrain conditions,climate conditions,and the density of wind turbines.The present study may provide support for the development and construction of wind farms in mountainous areas.

Protection of Zero-Sequence Power Variation in Mountain Wind Farm Collector Lines Based on Multi-Mode Grounding

The arc-suppression coil(ASC)in parallel low resistance(LR)multi-mode grounding is adopted in the mountain wind farm to cope with the phenomenon that is misoperation or refusal of zero-sequence protection in LR grounding wind farm.If the fault disappears before LR is put into the system,it is judged as an instantaneous fault;while the fault does not disappear after LR is put into the system,it is judged as a permanent fault;the single-phase grounding fault(SLG)protection criterion based on zerosequence power variation is proposed to identify the instantaneous-permanent fault.Firstly,the distribution characteristic of zero-sequence voltage(ZSV)and zero-sequence current(ZSC)are analyzed after SLGfault occurs in multi-mode grounding.Then,according to the characteristics that zero-sequence power variation of non-fault collector line is small,while the zero-sequence power variation of fault collector line can reflect the active power component of fault resistance,the protection criterion based on zero-sequence power variation is constructed.The theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the protection criterion can distinguish the property of fault only by using the single terminal information,which has high reliability.

Development and Application of On-line Wind Power Risk Assessment System

Because of the large-scale integration of wind power,the dynamic characteristics of power system have many uncertain effects.Based on deterministic analysis methods,traditional on-line security assessment system cannot quantitatively estimate the actual operating conditions of the power system for only considering the most serious and credible accidents.Therefore,the risk theory is introduced into an on-line security assessment system and then an on-line risk assessment system for wind power is designed and implemented by combining with the dynamic security assessment system.Based on multiple data integration,the wind power disturbance probability is available and the security assessment of the power grid can obtain security indices in different aspects.The operating risk index is an expectation of severity,computed by summing up all the products of the result probability and its severity.Analysis results are reported to the dispatchers in on-line environment,while the comprehensive weak links are automatically provided to the power dispatching center.The risk assessment system in operation can verify the reasonableness of the system.

Impact of wind power generating system integration on frequency stabilization in multi-area power system with fuzzy logic controller in deregulated environment

Among the available options for renewable energy integration in existing power system, wind power is being considered as one of the suited options for future electrical power generation. The major constraint of wind power generating system （WPGS） is that it does not provide inertial support because of power electronic converters between the grid and the WPGS to facilitate frequency stabilization. The proposed control strategy suggests a substantial contribution to system inertia in terms of short-term active power support in a two area restructured power system. The control scheme uses fuzzy logic based design and takes frequency deviation as input to provide quick active power support, which balances the drop in frequency and tie-line power during transient conditions. This paper presents a comprehensive study of the wind power impact with increasing wind power penetration on frequency stabilization in restructured power system scenario. Variation of load conditions are also analyzed in simulation studies for the same power system model with the proposed control scheme. Simula- tion results advocates the justification of control scheme over other schemes.

考虑电气化铁路接入的山区电网可靠性评估研究

作为大功率、强冲击的移动负荷,电气化铁路接入山区电网后将导致电网线路功率在短时内重新分布,可能引发线路可靠性下降等后果。为此,该文提出一种考虑电气化铁路接入的山区电网可靠性评估方法。首先,考虑途径山区的电气化铁路客货共线的特点,基于列车牵引计算模拟牵引负荷的随机波动性;然后分析牵引负荷对电网潮流的影响;进一步建立线路故障模型对牵引负荷接入后的线路可靠性指标进行计算,量化评估山区电网的可靠性水平;最后,定义线路薄弱度指标对山区电网薄弱环节进行筛选,并提出相应措施以提升电网可靠性。通过算例对比分析优化前后两种情况下的电网可靠性指标,验证了该文所提方法的正确性与有效性。

考虑制氢效率优化的氢-储-风直流微网功率协调控制

利用风电等新能源制氢是提高新能源消纳能力的一种有效技术手段。为适应风电及负荷功率的波动性并确保制氢电解槽高效运行,提出一种考虑制氢效率优化运行需求的氢-储-风直流微网功率协调控制方法。根据制氢电解槽优化运行区间和直流母线电压波动范围,将直流微网划分为正常运行模式(即制氢电解槽优化运行)和极端运行模式(即制氢电解槽非优化运行)。在正常运行模式下,通过电解槽的自适应下垂控制和电池储能含虚拟电容的变系数下垂控制,将电解槽运行点维持在优化运行区间内,保证电解槽高效安全运行;在极端运行模式下,通过氢/储控制策略灵活切换以确保直流微网电压安全。所提协调控制方法不但可快速抑制风电及负荷功率波动所引发的直流母线电压波动,而且可维持制氢效率处于较高水平。最后,通过PSCAD/EMTDC的仿真算例分析验证了所提方法的有效性和优越性。

基于高塔数据的山区丘陵与平原湖区风能参数差异分析

[目的]为促进风能资源开发的持续健康发展,为内陆地区风能资源的合理开发及利用提供科学依据,文章重点分析山区丘陵与平原湖区主要风能参数特征及差异。[方法]选用11个塔高为90~150 m的测风塔1整年观测资料,对湖北省山区、丘陵、平原及湖区等5种不同地形形态下的主要风能参数特征及差异进行探讨。[结果]分析结果表明:(1)各塔高层风速日变幅在1.0~2.3 m/s,山区丘陵地形下变幅明显大于平原湖区,且各层变化趋于一致,均为白天小晚上大,平原湖区低层风速日变化与高层特征相反,为白天大晚上小;(2)各塔综合风切变指数在0.055~0.328之间,在山区丘陵地形下大于平原湖区,风切变指数日变幅在0.063~0.378,变化特征为白天小晚上大,平原湖区风切变日变幅明显大于山区丘陵,大风情况下的风切变在山区丘陵地形下分布较为离散,平原湖区地形下则相对较为集中,基本稳定在0.1~0.2之间;(3)各塔高层有效风速段年平均湍流强度为0.13~0.18,山区地形下大于平原湖区,各塔湍流强度日变幅在0.07~0.15,变化特征均为白天大晚上小,但山区丘陵地形下变幅明显大于平原湖区。[结论]不同地形下的风能资源特征在动力和热力作用下表现出明显的时空变化差异,分析结果可为风能资源开发利用提供指导。

考虑大规模风电接入的电网薄弱区域动态无功需求评估

提出考虑大规模风电接入的电网薄弱区域动态无功需求评估方法。首先,采用随机矩阵理论对大规模风电场群接入的电力系统进行电压薄弱节点和薄弱区域辨识,若风电接入地区为电压薄弱区域,则令风电场群进入紧急电压控制预决策环节;然后,基于BP神经网络建立薄弱区域内暂态电压稳定指标计算模型,并在此基础上提出基于灵敏度的薄弱区域动态无功需求评估方法;最后,在风电场群接入的IEEE 10机39节点系统上对该文所提方法的有效性进行验证。

中欧漂浮式海上风电关键技术与产业链合作路径研究

基于中国完善的装备制造体系与欧洲丰富的项目经验优势互补现状,首先,围绕漂浮式海上风电机组、浮式基础、系泊及锚固系统、动态海缆、勘察设计、施工运输与安装、运行维护等产业链和关键技术进行研究,建立了纵向深层剖析和横向拓展对比的产业链评价体系;然后,结合不同细分领域中欧对比结果提出了18项重点合作领域;最后,探讨了试验交流、合作建设、规模应用、全球推广的中欧合作路径,期望解决国内示范样机浮式基础形式单一、成本高昂、产业链不成熟的问题,并为中欧漂浮式海上风电合作提供一定思路和启发。

电力需求增长和负荷灵活性提升视角下的风光资源密集地区可再生能源消纳研究

中国风、光资源密集地区与电力负荷集中地区的不匹配为可再生能源大规模发展后的消纳问题带来重大挑战,“双碳”目标下,如何促进可再生能源消纳已成为中国能源结构转型亟需解决的问题。从增加电力需求和提升负荷灵活性的创新视角出发,以内蒙古自治区为例探究风、光资源密集地区可再生能源消纳情况、形成原因及其破解思路。研究发现,2030年,内蒙古可能产生约2000亿kWh弃风弃光量;经济发展、人口规模、第二产业与第三产业发展、居民供暖等是内蒙古电力需求增长的主要驱动因素,当前工业发展对地区电力消费和可再生能源消纳的带动作用有待提升;内蒙古钢铁行业和电解铝行业通过采用电弧炉炼钢工艺、电解槽改造技术等方式,可以为电力系统提供巨大的负荷灵活性潜力。鉴于此,风、光资源密集地区应积极推动能源结构转型和产业结构电气化转型的协同机制,激励工业用户等市场主体提供负荷灵活性,鼓励最终消费端采用绿色清洁电力实现对传统化石能源的替代,进而有效促进可再生能源的消纳。

典型风电场地形大气稳定度对风机出力的影响

[目的]分析了大气稳定度对风机出力的影响,为提高计算流体动力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD)风能资源模拟精度提供技术参考。[方法]选取立于平坦和复杂山地两类典型地形上的两座测风塔不同高度的风速、气温、气压等观测数据,使用莫宁-奥布霍夫长度法分别计算两座测风塔所在区域的大气稳定度,参照Irwin大气稳定分类标准对稳定度计算结果分类,再根据分类结果进行两座测风塔轮毂高度处出力分析。[结果]结果表明:在近地面层,复杂山地大气热效应造成的表层垂直混合作用更为明显,造成的大气不稳定性较为强烈,但垂直混合作用不充分;复杂山地大气稳定度对风机出力的影响大于平坦地形,其不确定性更强。[结论]在进行CFD风电场流体建模时需要考虑大气稳定度的影响,特别是超低风速复杂山地场址条件下,大气稳定度的评估对风机选型及发电量仿真精度尤为重要。

山区风电场道路及集电线路协同优化设计

以某山区风电场为研究对象,基于最短路径Dijkstra算法,以风电场场内新建道路路径和电缆长度最短为优化目标,建立了满足山区风电场的道路纵坡坡度、最小转弯半径、敏感区、边界、桩距等约束条件的选线算法,该算法的特点一是采用规则三角网格和对角距启发式函数来搜寻六个方向,满足最小转弯半径的要求,大大提高了算法便捷性。二是算法分两步进行,第一步针对主线道路服务,仅输入需要优化的道路的起止点,即可获得两点的最短路径;第二步针对支线道路服务,以第一步得到的主线道路为已有道路,只需要输入支线道路抹点(机位点坐标)坐标,即可自动寻索到该点距离主线道路的最短路径。研究结果可为实际的风电场建设前期工作提供重要的过程指导。

基于交能融合的分布式海上风电选址与布置

[目的]在近海浅水海上风电场场址资源日益稀缺,场址逐步向深远海、大型化、基地化发展的背景下,探讨一种交能融合的分布式海上风电,以规避开放式水域的大型海上风电场常出现的涉海范围广、征海面积大、影响通航安全等问题。[方法]基于已建或正在规划的大型港区配套建设的防波堤进行优选场址,在分析港池与防波堤的功能与布置的基础上,通过对海上风力发电机组及海底电缆的优化布置,可实现技术与经济、政策与环境等多方面的提升。[结果]对比国内数十个开放式水域已建海上风电工程,基于交能融合的分布式海上风电场可显著地缩小场址涉海范围、减少征海面积,并降低对周边区域船舶海上通行的影响,是一种相对安全、经济、环保的海上风电场址类型。[结论]通过对交能融合的分布式海上风电选址与布置的探讨,阐述了该类型海上风电场在节约用海、减少海上碍航物、捆绑送出和就地消纳、施工与运维等多方面的优点,并可将其作为现阶段单一海上风电类型的重要补充,成为一种新的增量海上风电场址资源。

高原山区微型群桩基础承载特征及竖向-水平联合荷载研究

为探究高原山区微型群桩基础的承载特性以及水平、竖向荷载耦合作用(V-H联合荷载)的影响,揭示联合荷载相互作用规律,在高原山区微型群桩基础现场试验的基础上,采用FLAC 3D对三种单一荷载情况进行数值反演,并对不同荷载比例下微型群桩基础的V-H联合加载进行模拟。结果表明:①抗压和抗水平试验中,承台效应明显,荷载-位移曲线为“缓变型”;抗拔试验中,曲线为“陡变型”。②联合荷载下,施加水平荷载会削弱桩基竖向承载能力,水平荷载比例较大时,桩身抵抗力矩和桩侧极限摩阻力增大,荷载-上拔位移曲线突变点消失;在竖向荷载的影响下,存在临界荷载比n,下压-水平联合荷载中n 1=3.9,上拔-水平联合荷载中n 2=0.76,荷载比>n时,桩基水平承载力被削弱,<n时,桩基水平承载力提高。③联合荷载下,水平承载力与荷载比的倒数呈四次函数关系,竖向承载力与荷载比的倒数呈二次函数关系;联合荷载下的屈服包络线与单向极限荷载垂线所围空间分为“破坏区”与“安全区”,有别于单向加载的桩基承载特征,且桩基存在一个最优解,使各方向承载力均能得到充分发挥。

高海拔区域复杂山地地形的风能资源评估

选择四川省凉山州某高海拔山地作为研究区域,采集并处理了该区域1个气象站1981~2015年的统计数据以及该区域内4个测风塔1年的实测数据,开展风能资源评估。研究发现,该区域局部地形复杂,海拔在3530~3950 m,面积约为40 km^(2),西南风影响较大,风能资源较丰富。通过频率分析发现该区域风向稳定,WSW方向风速和风能最大。计算该区域风功率密度为2级,属IEC II/III类风电场。另外,研究表明该区域50年一遇最大风速低于IEC标准值,但湍流指数达到IEC B类,风电机组疲劳载荷影响需要评估。该研究为高原山地复杂地形区域的风电场开发提供了科学的风能资源评估方法,也为该区域的风电场设计提出了建议。