PIV Studies on Turbulence Structure in Air/Water Interface with Wind-Induced Water Waves

When wind appears over the free surface, water waves and turbulence are generated by an interfacial shear stress. In particular, turbulent diffusion promotes significantly mass and momentum transport beneath the interface between the water and air significantly in ocean and lakes, and thus it is very important for global environment problems to reveal such turbulence property and coherent structure. Simultaneous measurements of velocities and free-surface elevation allow us to conduct reasonably the phase analysis of the coherent structure in interfacial shear layer. Furthermore, multi-point measurements such as PIV are very powerful to detect the space-time structure of coherent motions. Therefore, in the present study, we developed a specially designed PIV system which can measure the velocity components and surface-elevation fluctuation simultaneously by using two sets of high-speed cameras to reveal the coherent structure in the interfacial shear layer.

Observed characteristics of flow,water mass,and turbulent mixing in the Preparis Channel

Preparis Channel is the very important exchange path of energy and materials between the northern Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea(AS).A set of hydrographic measurements,a microstructure profiler,and a deep mooring were used to determine the characteristics of water masses,turbulent mixing,and flows in the Preparis Channel.The unprecedented short-term mooring data reveal that a deep current in the deep narrow passage(below 400 m)of the Preparis Channel flows toward the Bay of Bengal(BoB)with a mean along-stream velocity of 25.26 cm/s at depth of 540 m;above the deep current,there are a relatively weak current flows toward the AS with a mean along-stream velocity of 15.46 cm/s between 500 m and 520 m,and another weak current flows toward the BoB between 430 m and 500 m.Thus,a sandwiched vertical structure of deep currents(below 400 m)is present in the Preparis Channel.The volume transport below 400 m is 0.06 Sv(1 Sv=106 m^(3)/s)from the AS to the BoB.In the upper layer(shallower than 300 m),the sea water of the AS is relatively warmer and fresher than that in the BoB,indicating a strong exchange through the channel.Microstructure profiler observations reveal that the turbulent diffusivity in the upper layer of the Preparis Channel reaches O(10−4 m^(2)/s),one order larger than that in the interior of the BoB and over the continental slope of the northern AS.We speculate that energetic high-mode internal tides in the Preparis Channel contribute to elevated turbulent mixing.In addition,a local“hotspot”of turbidity is identified at the deep mooring site,at depth of about 100 m,which corresponds to the location of elevated turbulent mixing in the Preparis Channel.

Effect of Time Step Size and Turbulence Model on the Open Water Hydrodynamic Performance Prediction of Contra-Rotating Propellers

A growing interest has been devoted to the contra-rotating propellers （CRPs） due to their high propulsive efficiency, torque balance, low fuel consumption, low cavitations, low noise performance and low hull vibration. Compared with the single-screw system, it is more difficult for the open water performance prediction because forward and aft propellers interact with each other and generate a more complicated flow field around the CRPs system. The current work focuses on the open water performance prediction of contra-rotating propellers by RANS and sliding mesh method considering the effect of computational time step size and turbulence model. The validation study has been performed on two sets of contra-rotating propellers developed by David W Taylor Naval Ship R ＆ D center. Compared with the experimental data, it shows that RANS with sliding mesh method and SST k-ω turbulence model has a good precision in the open water performance prediction of contra-rotating propellers, and small time step size can improve the level of accuracy for CRPs with the same blade number of forward and aft propellers, while a relatively large time step size is a better choice for CRPs with different blade numbers.

Flux enhancement during ultrafiltration of produced water using turbulence promoter

Concentration polarization and membrane fouling remain one of the major hurdles for the implementation of ultrafiltration of produced water. Although many applications for ultrafiltration were already suggested, only few were implemented on an industrial scale. Among those techniques, turbulence promoter can be more simple and effective in overcoming membrane fouling and enhancing membrane flux. As for the result that turbulence promoter increase fluid velocity, wall shear rates and produce secondary flows or instabilities, the influence of turbulence promoter was investigated on permeate flux during produced water ultrafiltration and the potential application of this arrangement for an industrial development. Experimental investigations were performed on 100 KDa molecular weight cut-off PVDF single-channel tubular membrane module using four kinds of turbulence promoters. It is observed that the significant flux enhancement in the range of 83%--164% was achieved while the hydraulic dissipated power per unit volume of permeate decreased from 31%--42%, which indicated that the using of turbulence promoter is more efficient than operation without the turbulence promoter. The effects of transmembrane pressure and cross-flow velocity with and without turbulence promoter were studied as well. Among the four kinds of turbulence promoters, winding inserts with 20.0 mm pitch and 1.0 mm wire diameter showed better performances than the others did.

Performances of Different Turbulence Models for Simulating Shallow Water Sloshing in Rectangular Tank

Liquid sloshing is a common phenomenon in the transportation of liquid-cargo tanks.Liquid waves lead to fluctuating forces on the tank walls.If these fluctuations are not predicted or controlled,for example,by using baffles,they can lead to large forces and momentums.The volume of fluid(VOF)two-phase numerical model in Open FOAM open-source software has been widely used to model the liquid sloshing.However,a big challenge for modeling the sloshing phenomenon is selecting a suitable turbulence model.Therefore,in the present study,different turbulence models were studied to determine their sloshing phenomenon prediction accuracies.The predictions of these models were validated using experimental data.The turbulence models were ranked by their mean error in predicting the free surface behaviors.The renormalization group(RNG)k-ε and the standard k–ω models were found to be the best and worst turbulence models for modeling the sloshing phenomena,respectively;moreover,the SST k-ω model and v2-f k-ε results were very close to the RNG k-εmodel result.

Liquid mean velocity and turbulence in a horizontal air-water bubbly flow

The liquid phase turbulent structure of an air-water bubbly horizontal flow in a circular pipe has been investigated experimentally. Three-dimensional measurements were implemented with two "X" type probes oriented in different planes, and local liquid-phase velocities and turbulent stresses were simultaneously obtained. Systematic measurements were conducted covering a range of local void fraction from 0 to 11.7%. The important experiment results and parametric trends are summarized and discussed.

Experimental investigation of the effect of flow turbulence and sediment transport patterns on the adsorption of cadmium ions onto sediment particles

The mechanism of flow turbulence, sediment supply conditions, and sediment transport patterns that affect the adsorption of cadmium ions onto sediment particles in natural waters are experimentally simulated and studied both in batch reactors and in a turbulence simulation tank. By changing the agitation conditions, the sediment transport in batch reactors can be categorized into bottom sediment-dominated sediment and suspended sediment-dominated sediment. It is found that the adsorption rate of bottom sediment is much less than that of suspended sediment, but the sediment transport pattern does not affect the final （equilibrium） concentration of dissolved cadmium. This result indicates that the parameters of an adsorption isotherm are the same regardless of the sediment transport pattern. In the turbulence simulation tank, the turbulence is generated by harmonic grid-stirred motions, and the turbulence intensity is quantified in terms of eddy diffusivity, which is equal to 9.84F （F is the harmonic vibration frequency） and is comparable to natural surface water conditions. When the turbulence intensity of flow is low and sediment particles stay as bottom sediment, the adsorption rate is significantly low, and the adsorption quantity compared with that of suspended sediment is negligible in the 6 h duration of the experiment. This result greatly favors the simplification of the numerical modeling of heavy metal pollutant transformation in natural rivers. When the turbulence intensity is high but bottom sediment persists, the rate and extent of descent of the dissolved cadmium concentration in the tank noticeably increase, and the time that is required to reach adsorption equilibrium also increases considerably due to the continuous exchange that occurs between the suspended sediment and the bottom sediment. A comparison of the results of the experiments in the batch reactor and those in the turbulence simulation tank reveals that the adsorption ability of the sediment, and in particular the adsorption rate, is greatly over-estimated in the batch reactor.

Turbulent mixing above the Atlantic Water around the Chukchi Borderland in 2014

This study presents an analysis of the CTD data and the turbulent microstructure data collected in 2014, the turbulent mixing environment above the Atlantic Water（AW） around the Chukchi Borderland region is studied.Surface wind becomes more efficient in driving the upper ocean movement along with the rapid decline of sea ice,thus results in a more restless interior of the Arctic Ocean. The turbulent dissipation rate is in the range of4.60×10–10（–3.31×10–9 W/kg with a mean value of 1.33×10–9 W/kg, while the diapycnal diffusivity is in the range of1.45×10–6–1.46×10–5m2/s with a mean value of 4.84×10–6 m2/s in 200–300 m（above the AW）. After investigating on the traditional factors（i.e., wind, topography and tides） that may contribute to the turbulent dissipation rate, the results show that the tidal kinetic energy plays a dominating role in the vertical mixing above the AW. Besides, the swing of the Beaufort Gyre（BG） has an impact on the vertical shear of the geostrophic current and may contribute to the regional difference of turbulent mixing. The parameterized method for the double-diffusive convection flux above the AW is validated by the direct turbulent microstructure results.

Physical Experiments to Investigate the Effects of Street Bottom Heating and Inflow Turbulence on Urban Street-Canyon Flow

The effects of street bottom heating and inflow turbulence on urbanstreet-canyon flow are experimentally investigated using a circulating water channel. Threeexperiments are carried out for a street canyon with a street aspect ratio of 1. Results from eachexperiment with bottom heating or inflow turbulence are compared with those without bottom heatingand appreciable inflow turbulence. It is demonstrated that street bottom heating or inflowturbulence increases the intensity of the canyon vortex. A possible explanation on how street bottomheating or inflow turbulence intensifies the canyon vortex is given from a fluid dynamicalviewpoint.

Dynamic Characteristics of High-speed Water-Lubricated Spiral Groove Thrust Bearing Based on Turbulent Cavitating Flow Lubrication Model

The water-lubricated bearings are usually the state of turbulent cavitating flow under high-speed conditions. And the distribution of cavitation bubbles and the interface effect between the two phases have not been included in previous studies on high-speed water-lubricated bearings. In order to study the influence of interface effect and cavitation bubble distribution on the dynamic characteristics of high-speed water-lubricated spiral groove thrust bearings(SGTB).A turbulent cavitating flow lubrication model based on two-phase fluid and population balance equation of bubbles was established in this paper. Stiffness and the damping coefficients of the SGTB were calculated using the perturbation pressure equations. An experimental apparatus was developed to verify the theoretical model. Simulating and experimental results show that the small-sized bubbles tend to generate in the turbulent cavitating flow when at a high rotary speed, and the bubbles mainly locate at the edges of the spiral groove. The simulating results also show that the direct stiffness coefficients are increased due to cavitation effect, and cross stiffness coefficients and damping coefficients are hardly affected by the cavitation effect. Turbulent effect on the dynamic characteristics of SGTB is much stronger than the cavitating effect.

有限元仿真模拟在超声喷水无损检测用水套设计中的应用

水套在超声喷水穿透检测中具有重要作用,为设计出具有良好耦合效果的水套,减少水流紊流对声波耦合的影响,本文通过构建探头套几何模型、物理建模、数值求解的有限元仿真方法对探头水套进行流体动力学仿真。结果表明,在无整流装置下,从入水口射入的水流撞击探头套内壁,产生严重紊流,进入出水管后,紊流状态仍然保持,水流流线方向杂乱。增加整流装置后,探头套内紊流得到很好的抑制,使得进入出水管的水流流线方向趋向一致,这种现象随着整流片增多而效果越加明显。本文为后续模拟水流经过出水口后的水柱状态,特别是随着初始水流速度加大后的水柱状态,以及利用有限元多物理场模拟功能,在加入声场后,模拟紊流状况下声场的变化打下了基础。

海水泵站流道非对称引水流态特性数值模拟分析

为探讨海水泵站流道非对称引水流态特性,基于OpenFOAM建立了某液化天然气接收站海水泵站流道数值模型,在利用实测数据验证的基础上,模拟计算与分析了对称和非对称引水时,流道内流速与紊动动能分布特征。模拟结果表明:海水泵站非对称引水时,水流进入前池后流速较大,在低水位下水流无法充分扩散,在流道入口处形成偏流,行进至海水泵前断面水流分布已基本均匀;非对称引水时,海水泵所在进水池各断面均匀性指数平均值高于对称引水工况,且各海水泵进水池的紊动动能平均值也小于对称引水工况;从过水断面流速分布均匀性以及紊动量级来看,非对称引水对水泵运行更有利。

导管螺旋桨水动力性能试验及数值研究

为了研究导管螺旋桨的推力、扭矩和敞水效率等主要水动力参数和进速系数之间的关系,本文采用物理模型试验和计算流体力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD)技术相结合的方式分析导管对螺旋桨水动力特性的影响。首先在本校拖曳水池开展导管螺旋桨模型的敞水性能试验然后使用计算流体软件STAR-CCM+对导管桨模型进行数值模拟。在模拟计算中应用多参考系法(Multi Reference Frames,MRF),分别采用不同湍流模型对导管螺旋桨的水动力性能进行计算,并与试验数据进行对比,验证了STAR-CCM+软件模拟可以对导管螺旋桨的水动力性能进行有效预报且使用SST k-ω湍流模型获得的水动力性能精度更高。研究结果表明,导管螺旋桨更适用于在低进速系数下工作的重载船舶。

一种半潜式商用6 MW级风力机载荷数值模拟研究

针对海上漂浮式风力机在其运行状态下的叶轮气动载荷与平台运动状态难以预测的问题,本文以一种商用6 MW级漂浮式风力机为研究对象,基于非稳态的雷诺平均湍流模型,进行了全耦合数值模拟和水池模型试验研究。结果显示:浮式风力机自由衰减周期的模拟值在纵摇、横揺和垂荡上与实验值吻合度较高,而在纵荡、横荡和艏摇上,衰减周期的模拟值与实验值存在一定误差,这主要是由数值模型中对系泊系统进行悬链线简化时造成的。在静水工况下,风力机气动载荷的波动主要受塔影效应影响,机舱加速度的波动与叶轮推力系数变化呈正相关,浮式风力机纵荡和纵摇运动主要受叶轮气动载荷波动的影响;在规则波和非规则波工况下,叶轮推力的波动受浮式基础纵荡和纵摇的影响较大,叶轮推力系数变化和机舱速度呈负相关。浮式风力机的运动主要受波浪载荷的影响,气动载荷对其影响相对较小。

一次入海温带气旋背景下的海雾观测分析和数值模拟

利用0.25°×0.25°逐小时ERA5再分析数据、中国气象局地面观测资料、卫星遥感监测资料以及WRF模式对2021年3月27~28日移入黄海的温带气旋引发大范围的海雾过程进行了观测分析和数值模拟,结果表明:(1)本次海雾发生时气海温差介于0.5℃~2℃,海雾成熟阶段出现了气温低于海温的现象。(2)入海气旋形成的湿空气辐合为海雾的发生和维持提供了水汽条件,低空急流带来的西南暖湿气流促进了逆温层的建立并输送水汽。(3)气旋入海以后,黄海海域出现了“双逆温”的现象,低层的逆温来自于低空急流的暖平流输送,高层的逆温是由气旋后部的干冷空气下沉增温造成。(4)在气旋和低空急流的共同作用下,近海面边界层大气湍流动能增加,这也促进了海雾在垂直方向发展。(5)湍流动能收支的诊断结果显示,切变项在海雾的发生和发展过程占据主导作用,当海雾在垂直方向发展时,湍流动能垂直输送项会明显增大。

稳流器结构对导流式消防水炮流动特性的影响

为了探究一种新的最佳星形稳流器结构形式,选取六肋式星形稳流器,设计了5种不同长度且交叉排列的星形稳流器.基于CFD对安装有5种不同结构形式的星形稳流器的导流式消防水炮内流体的流动特性展开了数值模拟研究,分析了不同稳流器布置形式对导流式消防水炮内流体速度分布均匀性、轴线速度以及湍动能的影响,并对不同布置形式下的压力降进行了分析.数值研究结果表明,稳流器可有效改善消防水炮内轴线速度分布并降低消防水炮的进出口湍动能差,分段叉排布置的稳流器可显著提升稳流效果.其中,数量为2、长度为40 mm且交叉布置的稳流器组合最有利于提升消防水炮的综合性能.同体积条件下,通过缩短单个稳流器长度,增加稳流器叉排数量的分段错位布置提升消防水炮的性能作用有限.过多数量的叉排布置会造成逆流以及较大的压力损失.研究结果对星形稳流器在消防水炮内的优化设计具有一定借鉴作用.

建筑屋面天沟挡水板的流体力学分析

坡度较大的屋面天沟,雨水流速较大,由于湍流和急流的影响,雨水斗不能有效排水从而导致屋面积水渗水的情况时有发生;一般考虑设置挡水板,以提高排水效率。本文就常见的挡水板(常规型、马蹄涡型、左右错开型)进行了流体力学分析,确定各种挡水板的使用范围。

水致振动压电俘能器研究现状与展望

以水流为代表的流体能量是自然界中分布最广泛的机械能量,基于水致振动的微小型压电俘能器设计及增效方法近年来受到国内外学者的广泛关注。首先,介绍了水致振动压电俘能装置的机理,根据工作机理分为钝体致振悬臂梁式和尾流诱导式两大类;其次,对压电俘能器增效方法进行了梳理,分析了非线性磁力增效、混合型和阵列型增效的代表性结构和性能特点;最后,总结了流致振动水流能俘能领域目前存在的问题和挑战,并提出了对未来发展的展望。

Water Modeling of Optimizing Tundish Flow Field

In the water modeling experiments, three cases were considered, i. e, , a bare tundish, a tundish equipped with a turbulence inhibitor, and a rectangular tundish equipped with weirs （dams） and a turbulence inhibitor. Comparing the RTD curves, inclusion separation, and the result of the streamline experiment, it can be found that the tundish equipped with weirs （dams） and a turbulence inhibitor has a great effect on the flow field and the inclusion separation when compared with the sole use or no use of the turbulent inhibitor or weirs （dams）. In addition, the enlargement of the distance between the weir and dam will result in a better effect when the tundish equipped with weirs （dam） and a turbulence inhibitor was used.

Numerical Simulation of Water Exchange Characteristics of the Jiaozhou Bay Based on A Three-Dimensional Lagrangian Model

Based on theory of three-dimensional hydrodynamics, an Euler-Lagrangian particle model is established to study the transport and water exchange capability in the Jiaozhou Bay. The three-dimensional hydrodynamic model, driven by tide and wind, is used to study the effects of wetting and drying of estuarine intertidal flats by the dry-wet grid technology based on the Estuarine, Coastal and Ocean Model （ECOM）. The particle model includes the advection and the diffusion processes, of which the advection process is simulated with a certain method, and the diffusion process is simulated with the random walk method. The effect of the intertidal zone, the turbulent diffusion and the timescales of the water exchange are also discussed. The results show that a moving boundary model can simulate the transport process of the particle in the intertidal zone, where the particles are transported for a longer distance than that of the stationary result. Simulations with and without the turbulent random walk show that the effect of turbulent diffusion is very effective at spreading particles throughout the estuary and speeding up the particle movement. The spatial distribution of residence time is given to quantify the water exchange capability that has very important ramifications to water quality. The effect of wind on the water exchange is also examined and the southeasterly wind in summer tends to block the water exchange near the northeast coast, while the northerly wind in winter speeds up the transport process. These results indicate that the Lagrangian particle model is applicable and has a large potential to help understanding the water exchange capability in estuaries, which can also be useful to simulate the transport process of contaminant.