Experimental analysis of additional aerodynamic effects caused by wind-driven rain on bridge main girder

To study the additional aerodynamic effect on a bridge girder under the action of wind-driven rain, the rainfall similarity considering raindrop impact and surface water is first given. Then, the dynamic characteristics and the process of vortex and flutter generation of the segment models under different rain intensities and angles of attack are tested by considering several typical main girder sections as examples. The test results indicate that the start and end wind speeds,interval length and number of vortex vibrations remain unchanged when it is raining, rainfall will reduce the windinduced vortex response. When test rain intensity is large, the decrease of amplitude is obvious. However, after considering the rain intensity similarity in this study, all of actual maximum rain intensities after conversion approach the domestic extreme rain intensity of approximately 709 mm/h. It can be observed that rainfall has a limited influence on the dynamic characteristics of the structure and vortex vibration response. When the test rain intensity is 120 mm/h, the critical wind speed of the model flutter increases by 20%-30%. However, after considering the rain intensity similarity ratio, the influence of rainfall on the wind-induced flutter instability of the bridge girder may be ignored.

A Numerical Study of the Aerodynamic Characteristics of a High-Speed Train under the Effect of Crosswind and Rain

The performances of high-speed trains in the presence of coupling effects with crosswind and rain have attracted great attention in recent years.The objective of the present paper was to investigate the aerodynamic characteristics of a high-speed train under such conditions in the framework of an Eulerian-Lagrangian approach.An aerodynamic model of a high-speed train was first set up,and the side force coefficient obtained from numerical simulation was compared with that provided by wind tunnel experiments to verify the accuracy of the approach.Then,the effects of the yaw angle,the resultant wind speed,and the rainfall rate on aerodynamic coefficients were analyzed.The results indicate that the aerodynamic coefficients grow almost linearly with the rainfall rate,and increase with a decrease in the resultant wind speed.Due to the impact of raindrops on the train surface and the airflow,the pressure coefficients of windward and leeward side of the train become larger with the increase of the rainfall rate.Raindrops can accelerate the airflow and suppress the vortices detachment.Moreover,the flow velocity in regions surrounding the train increases with an increase in the rainfall rate.

Numerical simulation study on the hygrothermal performance of building exterior walls under dynamic wind-driven rain condition

Wind-driven rain(WDR)has a significant influence on the hygrothermal performance,durability,and energy consumption of building components.The calculation of WDR loads using semi-empirical models has been incorporated into the boundary conditions of coupled heat and moisture transfer models.However,prior research often relied on fixed WDR absorption ratio,which fail to accurately capture the water absorption characteristics of porous building materials under rainfall scenarios.Therefore,this study aims to investigate the coupled heat and moisture transfer of exterior walls under dynamic WDR boundary conditions,utilizing an empirically obtained WDR absorption ratio model based on field measurements.The developed coupled heat and moisture transfer model is validated against the HAMSTAD project.The findings reveal that the total WDR flux calculated with the dynamic WDR boundary is lower than that obtained with the fixed WDR boundary,with greater disparities observed in orientations experiencing higher WDR loads.The variations in moisture flow significantly impact the surface temperature and relative humidity of the walls,influencing the calculation of cooling and heating loads by different models.Compared to the transient heat transfer model,the coupled heat and moisture transfer model incorporating dynamic WDR boundary exhibits maximum increases of 17.6%and 16.2%in cooling and heating loads,respectively.The dynamic WDR boundary conditions provide more precise numerical values for surface moisture flux,offering valuable insights for the thermal design of building enclosures and load calculations for HVAC systems.

Modeling of wind-driven rain absorption ratio of building exterior finishing materials based on field measurements

Wind-driven rain(WDR)constitutes a significant source of moisture for building facades,which poses considerable challenges to both the thermal insulation performance and long-term durability of walls.Prior studies have contributed significantly to the understanding of fluid behavior and moisture response of WDR upon impacting walls.However,the quantification of absorbed rainwater by the wall remains elusive.To address this gap,this study focuses on comprehending the dynamic WDR absorption behavior of various exterior finishing materials.Specifically,nine types of finishing materials were selected as research objects and conducted field measurements.The findings reveal that WDR absorption ratio is influenced by physical parameters of materials,surface waterproofing and the cumulative WDR.Leveraging multiple regression fittings,we established an empirical WDR absorption ratio calculation mode.This model serves as a valuable reference for determining building simulation parameters regarding dynamic moisture boundary conditions on the exterior surfaces of walls.By providing empirical insights into WDR absorption,our research contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of moisture behavior in building envelopes,thereby aiding in the development of effective strategies for enhancing building performance and durability.

粒子分离器结构优化对吞雨性能改进研究

本文采用欧拉-拉格朗日多相流粒子追踪模型对某型涡轴发动机粒子分离器进行了数值模拟,利用正交试验设计的原理进行试验并完成了对粒子分离器结构的优化,研究并揭示了粒子分离器结构参数对其分离效果和吞雨性能的影响规律。结果表明:在干工况条件下,与原型相比,优化后的模型扫气比降低4.3%,总压损失系数降低0.03%;在吞雨工况下,相比于原型,优化后的模型扫气比降低0.97%,总压损失系数降低0.039%,分离效率提高5.5%。本次结构优化基本达到了粒子分离器低总压损失高分离效率的优化要求,并且对粒子分离器吞雨性能有较大的提升。

时速400 km高速铁路隧道衬砌表面气动载荷特征和分布规律研究

为研究隧道单列车通过和2列车等速中央交会时隧道内中央处和洞口内压力波动机制和特征,隧道内各测点气动载荷最大正负压值和最大压力峰峰值沿隧道长度方向的分布规律,隧道长度对隧道气动载荷最值的影响,列车速度对气动载荷最值大小、位置和幅值频次的影响,以及基于隧道内最大压力峰峰值的最不利隧道长度的分布特征,采用一维非定常可压缩不等熵流动模型广义黎曼变量特征线法数值模拟方法和雨流计数法进行研究。结果表明:1)单列车通过和2列车等速交会的隧道相同位置测点压力在一定时间内保持相同;列车驶出隧道后,压力波形周期重复,与压缩波/膨胀波在隧道内传播的周期相同。2)在3种速度和0.5~10 km隧道长度范围内,单列车通过时,隧道内最大正压值在距离隧道入口200~600 m的位置;速度增加,部分长度隧道的最大负压值和最大压力峰峰值位置由隧道中央近进口端内一侧变为隧道中央近出口端内一侧。3)当时速为400 km时,单列车通过基于不同隧道压力最值的最不利长度相同,为1.3 km;2列车等速中央交会依次是1.4、0.94、1.2 km。4)隧道单列车通过和2列车等速中央交会的最高幅值等级分别可达到4800~5200 Pa和10000~10400 Pa。

炼铁厂2#脱硫塔除雾器压差问题研究及处理

炼铁厂2#脱硫塔除雾器运行过程压差持续升高,烟囱出口下“石膏雨”,对烧结机系统的正常生产和周围环境造成很大影响。本文针对压差问题,从工艺参数操作、设备运行情况等方面进行研究分析,制定解决的方案措施,保证脱硫塔设备稳定顺行。

低矮建筑风驱雨压分布特性及其机理分析

采用欧拉-欧拉多相流模型,在利用实测数据验证数值方法的基础上,对TTU单体低矮建筑进行在风雨共同作用下的风雨场模拟,对比分析9种风驱雨工况下风速和雨强与低矮建筑迎风墙面最大风驱雨压之间的关系;对群体低矮建筑在不同布局、不同间距的工况下进行风驱雨压数值模拟,分析WDR雨压分布特性及气动干扰效应下群体建筑风驱雨压特性存在差异的主要原因。基于风雨流场对风驱雨压特性的机理分析可知,气流在前后排建筑之间形成漩涡,风驱雨压在等高区域较单体有所减小,两侧明显增加;气流在左右列建筑之间进行交汇,气流挤压造成建筑内侧风驱雨压高于建筑外侧。单、群体低矮建筑的最大WDR荷载可分别达到纯风荷载的13.39%、 30.03%。结果表明:风雨场中的雨相附加荷载不容忽视,在结构设计时应考虑建筑顶部的荷载验算,提高设计强度。此外,群体建筑布局应适当增加安全间距,避免气流阻塞效应造成的不利影响。

BLOCKING EFFECT OF HIGH PRESSURE SYSTEM ON THE FORMATION OF EXTRA-INTENSE HEAVY RAIN

Commonly the centre of an intense heavy rain occurs in a very limited area,but for the three extra- intense heavy rains of the present study,63-8 in North China,75-8 in central China and 77-8 in the desert region of Inner Mongolia,which all appeared under the environments of“Western Low and Eastern Blocking” (EB)pattern.From this study,the following effects of the EB are found:(1)It affects the precipitation systems staggering in a local place and/or changes the trajectories of low votices and urges them into the same raining areas intermittently.(2)It transports water vapour into raining areas.The air flows by the west side of EB produce strong cyclonic vorticity behind EB frequently,which transports water vapour and forms mesoscale precipitation systems more favourably than the low level jets.(3)Air flows behind EB con- jugate with adequate topographic relief,which enhances the precipitation and makes the raining areas over- lapped.So that extra-intense heavy rains could occur in higher latitudes of semi-aird areas,and occasionally even in the desert region of North China. Such extra-intense heavy rains could not be explained by static local humidity and temperature only. This is also a principal discrimination between the prolonged extra-intense heavy rain and the short-range convective precipitation and/or the common precipitation.

气压、淋雨、污秽和覆冰对线路绝缘子直流放电电压的影响

根据在人工气候室中的一系列试验结果,得出了气压、淋雨、污秽和覆冰与线路绝缘子直流放电电压的相关关系。从而探讨了恶劣环境条件下直流线路绝缘子的选择原则。

湿下击暴流作用下建筑立面雨压分布特性的数值分析

下击暴流作用于建筑物将产生严重破坏,虽然其引起的风荷载已有较多研究,但均局限于无降雨的干下击暴流作用情况。目前,已有研究表明风雨环境下的建筑风驱雨(wind-driven rain,WDR)可能产生较显著的雨压荷载,因此对有降雨的湿下击暴流作用下建筑立面WDR雨压开展研究十分必要。基于建筑WDR数值模拟方法,引入欧拉多相流模型,采用RNG k-ε湍流模型封闭求解N-S方程,模拟求解湿下击暴流的建筑WDR场,侧重考虑建筑距风暴中心位置及雨强变化的情况,分析迎风面WDR雨压分布特性并与干下击暴流作用下的纯风压进行比较。结果表明:随着建筑远离风暴中心,雨压存在先增大后又减小的现象;迎风面沿竖直中心线上同处的雨压可达纯风压的20%,且迎风面较大风压、雨压均出现在建筑底部位置,因此湿下击暴流风压与雨压联合作用将比较显著,需要考虑其对建筑的影响。

都江堰市五里坡高位滑坡-碎屑流成因机制分析

2013年7月10日发生的四川省都江堰市中兴镇三溪村五里坡滑坡-碎屑流,属于典型的降雨型高位斜向层状岩质滑坡-碎屑流灾害。在前人研究成果梳理和进一步野外调查的基础上,分析总结了五里坡滑坡-碎屑流的成因及演化模式,并对五里坡高位滑坡在降雨作用下的后缘裂隙扩展判据和滑坡启动判据进行了定量计算。研究表明,五里坡滑坡的演化模式为后缘拉张裂隙形成→降雨作用下裂缝开始扩展→动、静水压力联合作用下斜坡沿泥质软弱层滑动→后缘拉裂槽形成→"7·10"强降雨诱发滑坡复活→滑体前缘临空崩落、加速→崩滑体沿沟谷铲刮、运移→堆积停止。从力学角度推导了前期降雨作用下滑体后缘裂缝自动扩展的最小深度、滑坡失稳的临界水头高度和临界降雨强度的计算公式,得出充满水的后缘裂缝在静水压力作用下开始自行扩展的临界深度为11.3 m;后缘裂隙贯通至滑带后,当五里坡斜坡体在后缘裂缝水头高度达到9.8 m时滑坡处于启动的临界状态。

低压离子色谱法测定水和酸雨样品中F^-,Cl^-,NO_3^-,SO_4^(2-)离子

本文介绍了低压离于色谱法测定水样(井水、湖水、矿泉水、自来水)和酸雨中氟、氯、硝酸根、硫酸根离子的方法.欲测阴离子在阴离子交换柱上被分离,同时用1.2mol·l^(-1)N_2CO_3溶液作流动相,流速为 1.6ml·min^(-1).各离子的流分用电导检测.进样量为50μl时F^-,Cl^-,NO_3^-,SO_4^(2-)的最低检出限(2倍噪音比)分别为10,20,250,500ng·ml^(-1).

对华北一次特大台风暴雨过程的位涡诊断分析

通过对 960 8号台风低压及其外围暴雨位涡和等熵面上物理量场的分析 ,揭示了台风低压北上诱发暴雨过程的位涡场的结构及冷空气对暴雨增幅的作用 ,给出此次暴雨增幅过程的图像。分析表明 :对流层低层中高纬度冷空气 (高位涡 )扩散南下在台风低压环流区附近的“侵入”作用是此次特大暴雨过程的最重要的原因之一 ;等熵面位涡的分析进一步说明了中高纬地区冷空气的活动状况 ;对流层高层或平流层低层高位涡的下传有利于位势不稳定能量的释放 ,使得暴雨增幅。分析也发现 :特大暴雨落区位于低层等熵面位涡高值区的东北侧 ,与中低层位涡斜压部分最大负值区相对应 ,并且随着位涡斜压部分负值中心强度的增强而增幅 ,这为暴雨强度和落区的预报提供了一定的参考。

一次梅雨锋特大暴雨过程分析及数值模拟

利用常规观测资料、NCEP、卫星、雷达和地面加密观测等资料,对2010年6月1 7 20日江西北部一次罕见大暴雨过程进行天气动力学诊断分析、中尺度分析和WRF模式模拟分析。结果表明:(1)这次罕见大暴雨是一次典型梅雨锋暴雨,是在极为有利的天气形势下导致的强β中尺度系统强烈发展所致。500hPa东亚大槽槽后冷平流与强盛稳定的副高西北侧西南气流汇合,导致冷暖交汇带在江南北部维持。(2)冷暖交汇带的稳定和西南暖湿气流的异常强盛,使暴雨的水汽、动力、热力条件十分充足,非常有利于触发中小尺度对流系统强烈发展。(3)强盛水汽及辐合上升运动、低层西南急流加强、中层弱冷空气活动、对流不稳定层结加剧、地面辐合线维持少动、β中尺度强低涡形成并维持、高层强辐散等多种因素的共同组合叠加作用导致了特大暴雨发生。(4)数值模拟分析显示,19日08时β中尺度低涡形成与暖湿气流和弱冷空气共同作用有关;该低涡垂直厚度在550～950hPa之间,850和900hPa最强;并在该低涡南侧出现一串近东西向排列的30～60km更小尺度的强对流系统,它们与特大暴雨区相吻合。

基于动力学和摩擦学分析的曲轴疲劳强度分析

以某4缸柴油机曲轴为研究对象,根据曲轴的承载特点,提出了基于曲轴—轴承系统动力学和摩擦学分析的曲轴动应力计算方法,即在曲轴有限元分析时通过在曲轴轴颈表面动态施加包含曲轴—轴承系统动力学和摩擦学特性的动态油膜压力计算曲轴动应力,最后把损伤积累理论应用于曲轴疲劳强度计算。计算结果表明:动应力在曲轴轴颈表面的分布主要取决于油膜力对其弯曲和扭转作用以及应力集中效应,动应力随时间的变化与内燃机的发火次序密切相关。与传统方法相比,由损伤积累理论计算的曲轴安全系数下降了5.34%。

高峰矿深部多空区下充填采矿地压分布特征

针对高峰矿在高应力、局部矿岩破碎、多空区充填体等复杂环境下开采回采工作的安全与效率受到严重影响的状况,利用ANSYS-Workbench平台建立高峰矿开采数值模型,导入FLAC3D软件进行计算分析,研究高峰矿深部地压分布特征,提出针对性地压控制措施,为深部回采设计与生产提供指导。

登陆台风对黄土高原东部暴雨的影响

对８０年代以来３次登陆台风低压外围影响黄土高原的大暴雨作了气候分析，对９６０８号台风进行了天气动力诊断分析。结果表明：登陆台风低压外围产生大暴雨的主要机制是台风外围低空偏东急流与西风带低值系统的共同作用以及地面冷锋的动力抬升作用。

低压离子色谱法测定水和酸雨样品中的Li^+,Na^+,NH_4^+,K^+,Ca^(2+)和Mg^(2+)离子

本文介绍了低压离子色谱仪测定水样(井水、湖水、矿泉水、自来水)和酸雨中锂、钠、铵、钙、钾和镁离子的方法、欲测阳离子在阳离子交换柱上被分离,分别用1.4mmol·1^(-1)HNO_3和0.6mmol·1^(-1)乙二胺+1.2mmol·1^(-1)HNO_3溶液作流动相,流速为1.6ml·min^(-1).各离子的流分用电导检测.进样量为10μl时,Li^+,Na^+,NH_4^+,K^+,Ca^(2+)和Mg^(2+)离子的检出限(2倍噪音比),分别为0.020,0.050,0.100,0.250,2.5和1.0μg·ml^(-1).

2009年秋季河南一次连阴雨天气成因分析

采用合成分析和动力诊断分析及统计方法,利用NCEP资料和常规气象观测资料对造成2009年9月6—20日河南省北中部地区15 d连阴雨天气成因进行分析。结果表明:200 hPa高空急流的出现并且维持,南亚高压的偏东偏北,副热带高压的偏西略偏北,以及边界层的东北风(或偏东风),是造成此次长连阴雨天气的主要影响因素;200 hPa东亚西风急流的正异常与对流层中上层(300 hPa)的暖异常在动力关系上相互匹配;湿层浅薄,水汽条件不充沛,冷空气影响的层次偏低是造成连阴雨天气累计降水量偏小的可能原因;温度距平随高度递增使得高云量增加,是形成日照偏少、气温明显偏低的可能原因。