Impacts of proppant distribution on development of tight oil reservoirs with threshold pressure gradient

Field evidence indicates that proppant distribution and threshold pressure gradient have great impacts on well productivity.Aiming at the development of unconventional oil reservoirs in Triassic Chang-7 Unit,Ordos Basin of China,we presented an integrated workflow to investigate how(1)proppant placement in induced fracture and(2)non-linear flow in reservoir matrix would affect well productivity and fluid flow in the reservoir.Compared with our research before(Yue et al.,2020),here we extended this study into the development of multi-stage fractured horizontal wells(MFHWs)with large-scale complicated fracture geometry.The integrated workflow is based on the finite element method and consists of simulation models for proppant-laden fluid flow,fracture flow,and non-linear seepage flow,respectively.Simulation results indicate that the distribution of proppant inside the induced cracks significantly affects the productivity of the MFHW.When we assign an idealized proppant distribution instead of the real distribution,there will be an overestimation of 44.98%in daily oil rate and 30.63%in cumulative oil production after continuous development of 1000 days.Besides,threshold pressure gradient(TPG)also significantly affects the well performance in tight oil reservoirs.If we simply apply linear Darcy’s law to the reservoir matrix,the overall cumulative oil production can be overrated by 77%after 1000 days of development.In general,this research provides new insights into the development of tight oil reservoirs with TPG and meanwhile reveals the significance of proppant distribution and non-linear fluid flow in the production scenario design.

Study on Pressure Coefficient Distribution of the Airship Zhiyuan-1

A wind tunnel tests with different configurations,pitch and yaw angles were performed to study the wind load characteristics of the rigid model of the airship Zhiyuan-1. The rigid model was aimed to simulate a technical demonstrating stratospheric airship named Zhiyuan-1 according to the similarity principle of geometric and Reynolds number. Based on the results of wind tunnel test,the features of pressure coefficient distributions on the surface of the airship were described. It was indicated that the fins and the gondola of airship hardly have the effect on the pressure distribution on the surface of airship,but have obviously effect on the local areas near the fins and the gondola.

Wind tunnel test for wind pressure characteristics on a saddle roof

The wind pressure characteristics on a saddle roof at wind direction along the connection of the low points are systematically studied by the wind tunnel test. First, the distributions of the mean and the fluctuating pressures on the saddle roof are provided. Through the wind pressure spectra, the process of generation, growth and break down of the vortex on the leading edge is presented from a microscopic aspect and then the distribution mechanism of the mean and fluctuating pressures along the vulnerable leading edge is explained. By analysis of the wind pressure spectra near the high points, it can be inferred that the body induced turbulence reflects itself as a high-frequency pressure fluctuation. Secondly, the third-and fourth-order statistical moments of the wind pressure are employed to identify the non-Gaussian nature of the pressure time history and to construct an easy tool to localize regions with a non-Gaussian feature. The cause of the non-Gaussian feature is discussed by virtue of the wind pressure spectra. It is concluded that the non-Gaussian feature of the wind pressure originates from the effects of flow separation and body-induced turbulence, and the former effect plays an obvious role.

Pressure Distribution Induced by Ionic Wind in Needle-to-water Corona Discharge

The negative DC corona discharge in air at atmospheric pressure was investigated in a needle-to-water system to obtain the pressure distribution of corona ionic wind.The deformation of water surface was measured and the distribution of wind pressure over the water surface was calculated.The effects of varying discharge parameters,such as applied voltage,gap spacing,tip radius of needle,and the shape of grounded electrode,on the wind pressure were studied.The measured wind pressure ranges from several Pa to several tens of Pa and up to 33 Pa over a small area;the pressure is comparatively large in the center and decreases quickly outwards.In the experiment system,a higher voltage on a 3 mm gap resulted in a stronger pressure of the ionic wind;around the onset voltage,using a needle with tip radius of 50μm obtained a larger wind pressure than using a needle with 100μm tip radius,but the latter one can produce larger pressure at higher voltages.Plus,the shape of the grounded electrode only influences the wind pressure a little.

Effects of different poses and wind speeds on flow field of dish solar concentrator based on virtual wind tunnel experiment with constant wind

In order to improve structure performance of the dish solar concentrator,a three-dimensional model of dish solar concentrator was established based on the high-precision numerical algorithms.And a virtual wind tunnel experiment with constant wind is adopted to investigate the pressure distribution of the reflective surface,velocity distribution of the fluid domain for the dish solar concentrator in different poses and wind speeds distribution.Some results about wind pressure distribution before and after dish solar concentrator surface and wind load velocity distribution in the entire fluid domain had been obtained.In particular,it is necessary to point out that the stiffness at the center of the dish solar concentrator should be relatively raised.The results can provide a theoretical basis for the improvement of solar concentrator dish structure as well as the failure analysis of dish solar concentrator in engineering practice.

Numerical Calculation of Marine Propeller Hydrodynamic Characteristics in Unsteady Flow by Boundary Element Method

In this paper, a low order potential based on surface panel method is used for the analysis of marine propellers in unsteady flow. A linear propeller wake model is employed and its geometry is assumed to be independent of the time. The calculation in time domain is carried out from a moment when the rotation of the propeller becomes steady instead of from the moment when the rotation starts from stationary condition. At every time step a linear algebraic equation established on a key blade is solved numerically combined with the Kutta pressure condition. The calculated results by developed code indicate good convergency and effectiveness of present algorithm for conventional propellers and highly skewed propellers.

Wind tunnel simulation of wind loading on a solid structure of revolution

The wind tunnel simulations of wind loading on a solid structure of revolution with one smooth and five rough surfaces were conducted using wind tunnel tests. Timemean and fluctuating pressure distributions on the surface were obtained, and the relationships between the roughness Reynolds number and pressure distributions were analyzed and discussed. The results show that increasing the surface roughness can significantly affect the pressure distribution, and the roughness Reynolds numbers play an important role in the change of flow patterns. The three flow patterns of subcritical, critical and supercritical flows can be classified based on the changing patterns of both the mean and the fluctuating pressure distributions. The present study suggests that the wind tunnel results obtained in the supercritical pattern reflect more closely those of full-scale solid structure of revolution at the designed wind speed.

Aerodynamic Performances of Wind Turbine Airfoils Using a Panel Method

One of the key features of Laplace＇s Equation is the property that allows the equation governing the flow field to be converted from a 3D problem throughout the field to a 2D problem for finding the potential on the surface. The solution is then found using this property by distributing ＂singularities＂ of unknown strength over discretized portions of the surface： panels. Hence the flow field solution is found by representing the surface by a number of panels, and solving a linear set of algebraic equations to determine the unknown strengths of the singularities. In this paper a Hess-Smith Panel Method is then used to examine the aerodynamics of NACA 4412 and NACA 23015 wind turbine airfoils. The lift coefficient and the pressure distribution are predicted and compared with experimental result for low Reynolds number. Results show a good agreement with experimental data.

ADJUSTMENT OF WIND AND PRESSURE FIELDS IN THE BOUNDARY LAYER

The vertical transport of mass at the top of the boundary layer is considered as a link between the boundary layer and free atmosphere.The adjustment of the wind and pressure fields in the boundary layer is studied under the consideration of the interaction between the boundary layer and free atmosphere.The vertical motion at the top of the boundary layer is evaluated.The results show that the distinguished differ- ences of the present results from classical Ekman layer do exist and they are discussed in the paper.

Numerical Simulation on Effects of Pressure Distribution of Wind Turbine Blade with a Tip Vane

It is important to study the pressure distribution on the blade and in the adjacent area while searching the power augmentation theory with adding a tip vane to the wind turbine. This paper shows the CFD simulation relationship of the pressure distribution on the rotor blade and in the adjacent area, after calculating the pressure of the different chordwise and spanwise point on the blade with the tip vane-V（8.8×8） and without the tip vane under tip speed ratio λ 4.5. Combining the isobaric section figure in certain location, it can be seen that the tip vane improve the pressure difference between pressure and suction surface. The most influenced zone is found and these can further display the power augmentation theory of the wind turbine using the tip vane. The simulation calculation was based on N-S equations. 3-D, steady, implicit solver was chosen. Turbulence model was k-ω SST. Discretization scheme is SECOND ORDER UPWIND. Pressure-velocity coupling was a typical SIMPLE scheme. In the whole grid system, two-divided grid formation was adopted, that is, inner region and outer region. Inner region including rectangular solid blade and neighboring, outer region is semi-cylinder. There were together 720,000 nodes with tetra-prism unstructured mesh.

Determining the hydrodynamic forces on a planing hull in steady motion

A combination of methods was developed that can determine hydrodynamic forces on a planing hull in steady motion.Firstly,a potential-based boundary-element method was used to calculate the hydrodynamic pressure,induced resistance and lift.Then the frictional resistance component was determined by the viscous boundary layer theory.Finally,a particular empirical technique was applied.to determine the region of upwash geometry and determine spray resistance.Case studies involving four models of Series 62 planing craft were run.These showed that the suggested method is efficient and capable,with results that are in good agreement with experimental measurements over a wide range of volumetric Froude numbers.

低空封闭连廊的表面风压和整体体型系数

采用刚性模型测压风洞试验研究低空封闭连廊的风压分布和整体体型系数,分析连廊4个表面测点的体型系数和非高斯分布特性,研究连廊整体体型系数随风向角和连廊长度的变化,给出低空封闭连廊的正迎风整体体型系数和角度风分配系数,基于极值分析方法给出连廊的全风向极值风压系数,最后给出连廊抗风设计的建议值.研究表明,低空封闭连廊在正吹情况下背风面的体型系数约为-1.04~-0.86,绝对值均大于规范中方柱的-0.6,导致连廊的整体体型系数大于规范中方柱的1.4,30 m长低空封闭连廊的整体阻力系数为1.61;正吹情况下连廊中间截面的整体体型系数大于其他截面,正吹风向角的整体体型系数大于其他风向角,连廊越长正迎风整体体型系数越大;在正吹情况下,连廊迎风面风压主要为高斯分布,其他表面主要为非高斯分布;给出正迎风整体体型系数和角度风分配系数以用于低空封闭连廊主体结构的抗风设计.

不同风场中特高压换流站阀厅屋盖风压特性试验研究

特高压(ultra high voltage,UHV)换流站阀厅的金属屋面系统在风荷载作用下易发生屋面表层风揭事故。为深入探讨该类建筑屋面的风压极值特性,基于风洞试验分别探讨了大气边界层(atmospheric-boundary-layer,ABL)风、壁面射流、均匀湍流三种风场作用下的屋面风压特性,比较了平均风剖面、风速、风向、湍流强度等因素对屋面风压的影响。结果表明:阀厅屋盖迎风前缘负风压最大,且控制风向角在45°左右;壁面射流风场下平均风压系数与脉动风压系数均超过大气边界层风场的结果;风速对阀厅屋盖的负风压系数均值和极值影响较小,而湍流度对风压系数的极值影响较大;大气边界风场时,JGJ/T 481—2019《屋盖结构风荷载标准》的最不利风压系数建议值偏于安全;而在壁面射流风场下,阀厅屋盖全风向最不利风压系数在所有区域都大于JGJ/T 481—2019的建议值,设计中应加以重视。

基于线阵列的湍流边界层壁面脉动压力波数-频率谱模型实验研究

湍流边界层壁面脉动压力波数-频率谱建模是流动噪声领域十分关注的问题。研究首先总结归纳了近60年来的11种波数-频率谱预测模型,并按照模型的理论基础和表达形式划分为四类:Corcos类模型、不可压缩理论基模型、可压缩理论基模型和其他类模型。然后,开展声学风洞线阵列实验并对各预测模型进行展向方向波数积分,分别获得了流向方向的湍流边界层壁面脉动压力波数-频率谱实验测量结果与模型预测结果。最后,按照Corcos类模型与非Corcos类分别开展对比研究,分析研究了四类11种模型预测能力。研究结果表明:线阵列测量可以有效获得流向方向的波数-频率谱,并可用于校验各预测模型精度;在6个Corcos类模型选取时,需根据所关心的频率、波数范围及表达式计算复杂程度选取合适的预测模型;5个非Corcos类模型能够直接预测波数-频率谱,不需要自谱模型输入,较Corcos类模型具有较大优势,其中综合考虑Chase I模型最优,Chase II具备声学区边界预测能力。

带有纵向肋条斜拉索风荷载特性研究

相关研究表明纵向肋条对斜拉索风雨振有良好的抑制效果,但对斜拉索风荷载特性的影响尚未明确。在斜拉索表面布置了宽度和高度均为5 mm的2根长方体肋条,通过风洞测压实验,研究其在不同雷诺数下环向和展向平均风压分布的影响规律。结果表明:肋条使斜拉索展向风荷载在分离点产生了较强的三维性,风荷载沿展向无明显变化规律;双分离泡区内,肋条对于斜拉索的环向风荷载分布规律影响较小;肋条改变分离点的位置,加快了层流到湍流的转捩,使得临界区提前;在低雷诺数区,肋条会加强斜拉索表面流场的三维性,随着雷诺数的升高,斜拉索表面流场的三维性先增强后减弱,到达双分离泡区后,斜拉索流场的三维性趋于稳定。

线形布置双矩形柱的平均气动力特性试验研究

为研究线形布置双矩形柱的平均气动力特性,采用刚性模型测压风洞试验测试并分析了宽高比为1∶4的双矩形柱在不同风向角和不同间距比下的平均阻力系数和平均升力系数,并与单矩形柱的试验结果进行了对比分析。在此基础上,通过分析平均风压分布进一步揭示了线形布置双矩形柱平均气动力系数的干扰机理。风向角α的变化范围为0°~90°,间距比P/B(双矩形柱的中心距与矩形柱宽度之比)的变化范围为1.2~8.0。研究结果表明:双矩形柱的平均阻力系数可分为0°≤α≤30°和30°<α≤90°两类;上游矩形柱的平均升力系数可分为0°≤α≤75°和75°<α≤90°两类;下游矩形柱的平均升力系数可分为0°≤α≤20°和20°<α≤90°两类。平均气动力系数的放大效应主要体现在上游矩形柱,平均阻力系数最大为单矩形柱的1.5倍,平均升力系数最大为单矩形柱的2.1倍。

外挂物气动特性的数值模拟和风洞试验

根据外挂物高、低速风洞测压试验数据和CFD数值仿真模拟,获得了左右侧机翼下外挂物的气动特性。基于“三层次”网格生成技术,利用有限体积法求解带有湍流模型的Navier-Stokes方程,对外挂物扰流流场进行数值模拟,结合高、低速测压风洞试验,验证了研究手段的有效性,分析了不同气动力系数随攻角、侧滑角及马赫数的变化情况。结果表明:高、低速下外挂物升力系数受攻角影响的规律一致;在正侧滑时,机身的遮挡对右机翼下外挂物的侧向力系数和偏航力矩系数的影响较大。

龙卷风作用下高速铁路全封闭声屏障风荷载特性研究

高速铁路全封闭声屏障作为典型的长距离线状风敏感结构,其遭遇龙卷风袭击的几率较大。为深入理解龙卷风作用下结构的风荷载特性,以深茂铁路某2 km全封闭声屏障为工程背景,基于Ward型龙卷风模拟器原理建立龙卷风场模型,分析龙卷风距离声屏障中心不同距离r、龙卷风不同移动角度路径和不同地面植被覆盖面积比η下全封闭声屏障结构风荷载特性。结果表明,龙卷风作用下,全封闭声屏障表面风荷载以风压力为主,0°移动路径下、η=0时,结构表面风压整体较大,在r=0处结构表面出现最大负风压系数-1.13,阻力系数C_(F_(x))和升力系数C_(F_(z))出现最不利值,分别为0.27和-0.49;在r/R_(m)=1(R_(m)为龙卷风场涡核半径)处结构表面出现最大正风压系数2.91,力矩系数C_(M_(y))及C_(M_(z))出现不利值,分别为0.44和0.39;全封闭声屏障进行抗龙卷风设计时需要考虑断面的环向压差,建议在结构迎风侧、背风侧和顶部分别取最大正风压极值的60%、40%和最大负风压极值的70%进行组合。

Wind Tunnel Experiments and Numerical Study on Performance Characteristics of an H-type Vertical Axis Wind Turbine in the Spanwise Direction

The aerodynamic forces and vortex characteristics of an H-type Vertical Axis Wind Turbine(VAWT)become complicated because of dynamic stall,particularly in the three-dimensional impact on the blade spanwise direction.This study focused on the evaluation of the aerodynamic performance and vortex characteristics of an H-type VAWT in the spanwise direction by numerical simulations and wind tunnel experiments.Pressure acting on the blade surface was obtained from multiport pressure measurement devices by wind tunnel.Meanwhile,the vortex field around different blade sections was investigated through numerical simulations.The stall behavior was analysed by comparing the results of numerical simulations and experiments.As a result,the tangential force of single blade was mainly contributed at the chordwise position of x/c≤0.4 c and the power of single blade was mainly contributed at the azimuthal angle range of 60°≤θ≤150°in the blade section position region of 0≤z/(H/2)≤0.7.At the section position of z/(H/2)=0.5,the initial flow separation was found at the suction side and progressed forward to the leading edge.With the increase of the tip speed ratios,the decreasing position of the averaged local power coefficient of each section was closer to the middle section of z/(H/2)=0,and the attenuation speed became faster.The power coefficient reductions at the blade section position of z/(H/2)=0.9 were 38.29%,46.78%and 56.42%when the tip speed ratios were 1.38,2.19 and 2.58,respectively.The results of this study provided a better understanding of the development of the performance characteristics and vortex characteristics of H-type VAWT.

基于激光雷达观测的青岛市暖季臭氧污染垂直分布特征

为探究暖季臭氧(O_(3))污染垂直分布特征及其影响因素,利用差分吸收臭氧激光雷达和相干多普勒测风激光雷达等对青岛市沿海地区2023年6−9月大气边界层2000 m以内O_(3)浓度和边界层风场开展长期连续观测,并基于O_(3)输送通量垂直分布揭示可能的污染来源。结果表明:①观测期间共发生O_(3)污染日24 d,O_(3)-8 h浓度(O_(3)日最大8 h平均浓度)平均值为(183±24)μg/m^(3);清洁日共98 d,O_(3)-8 h浓度平均值为(118±30)μg/m^(3)。O_(3)污染过程多与升温过程密切相关,在较强太阳辐射和低相对湿度条件下更容易发生O_(3)污染。②垂直方向上O_(3)主要分布在1000 m以下。清洁日各高度层日间和夜间O_(3)浓度变幅较小,污染日各高度层O_(3)浓度单峰型日变化特征显著,且日变化特征随高度升高而逐渐减弱。清洁日日间、夜间以及污染日夜间O_(3)浓度垂直廓线均存在峰值,峰值浓度分别为(115±3)(112±2)和(130±3)μg/m^(3),峰值高度范围为400~650 m,可能与近地面NO滴定效应等消耗O_(3)有关,也可能是残留层储存的日间高浓度O_(3)或残留层O_(3)水平输送导致,但污染日日间垂直廓线呈随高度上升而O_(3)浓度逐步下降的特征,表明近地面前体物光化学生成是O_(3)污染的主要来源。③当西北风和西南风更替、低空暖平流和较强下沉气流等大气条件发生时,有利于污染物累积和O_(3)生成,从而引发O_(3)污染。清洁日低空(近地面至600 m高度)受较为清洁的海洋气流影响,污染日受内陆方向气流影响。④污染日凌晨至上午受来自偏西、西南或西北上风向O_(3)水平输送影响,高空O_(3)伴随下沉气流向下混合,与本地排放前体物在日间高温、强太阳辐射等气象条件下生成的O_(3)叠加,从而加剧地面O_(3)污染,午后高浓度O_(3)在较高水平风速影响下也可能向下风向地区输送。研究显示,O_(3)污染防治不仅要做好本地前体物的精准管控,还要加强区域联防联控,从而实现空气质量持续改善。