Improved calibration method for displacement transformation coefficient in optical and visual measurements

Optical and visual measurement technology is used widely in fields that involve geometric measurements,and among such technology are laser and vision-based displacement measuring modules(LVDMMs).The displacement transformation coefficient(DTC)of an LVDMM changes with the coordinates in the camera image coordinate system during the displacement measuring process,and these changes affect the displacement measurement accuracy of LVDMMs in the full field of view(FFOV).To give LVDMMs higher accuracy in the FFOV and make them adaptable to widely varying measurement demands,a new calibration method is proposed to improve the displacement measurement accuracy of LVDMMs in the FFOV.First,an image coordinate system,a pixel measurement coordinate system,and a displacement measurement coordinate system are established on the laser receiving screen of the LVDMM.In addition,marker spots in the FFOV are selected,and the DTCs at the marker spots are obtained from calibration experiments.Also,a fitting method based on locally weighted scatterplot smoothing(LOWESS)is selected,and with this fitting method the distribution functions of the DTCs in the FFOV are obtained based on the DTCs at the marker spots.Finally,the calibrated distribution functions of the DTCs are applied to the LVDMM,and experiments conducted to verify the displacement measurement accuracies are reported.The results show that the FFOV measurement accuracies for horizontal and vertical displacements are better than±15μm and±19μm,respectively,and that for oblique displacement is better than±24μm.Compared with the traditional calibration method,the displacement measurement error in the FFOV is now 90%smaller.This research on an improved calibration method has certain significance for improving the measurement accuracy of LVDMMs in the FFOV,and it provides a new method and idea for other vision-based fields in which camera parameters must be calibrated.

Displacement characteristics of CO_(2)flooding in extra-high water-cut reservoirs

Carbon dioxide(CO_(2))flooding is a widely applied recovery method during the tertiary recovery of oil and gas.A high water saturation condition in reservoirs could induce a‘water shielding’phenomenon after the injection of CO_(2).This would prevent contact between the injected gas and the residual oil,restricting the development of the miscible zone.A micro-visual experiment of dead-end models,used to observe the effect of a film of water on the miscibility process,indicates that CO_(2)can penetrate the water film and come into contact with the residual oil,although the mixing is significantly delayed.However,the dissolution loss of CO_(2)at high water-cut conditions is not negligible.The oil-water partition coefficient,defined as the ratio of CO_(2)solubility in an oil-brine/two-phase system,keeps constant for specific reservoir conditions and changes little with an injection gas.The NMR device shows that when CO_(2)flooding follows water flooding,the residual oil decreasesdnot only in medium and large pores but also in small and micro pores.At levels of higher water saturation,CO_(2)displacement is characterized initially by a low oil production rate and high water-cut.After the CO_(2)breakthrough,the water-cut decreases sharply and the oil production rate increases gradually.The response time of CO_(2)flooding at high watercut reservoirs is typically delayed and prolonged.These results were confirmed in a pilot test for CO_(2)flooding at the P1-1 well group of the Pucheng Oilfield.Observations from this pilot study also suggest that a larger injection gas pore volume available for CO_(2)injection is required to offset the dissolution loss in high water saturation conditions.

The Frictional Coefficient of Bovine Knee Articular Cartilage

The normal displacement of articular cartilage was measured under load and in sliding, and the coefficient of friction during sliding was measured using a UMT-2 Multi-Specimen Test System. The maximum normal displacement under load and the start-up frictional coefficient have similar tendency of variation with loading time. The sliding speed does not significantly influence the frictional coefficient of articular cartilage.

Wind-induced responses of super-large cooling towers

Traditional gust load factor(GLF)method,inertial wind load(IWL)method and tri-component method(LRC+IWL)cannot accurately analyze the wind-induced responses of super-large cooling towers,so the real combination formulas of fluctuating wind-induced responses and equivalent static wind loads(ESWLSs)were derived based on structural dynamics and random vibration theory.The consistent coupled method(CCM)was presented to compensate the coupled term between background and resonant response.Taking the super-large cooling tower(H=215 m)of nuclear power plant in Jiangxi Province,China,which is the highest and largest in China,as the example,based on modified equivalent beam-net design method,the aero-elastic model for simultaneous pressure and vibration measurement of super-large cooling tower is firstly carried out.Then,combining wind tunnel test and CCM,the effects of self-excited force on the surface pressures and wind-induced responses are discussed,and the wind-induced response characteristics of background component,resonant component,coupled term between background and resonant response,fluctuating responses,and wind vibration coefficients are discussed.It can be concluded that wind-induced response mechanism must be understood to direct the wind resistant design for super-large cooling towers.

Wind-induced response analysis of conical membrane structures

Conical membrane structures are a typical form of tensile membrane structures. In the past, most studies focused on the static performance, but few on dynamic performance. In this paper, systematic parameter analysis of wind-induced response of conical membrane structures has been performed with nonlinear random simulation method in a time domain, by considering some parameters, such as span, rise-span ratio, prestress of membrane, and characteristic of the approaching wind flow. Moreover, formulas of the dynamic coefficient and nonlinear adjustment factor are advised, which can be conveniently used in wind-resistant design of conical membrane structures.

Wind-Induced Vibration Control for Substation Frame on Viscous Damper

In order to study the wind-induced vibration control effect of the viscous damper on the large-scale substation frame,this paper takes the large-scale 1000 kV substation frame of western Inner Mongolia as an example.The time-history sample of pulsating wind load is simulated by harmonic superposition method based on Matlab software.6 kinds of viscous damper arrangement schemes have been designed,and SAP2000 finite element software is used for fine modeling and input wind speed time history load for nonlinear time history analysis.The displacement and acceleration of a typical node are the indicators of wind vibration control.The wind-induced vibration control effects of different schemes under different damping parameters have compared,and the damping parameters are analyzed for the optimal layout scheme.The results show that a viscous damper has installed in the lower layers of the substation;a viscous damper is placed between the ground column and the lattice beam.It is an integrated optimal solution.The wind-induced vibration control effect of the optimal scheme is sensitive to the viscous damper parameters,and the control effect does not increase linearly with the increase of the damping index and the damping coefficient.Corresponding to different damping indexes,the damping coefficient has a better range of values.

Wind-induced vibration of single-layer reticulated shell structures

Aiming at the dynamic response of reticulated shell structures under wind load,systematic parameter analyses on wind-induced responses of Kiewitt6-6 type single-layer spherical reticulated shell structures and three-way grid single-layer cylindrical reticulated shell structures were performed with the random simulation method in time domain,including geometric parameters,structural parameters and aerodynamic parameters.Moreover,a wind-induced vibration coefficient was obtained,which can be a reference to the wind-resistance design of reticulated shell structures.The results indicate that the geometric parameters are the most important factor influencing wind-induced responses of the reticulated shell structures;the wind-induced vibration coeffi-cient is 3.0-3.2 for the spherical reticulated shell structures and that is 2.8-3.0 for the cylindrical reticula-ted shell structures,which shows that the wind-induced vibration coefficients of these two kinds of space frames are well-proportioned.

Case Study of Wind-Induced Vibration of a Cooling Tower Under Typhoon Environment

As high-rise cooling towers are constantly emerging,wind effects on this kind of wind-sensitive structures have attracted more and more attention,especially in typhoon prone areas.Terrain Type B turbulent flow fields under the normal wind and typhoon are simulated by active wind tunnel technology,and rigid-pressure-measurement model and aero-elastic-vibration-measurement model of a large cooling tower are built.The stagnation point,peak suction point,separation point and leeward point of the throat position shell are selected to analyze pressure coefficient,probability distribution,peak factor,power spectral density and dynamic amplification factor under normal wind and typhoon.It is clarified that there exists a significant non-Gaussian characteristic under typhoon condition,which also exists in structural response level.Resonance response ratio of the total response is higher during typhoon condition.The maximum value of dynamic amplification coefficient under typhoon field is up to 1.18 times over that under normal wind.The findings of this study are expected to be of interest and practical use to professional and researchers involved in the wind-resistant designs of super-large cooling towers in typhoon prone regions.

Bending the Foundation Beam on Elastic Base by Two Reaction Coefficient of Winkler’s Subgrade

A new method for analysis of counter beams is presented in the paper. The analysis has taken into account their stiffness EI, Winkler’s space with modulus of subgrade reaction k and equality deformities of the foundation beam with the ground. The solution is found by using the numerical analysis of the Winkler’s model, with variation of different moduli of the subgrade reaction k2 outside the force zone r, while under the force P exists the modulus of the subgrade reaction k, up to the definition of minimum bending moments. The exponential function k2(r), as the geometric position of the minimum moments is approximately assumed. From the potential energy conditions of the reciprocity of displacement and reaction, the width of the zone r and the modulus of the subgrade reaction k2 are explicitly determined, introducing in the calculation initial and calculation soil displacement wsi successively. At the end of the paper, it presented numerical example in which the influence of k and k2 values on bending moments of the counter beam is analyzed. The essential idea of this paper is to decrease the quantity of the reinforcement in the foundations, beams, i.e. to obtain a cost-efficient foundation construction.

计算注水开发不同阶段体积波及系数的新方法

体积波及系数是油田评价开发效果、制定开发调整方案的重要依据。为了研究注水开发不同阶段体积波及系数的变化规律,从注入孔隙体积倍数角度出发,根据油水相对渗流理论与油藏工程原理,提出了驱油效率与注入孔隙体积倍数的计算模型,建立了体积波及系数计算方法,并以胜利油田3个试验区为例进行了计算与分析。结果表明:驱油效率与注入孔隙体积倍数之间满足指数方程,二者关系曲线呈上凸型;随着注入孔隙体积倍数的增大,驱油效率由最小驱油效率逐渐增大,并趋近于最大驱油效率;对驱油效率计算模型进行验证,预测值与实测值的平均相对误差仅为1.90%;水驱开发过程中体积波及系数与注入孔隙体积倍数关系曲线整体呈快升-缓升-近平台状演变趋势,计算结果能够指导开发调整措施的效果评价;3个试验区目前体积波及系数接近90%,波及区内存在大量剩余油,亟需开展波及区内主体剩余油的描述与启动方法研究。

非均质油藏层间干扰室内实验优化

多层非均质油藏在合注合采开发时,受储集层岩性、物性、地层压力、流体性质等因素影响,层与层之间相互干扰。早期开展的并联驱替室内实验,无法有效地模拟油藏多层合采时各层间的流体交换,且所定义的干扰系数的物理内涵与注水开发渗流过程不符。为此,建立串并联组合驱替实验模型,模拟储集层层内岩性的变化。通过研究串并联驱替实验下不同渗透率岩心的产油量、含水率以及采收率,对干扰系数进行验证和再认识。研究结果表明:层间干扰的实质是不同储集层渗流阻力随着时间的变化,导致储集层流量分配发生改变;储集层非均质性是多层合采过程中形成优势渗流通道的主要因素。研究结果为后续开展层间干扰相关实验设计和非均质油藏合理高效开发提供了参考依据。

二氧化碳在致密储层基质中的作用距离研究

致密油衰竭开采过程中压力、产量下降较快,补充地层能量是提高原油采收率的必要措施。CO_(2)是常用补能介质之一(CO_(2)吞吐、前置蓄能),CO_(2)增产效果与其在储层中的作用距离息息相关,针对该问题从实验和数值模拟两方面开展了CO_(2)在致密储层基质中的作用距离研究。CO_(2)传质包括对流和扩散两种方式,首先采用高温高压反应釜和致密储层岩心进行CO_(2)扩散实验,结合Fick径向扩散模型,测得了CO_(2)在致密岩心中的扩散系数;然后采用CMG软件进行CO_(2)对流、扩散建模,基于模型进行广泛的数值模拟,分析渗透率、扩散系数、驱替时间对CO_(2)作用距离的影响。研究表明,扩散系数与渗透率有关,在目标储层岩心渗透率级别下,扩散系数在10^(-10)~10^(-8)m^(2)/s范围;CO_(2)作用距离取决于对流和扩散作用,扩散作用对CO_(2)作用距离影响明显,渗透率越低,扩散作用影响越明显,渗透率越高,对流作用越主导;渗透率是CO_(2)在基质中作用距离的决定性因素;CO_(2)在致密储层基质中的作用距离较小,60d的作用距离不到10m。

泵/马达困油现象充分缓解的等排量大模数方法

为了充分缓解外啮合齿轮泵/马达困油现象,在确保产品输出能力不变的等排量前提下,分析模数对困油腔内的负荷流量、泄漏流量和卸荷流量的影响,提出了一种等排量大模数的设计方法,并基于这3种流量的瞬时平衡和同齿形参数、不同模数下卸荷面积的演绎计算,计算出困油压力并由此判断出困油现象的缓解程度。结果表明,对于给定的齿轮副和工况条件,等排量下的齿宽系数反比例于模数的3次方,模数越大,困油现象越趋于缓解,且径向力越小,但齿宽系数越小;同齿形参数、不同模数下的卸荷面积等于模数的平方乘基准模数为1下的卸荷面积,从而为同齿形参数、不同模数下的卸荷面积计算,提供了极大方便;卸荷槽外通的进出口压力互为颠倒,导致泵较马达的困油现象更严重,但等排量小模数马达同样也会出现较为严重的困油现象。得出了选择最大化/较大的模数应为泵/马达的设计准则的重要结论。

大坝一等水平位移监测网数据处理流程及精度保障措施

大坝水平位移监测网是大坝变形监测的平面基准,监测网的精度关系大坝变形监测结果的可靠性和大坝安全鉴定结论的正确性。为了提高监测网数据处理精度,依托大型水电站大坝监测网复测项目,研究分析相对湿度、斜距化平方法、地球曲率半径对边长改化的影响。结果表明:相对湿度修正对边长的影响值最大可达2 ppm,斜距化平时采用高差计算的边长比采用垂直角计算的边长精度高0.05~1.95 ppm,用测区地球平均曲率半径代替测距边法截线地球曲率半径对投影边长的影响值最大可达0.08 ppm;高精度大坝水平位移监测网数据处理时,应用相对湿度修正实测边长,优先选用高差斜距化平,可用测区地球平均曲率半径代替测距边法截线地球曲率半径。研究成果可为类似项目提供有益参考。

足尺宋式摇摆木构架恢复性拟静力试验研究

摇摆木构架是中国传统木结构的主要承载体系。对足尺单跨木构架模型施加3级竖向荷载进行拟静力试验,观察试验时木构架的位移和变形特点,得到木构架在低周水平循环加载下的滞回曲线和骨架曲线,探究其在不同竖向荷载和低周水平循环加载下的结构特性。加载过程中,木柱刚体转动行为明显、柱架层变形集中,卸载阶段木构架能自主回到初始位置。试验结果表明:各级滞回环狭长且重叠,结构构件呈现出刚体运动的特征,结构整体具有一定位移恢复能力;残余位移介于0.28~2.53 mm间,两组位移恢复系数均大于87.1%,随控制位移的增加未出现显著降低,木构架的位移恢复能力良好;初始刚度在控制位移超过屈服位移后趋于稳定;柱架层变形是斗拱层变形的2.95~86.47倍,层间位移集中系数介于1.22~2.03间,且随控制位移的增加先增后降。

基于CEEMDAN和相关性分析的大坝位移预测

大坝位移数据受各种因素的影响,具有非平稳非线性的特征,针对数据预测精度低的问题,提出了一种CEEMDAN-PCCs-TCN-XGBoost组合预测模型.以某重力坝监测数据为例,首先,引入CEEMDAN算法捕捉非平稳数据的趋势信息和波动信息,联合PCCs算法确定影响数据波动的主要因素;其次,为了提高预测精度,趋势信息使用传统HST模型进行预测,波动信息利用主要因素作为输入变量进行预测,再分别应用TCN模型和XGBoost模型对数据进行预测最后累加得到最终预测结果,并将预测结果与EEMD-ARIMA、EEMD-LSTM-MLR等模型对比,结果表明,CEEMDAN-PCCs-TCN-XGBoost组合预测模型对波动频繁的大坝位移数据的预测更精确.

基于Midas GTS/NX的新疆沙漠输水明渠风积土岸坡稳定性分析

为了准确评估各类工况对新疆沙漠输水明渠风积土岸坡稳定性的影响。通过开展室内土工试验及对该渠道岸坡地质工况进行了调查,采取Midas GTS/NX软件中的强度折减法对输水明渠在未加固和加固两种工况下的竣工期、降雨期、输水期和水位骤降4个时期的二维岸坡进行稳定性计算,通过对比岸坡在未加固与加固两个工况下4个时期的整体位移量、等效塑性应变区和安全系数,对岸坡整体稳定及加固效果给出了分析及评价。结果表明:渠道未加固与加固两个工况下4个时期下风积土岸坡均处于稳定状态,安全系数均大于1.30;渠道位于输水期时,坡体前缘水压增加,有效提高渠道岸坡的安全系数,但水位骤降对风积土岸坡稳定性影响最大,降雨次之;未加固时,4个时期的岸坡等效塑性应变区呈圆弧状且已贯通;经加固后,岸坡等效塑性应变区大体沿衬砌呈直线分布,滑移带位移变形得到较好控制,极大程度降低了滑坡灾害发生的可能性。研究结果在一定程度上可以为新疆沙漠风积土输水渠道工程建设提供参考。

大间距下高耸双烟囱风致特性试验研究

双烟囱结构在自然风作用下存在气动干扰效应,从而诱发较大风致振动,威胁结构安全.合理计算和预测风振响应是双烟囱抗风设计的关键.以某中心距为8倍平均直径的双烟囱结构为研究对象,开展刚性模型测力和气弹模型测振风洞试验,将试验结果与中国规范、欧洲规范和CICIND(International Committee on Industrial Construction)规范计算值进行比较,详细研究双烟囱在不同风向角下的风致响应特性.研究结果表明:在烟囱串列布置下,迎风侧烟囱具有遮挡和干扰效应,一方面使得背风侧烟囱底部弯矩减小,另一方面使其横风向位移大于在其他风向角下的值;由于厂房的干扰效应,风振系数中国规范计算值与试验值接近;当烟囱高度超过厂房高度后,计算值较试验值偏大;对于横向响应,中国规范计算值较试验值大37.1%,欧洲规范计算值与试验值接近,仅偏小6.9%,CICIND规范计算值比试验值小17.1%.

基于斯卡那维模型的离子晶体介电性能的研究

本文采用玻恩圆周轨道极化模型、双原子分子离子位移极化模型,分别计算了NaCl晶体中各离子的电子位移极化率和离子位移极化率。进一步采用点偶极子近似和双原子分子平均场近似,考虑在极化离子所产生的附加电场的作用下,基于斯卡那维模型计算出包含不同离子数目的NaCl晶体的有效电场结构系数,得到了与实测值更为接近的介电常数,与将晶体内部的有效电场视为外施宏观平均电场的Born理论计算值进行对比,误差值从11.4%降至4.3%。研究结果提供了通过斯卡那维模型精确计算离子晶体介电性能的新思路。

近断层基于损伤的结构残余位移比谱研究

残余位移是震后结构损伤评估的重要指标。为了揭示近断层区域基于损伤残余位移的变化规律,基于Park-Ang损伤模型建立单自由度体系基于损伤残余位移比谱C_(r),研究恢复力模型和Park-Ang损伤模型对基于损伤C_(r)的影响,通过回归分析建立基于损伤C_(r)预测方程,对比分析了近断层和远场地震动作用下C_(r)以及基于延性和基于损伤C_(r)的差异。结果表明:具有刚度退化模型的结构C_(r)谱值小于刚度无退化模型结构的C_(r)谱值;与远场地震动作用下结构C_(r)谱值相比,近断层脉冲型地震动作用下结构C_(r)谱值在周期为1.5 s时增大40%~80%;结构基于损伤与基于延性C_(r)谱值之比大于1.1,基于延性C_(r)谱值估计趋于不保守,结构累积滞回耗能对C_(r)具有放大作用;构建的基于损伤C_(r)谱预测方程可用于近断层区域结构残余位移需求评估以及精细化结构抗震韧性评价。