Evaluation of a Micro-scale Wind Model's Performance over Realistic Building Clusters Using Wind Tunnel Experiments

The simulation performance over complex building clusters of a wind simulation model（Wind Information Field Fast Analysis model, WIFFA） in a micro-scale air pollutant dispersion model system（Urban Microscale Air Pollution dispersion Simulation model, UMAPS） is evaluated using various wind tunnel experimental data including the CEDVAL（Compilation of Experimental Data for Validation of Micro-Scale Dispersion Models） wind tunnel experiment data and the NJU-FZ experiment data（Nanjing University-Fang Zhuang neighborhood wind tunnel experiment data）. The results show that the wind model can reproduce the vortexes triggered by urban buildings well, and the flow patterns in urban street canyons and building clusters can also be represented. Due to the complex shapes of buildings and their distributions, the simulation deviations/discrepancies from the measurements are usually caused by the simplification of the building shapes and the determination of the key zone sizes. The computational efficiencies of different cases are also discussed in this paper. The model has a high computational efficiency compared to traditional numerical models that solve the Navier–Stokes equations, and can produce very high-resolution（1–5 m） wind fields of a complex neighborhood scale urban building canopy（～ 1 km ×1km） in less than 3 min when run on a personal computer.

Numerical Investigation of the Effects of Wind Tunnel Model Vibrations on the Measured Aerodynamic Properties of Airfoils and Wings

This paper presents a numerical prediction of the unsteady flow field around oscillating airfoils at high angles of attack by solving unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with SST turbulence model in order to simulate the effects of wind tunnel model vibrations on the aerodynamic properties of airfoils,especially high-aspect-ratio wings in a wind tunnel.The effects of the phase lagging between different modes of oscillations,i.e.,the airfoil plunging oscillation mode,the pitching oscillation mode,and the forward-backward oscillation mode,are also studied.It is shown that the vibrations (oscillations) of airfoils can cause the unsteady shedding of large-size separated vortex to precede the stationary stall incidence,hence lead to a stall onset at some earlier (lower) incidence than that in the steady sense.The different phase lagging has different effect on the flow field.When the pitching oscillation mode has small phase lagging behind the plunging oscillation mode,the effect of vibrations is large.Besides,if the amplitude of the oscillations is large enough,and the different modes of vibrations match or combine appropriately,the unsteady stall may occur 2° earlier in angle of attack than the case where airfoils keep stationary.

Aeroelastic modeling of wind loading on a cable-net supported glass wall

Wind loading study on a cable-net supported glass wall is conducted by means of wind tunnel tests. An equiva- lent aeroelastic model is designed and constructed. Response of displacements of the wall is measured and analyzed. In order to design a glass wall under wind loading, the ＂wind- vibration factor＂ is estimated and discussed. In fact, the mech- anism of wind acting on the wall is commonly known not only as positive pressure, but also as negative pressure caused by the flow separation on the corners of the building. Due to the diffidence in the mechanism of wind acting, two typi- cal response cases are classified. The results show that the dynamic response of the structure caused by the negative pressure is stronger than that of the positive pressure case. To determine the aerodynamic wind loading on a flexible part of structure on a building, wind tunnel study may be useful and play an important role.

Aerodynamic coefficient of vehicle-bridge system by wind tunnel test

The changes of three components of aerodynamic force were discussed with the attack angle conversion for three kinds of section models. Based on the project of Shanghai Yangtze River Bridge, the wind tunnel test was conducted to obtain its three components of aerodynamic force including 75 conditions of the construction stage, the bridge without vehicles and the bridge with vehicles from - 12 degrees to ＋ 12 degrees. For the bridge with vehicles, the drag force coefficient and the absolute value of both lift coefficient and moment coefficient were decreased by the vehicles. The test resuh shows that the bridge railing and vehicles have much influence on the three components of aerodynamic force of the vehicle-bridge system for Shanghai Yangtze River Bridge.

Wind tunnel study of aerodynamic wind loading on middle pylon of Taizhou Bridge

Segment sectional model tests are carried out to investigate the wind loading on middle pylon of Taizhou Bridge, which has complicated three-dimensional flow due to its feature of double columns. Through the force measuring tests, aerodynamic force coefficients of every segment of the pylon columns have been obtained. It is found that the tested aerodynamic force coefficients are much smaller than those given by codes. The interference effects of aerodynamic force coefficients between columns of pylon are discussed. The results show that the interference effect is the most evident when the yaw angle is about 30 ° from transverse direction. This kind of interference effect can be described as diminutions in transverse aerodynamic force coefficients and magnifications in longitudinal aerodynamic force coefficients of downstream columns.

Evolution of crescent-shaped sand dune under the influence of injected sand flux:scaling law and wind tunnel experiment

This paper studies the evolution of crescent-shaped dune under the influence of injected flux. A scaling law and a wind tunnel experiment are carried out for comparison. The experiment incorporates a novel image processing algorithm to recover the evolutionary process. The theoretical and experimental results agree well in the middle stage of dune evolution, but deviate from each other in the initial and final stages, suggesting that the crescent-shaped dune evolution is intrinsically scale-variant and that the crescent shape breaks down under unsaturated condition.

Recent Developments of Image Based Measurement Methods for Application to Transonic Flows in Industrial Wind Tunnels

The experimental investigation of unsteady complex flow fields in wind tunnels requires advanced measurement techniques. The most important of such image based measurement techniques are those for the measurement of planar flow velocity fields, planar pressure distribution, model location and deformation, model temperature and quantitative high speed flow visualization. The applications as carried out by DLR range from low speed flows to transonic flows, from high lift configurations to propellers and rotors, from wake vortex investigations in catapult facilities and water towing tanks to investigations of vortex break down phenomena on delta wings. The capability to use image based measurement techniques in transonic flows requires dedicated technical developments and experienced scientists due to the special environment of a transonic wind tunnel. In this paper an overview of the state-of-the art of the application of image based measurement techniques in transonic flows as performed by DLR＇s Institute of Aerodynamics and Flow Technology will be given.

Wind tunnel study on wind-induced vibration of middle pylon of Taizhou Bridge

Full aero-elastic model tests are carried out to investigate wind-induced vibration of middle steel pylon of Taizhou Bridge. Model of the pylon under different construction periods is tested in both uniform and turbulent flow field. And the yaw angle of wind changes from transverse to longitudinal. Through full aero-elastic model testing, wind-induced vibration is checked, which includes vortex resonance, buffeting and galloping. Vortex resonance is observed and further studies are carried out by changing damping ratio. Based on wind tunnel testing results, wind-resistance of middle pylon is evaluated and some suggestions are given for middle pylon's construction.

THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF GUYED MASTS UNDER WIND LOAD

A frequency-domain algorithm is presented for the dynamic analysis of guyed masts. By introducing a four-degrees-of-freedom model of a suspended cable, guyed masts are simpli?ed as an equivalent cable-beam model. Then, based on the discrete random vibration theory, recurrence formulas for the statistical moments of the wind-induced behavior of guyed masts are developed with the wind load treated as ?ltered white noise excitation. The dynamic analysis of a two-level guyed mast has been illustrated. Finally, results from a wind-tunnel experiment of guyed mast are used to testify the theory developed in this paper.

柔性光伏系统颤振性能的节段模型试验研究

柔性光伏支架的频率低、质量轻,极易在风荷载作用下发生大幅振动。以某实际柔性光伏项目为工程背景,借鉴桥梁抗风的研究经验,对该柔性光伏支架的颤振性能进行研究。首先,考虑严格的相似比关系,设计并制作了弹性悬挂节段模型系统,并对其动力特性进行了测试;然后,进行不同光伏组件倾角(-39°~+39°)下的弹性悬挂节段模型测振风洞试验,研究光伏组件风致响应随风速的变化规律,得到各倾角下柔性光伏节段模型的颤振临界风速值,探讨2种气动措施对提高柔性光伏支架颤振稳定性的效果。结果表明:在0°~39°的正倾角工况下,柔性光伏支架的颤振临界风速随光伏组件倾角的增大,呈现先减小后增大的趋势,最小颤振临界风速出现在12°~21°光伏组件倾角范围内,折算成实际风速为9.6m/s;在-39°~0°的负倾角工况下,颤振临界风速随光伏组件倾角的增大,也呈现先减小后增大的趋势,最小颤振临界风速出现在-21°~-12°光伏组件倾角范围内,折算成实际风速为10.1m/s;设置中央稳定板的气动措施难以有效提高柔性光伏支架的颤振临界风速。

沈阳恒隆市府广场超高层塔楼风荷载分析研究

为了确定高度350.6m沈阳恒隆市府广场塔楼结构设计的风荷载,采用刚性风洞试验与风洞数值模拟相结合的方法分析塔楼的风荷载,风洞试验研究给出楼层剪力与扭矩及风致加速度。采用四种湍流模型进行风洞数值模拟,分析建筑平均风压系数、体型系数、基底剪力及倾覆力矩,并与风洞试验进行比较,得出适用于超高层建筑风洞模拟的湍流分析模型,利用该分析模型的数值风洞模拟技术,分析塔楼13个风向角的风压系数、体型系数和基底剪力,为结构风荷载取值提供依据。研究结果表明:相比于《建筑结构荷载规范》(GB 50009—2012)对近似矩形平面建筑物的体型系数的规定,RSM模型迎风面0.83、背风面-0.56,与规范矩形截面迎风面0.8、背风面-0.6最为接近;RSM模型与试验吻合最好;选取RSM模型来分析超高层等大型复杂结构风荷载,能够得到较为准确的结果。

大型低速风洞全模阵风试验支撑装置研制与验证

为适应日益增多的低速风洞全模阵风试验的需要,发展阵风试验技术,在航空工业气动院FL-10风洞研制了一套双自由度支撑装置,该装置放开了模型升沉和俯仰方向的较大运动自由度,实现了飞机刚体运动模态的模拟。装置主要结构为“钢梁+小滑车”,小滑车可在钢梁上自由滑动,避免了采用滑轨形式导致模型运动过程中出现卡滞现象;采用整流翼型与风洞上下壁板连接,减小了对风洞的破坏,降低了对风洞流场的影响;装置升沉运动高度为3 m,俯仰角范围可达±34°;升沉摩擦因数小,机构变形量小,具备模型防护功能。应用该装置成功开展了民机阵风载荷减缓试验,证明了装置设计合理,可以应用于低速全模阵风试验。

基于气弹模型风洞试验的高耸桅杆风振响应特性

为了探究高耸桅杆结构风振响应特性,采用刚性节段加连接棒法制作了356 m高桅杆的气弹模型,通过风洞试验研究了桅杆结构的位移响应高度分布特征和模态参与特性,并分析了风速和风向的影响.结果表明,桅杆结构的位移响应随高度呈非线性变化,其最大平均和脉动响应均出现在顶部2层纤绳锚固点间的中间部位.桅杆结构的横风向响应基本与顺风向相当.风向改变对平均位移有一定影响,对脉动无明显影响.结构顺、横风向风振响应中前三阶模态振动能量具有相近量级,且风速变化会对桅杆结构的模态频率产生一定影响.结构气动阻尼均为正值,且随风速增加而增大.桅杆结构的顺风向风振系数除底部外,其他高度均要显著低于规范值.风速和风向的改变对桅杆中、上部的风振系数影响较小,仅在底部影响较为明显.

胶囊形气膜结构风致气弹响应及风振系数研究

针对1/3矢跨比胶囊形气膜结构进行了气弹模型风洞试验,研究了结构的风致气弹响应变化规律,并给出了可供设计参考的风振系数。研究发现:结构平均变形呈迎风面凹陷,顶部隆起,横风向向外凸出的趋势,且这种变形趋势随着内压减小和风速增大越来越明显。0°风向角时的平均变形和振幅大于45°风向角时的平均变形和振幅大于90°风向角时的平均变形和振幅,结构合位移均值的极值出现在迎风面与顶面中心点;0°和45°风向角下,顶点竖向振幅>顺风向振幅>横风向振幅,结构以1阶模态振动为主;90°风向角下,顶点横风向振幅大于其他两个方向,结构以1阶和2阶模态叠加振动为主。各工况下结构的内压均有不同程度的减小。最后给出了考虑流固耦合效应的响应风振系数。

基于节段模型测力方法的塔式起重机风荷载特性研究

塔式起重机被广泛应用于铁道工程和土木工程施工过程,属于高耸结构体系,风荷载是塔式起重机结构设计的控制性荷载。为完善《塔式起重机设计规范》(GB/T 13752—2017)和《建筑结构荷载规范》(GB 50009—2012)中的塔式起重机斜风向设计风荷载计算方法,解决风向、吊臂、平衡臂位置等因素对塔式起重机遮挡和干扰引起的设计风荷载计算问题。选取平头塔式起重机为研究对象,对塔身、吊臂、平衡臂进行多工况的节段模型测力风洞试验,研究湍流强度、节段干扰和遮挡等因素对塔式起重机节段风荷载特性的影响规律,研究不同风向下节段阻力系数分布规律,对比标准化阻力系数与当前主要规范的异同,进而探讨节段斜风向标准化阻力系数计算方法。研究结果表明湍流强度对节段阻力系数影响较小,可忽略,而平衡臂和吊臂相邻节段的干扰会减小测试节段的阻力系数;在斜风向下,由于吊臂和平衡臂之间存在相邻节段干扰,国内外规范方法的计算值均会大于干扰工况的节段风洞试验值;当前主要国家规范规定的垂直风向塔身、吊臂、平衡臂阻力系数与风洞试验测得的阻力系数值较为接近,基于风洞试验结果给出典型风向的塔式起重机各节段的风荷载系数取值可用于结构设计;基于风洞试验测试结果推导的塔式起重机斜风向风荷载计算方法具有较好的拟合效果。研究成果可推荐相关工程应用,可为相关规范的修改或补充提供参考。

超高桥塔的气弹模型风洞试验及其等效静力风荷载

为研究超高桥塔的气弹模型风洞试验方法及其等效静力风荷载,根据某实际工程中的超高桥塔建立了有限元模型,进行了动力特性计算,进而设计了相应的气弹模型,并开展了风洞试验。在此基础上,开展了超高桥塔风致振动的非线性时程计算,并基于阵风荷载因子法,对比了以位移、内力和应力为单一目标的超高桥塔的等效静力风荷载。结果表明:斜风作用下的桥塔风致振动比较显著,其影响随着风速的增大而愈加明显;当风向角为75°~90°时,超高桥塔将在风速为35~50 m·s^(-1)的区间发生顺桥向的侧弯涡振,但幅值较小;基于应力的阵风荷载因子比基于位移或内力的阵风荷载因子更加稳定,这使得基于应力的等效静力风荷载要优于基于位移或内力的等效静力风荷载,比较适合于超高桥塔。

边界层和压力滞后对翼型动态失速性能的影响

为优化动态失速模型经验常数,提升动态失速发生时翼型气动性能预测精度,该文基于B-L动态失速模型,结合内蒙古工业大学风能太阳能利用技术教育部重点实验室风洞实验数据,探究压力滞后及边界层滞后时间常数对翼型动态失速性能的影响。主要结论如下:压力滞后与边界层滞后时间常数对动态升力系数的影响较大且与平均攻角有关。当平均攻角相对较小且气流处于附着流动与分离流动之间时,适当减小时间常数可使动态失速模型计算结果更接近实验值;当平均攻角相对较大,气流处于分离流动与完全分离流动时,可适当增大时间常数值。压力滞后与边界层滞后时间常数对动态阻力系数的影响不显著。动态升力系数仅在攻角逐渐减小的完全分离流动过程中,随着边界层滞后时间常数的增大而减小。

水滴形大跨钢屋盖结构风洞试验和风振分析

自然风经过大跨结构时,由于结构屋顶形状不规则,通常会引起柔性屋面的振动,因此针对大跨屋面结构抗风设计需要考虑风压分布和风振响应。以陕西省水务集团矿泉水生产车间为工程背景,制作了1∶200的刚性模型,通过刚性模型风洞试验测得该水滴型大跨钢屋盖结构的表面风压,研究了屋盖表面典型测点及整体的风压分布规律。基于风洞试验数据,对结构进行风振时程分析,得到了屋盖表面的风振响应和风振系数。结合刚性模型风洞试验和风振分析,深入研究了水滴形大跨屋盖结构的风压分布规律和风致振动特性,并总结了其共性规律。

大跨长挑臂钢箱组合梁桥抗风性能试验研究

为了解大跨长挑臂钢箱组合梁桥抗风性能及选取合适的声屏障形式,以挑臂长7.5 m的钢箱组合梁桥——临猗黄河大桥为背景,基于有限元计算的施工及成桥阶段桥梁动力特性指标,制作1个缩尺比1∶50的最大悬臂施工状态钢箱梁、2个缩尺比1∶60的成桥状态不同声屏障设置形式(直线形、折线形,高度均为2.5 m)钢箱组合梁节段模型进行风洞试验,分析施工和成桥状态主梁断面的涡振、颤振和驰振性能。结果表明:施工状态的钢箱梁抗风稳定性良好,涡振、颤振和驰振性能均满足设计要求;常遇风攻角为0°、±3°时,成桥状态下,设置2.5 m高折线形声屏障可有效抑制主梁涡振响应,且颤振与驰振稳定性均满足规范要求;设置2.5 m高直线形声屏障的主梁发生明显的竖向涡振现象。该桥主梁最终采用2.5 m高折线形声屏障。

大跨度铁路桥附属构件对不同宽高比矩形断面涡振性能的影响

在已建成的大跨度鳊鱼洲长江大桥原设计宽高比为6.7∶1的四线铁路桥矩形箱型主梁断面的基础上,通过调整断面宽高比,设计宽高比为4∶1的二线铁路和宽高比为9∶1的六线铁路桥矩形箱梁断面。通过节段模型风洞试验,在0°,±3°和±5°风攻角的均匀来流下,对以上3种常用二线、四线和六线铁路桥矩形箱梁断面与对应相同宽高比纯矩形断面之间的涡振特性关系,以及铁路桥附属构件对不同宽高比矩形断面涡振性能的影响进行研究。结果表明:在宽高比分别为4∶1和6.7∶1的矩形断面上布置铁路桥附属构件能增大断面在负风攻角下的涡振振幅,在-5°风攻角下竖向涡振振幅增大率高达277.5%,但对正风攻角下的涡振响应起到一定的抑制作用,而在宽高比为9∶1的矩形断面布置六线铁路桥附属构件则能明显增大该断面在各风攻角下的涡振振幅,其扭转涡振振幅增大率均在48.3%以上;铁路桥附属构件对矩形断面涡振性能的降低作用随着断面宽高比的增大而提升,针对气动外形较钝的二线和四线铁路桥箱梁,可参考相似宽高比矩形断面涡振特性,并重点考察箱梁在负风攻角下的涡振响应,而针对宽高比较大的六线铁路桥箱梁,由于附属构件影响较大,参考相似宽高比矩形断面涡振特性的意义较小,均应详细研究其在各风攻角下的涡振性能。