Wave-Induced Loads on Very Large FPSOs at Restricted Water Depth

The effects of water depth on the wave-induced vertical bending moment and shearing force on a very large FPSO are studied by experiments and computations for regular and irregular waves. The restricted water depth composite Green function is employed to develop a program for the computation of the hydrodynamic coefficients of the very large FPSO at shallow water. A three-segment model with 1∶100 scale is tested in the State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering at Shanghai Jiao Tong University for the verification of the numerical method. The experimental and computational results show that the water depth has a substantial effect on wave-induced loads. The wave-induced vertical loads increase with the decrease of water depth for shallow water. Especially, for ultra-shallow water these loads increase very evidently with the decrease of water depth. The long-term prediction values of wave-induced vertical loads increase with the decrease of the ratio of water depth to draught. The long-term prediction values of wave-induced vertical loads are about 8% larger than those for deep water when the ratio of water depth to draught is 3.0. However, water depth hardly affects the long-term prediction values of wave-induced loads when the ratio of water depth to draught is larger than 5.0.

Load-induced error identification of hydrostatic turntable and its influence on machining accuracy

In heavy duty machine tools, hydrostatic turntable is often used as a means for providing rotational motion and supporting workpiece, so the accuracy of turntable is crucial for part machining. In order to analyze the influence of load-indcued errors on machining accuracy, an identification model of load-induced errors based on the deformation caused by applied load of hydrostatic turntable of computerized numerical control(CNC) gantry milling heavy machine is proposed. Based on multi-body system theory and screw theory, the space machining accuracy model of heavy duty machine tool is established with consideration of identified load-induced errors. And then, the influence of load-induced errors on space machining accuracy and the roundness error of a milled hole is analyzed. The analysis results show that load-induced errors have a big influence on the roundness error of machined hole, especially when the center of the milled hole is far from that of hydrostatic turntable.

Wave-induced pore water pressure in marine cohesive soils

Cyclic triaxial tests and numerical analyses were undertaken, in order to evaluate the wave-induced pore water pressure in seabed sediments in the Hangzhou Bay. The cyclic triaxial tests indicate that the rate of pore water pressure generation in cohesive soils decreases with time, and the development of the pore water pressure can be represented by a hyperbolic curve. Numerical analyses, taking into account the generation and dissipation of pore water pressure simultaneously, suggest that the pore water pressure buildup in cohesive soils may increase with time continuously until the pore water pressure ratio approaches to 1, or it may decrease after a certain time, which is controlled by drain conditions. These phenomena are different from those in sands. For waves with a retum period of 100 a in the Hangzhou Bay, if the wave duration is more than 60 h, then the pore water pressure ratio will be close to 1 and soil fabric failure will take place.

Investigations on serviceability control of long-span structures under human-induced excitation

The increasing strength of new structural materials and the span of new structures, accompanied by aesthetic requirements for greater slenderness, are resulting in more applications of long-span structures. In this paper, serviceability control technology and its design theory are studied. First, a novel tuned mass damper （TMD） with controllable stiffness is developed. Second, methods for modeling human-induced loads are proposed, including standing up, walking, jumping and running, and an analysis method for long-span floor response is proposed based on a finite element model. Third, a design method for long-span floors installed with a multiple TMD （MTMD） system considering human comfort is introduced, largely based on a study of existing literature. Finally, a design, analysis and field test is conducted using several large scale buildings in China including the Beijing Olympic Park National Conference Center, Changsha New Railway Station and the Xi＇an Northern Railway Station. The analytical and field test results show that the MTMD system designed using the proposed method is capable of effectively mitigating the vertical vibration of long-span floor structures. The study presented in this paper provides an important reference for the analysis of vibration serviceability of similar long-span floors and design of control system for these structures.

Numerical simulation of sediment transport in coastal waves and wave-induced currents

Prediction of coastal sediment transport is of particularly importance for analyzing coast erosion accurately and solving the corresponding coast protection engineering problems.The present study provided a numerical scheme for sediment transport in coastal waves and wave-induced currents.In the scheme,the sand transport model was implemented with wave refraction-diffraction model and near-shore current model.Coastal water wave was simulated by using the parabolic mild-slope equation in which wave refraction,diffraction and breaking effects are considered.Wave-induced current was simulated by using the nonlinear shallow water equations in which wave provides radiation stresses for driving current.Then,sediment transport in waves and wave-induced currents was simulated by using the two-dimensional suspended sediment transport equations for suspended sediment and the bed-load transport equation for bed load.The numerical scheme was validated by experiment results from the Large-scale Sediment Transport Facility at the US Army Corps of Engineer Research and Development Center in Vicksburg.The numerical results showed that the present scheme is an effective tool for modeling coastal sediment transport in waves and near-shore currents.

Crushing and embedment of proppant packs under cyclic loading: An insight to enhanced unconventional oil/gas recovery

Crushing and embedment are two critical downhole proppant degradation mechanisms that lead to a significant drop in production outputs in unconventional oil/gas stimulation projects. These persistent production drops due to the non-linear responses of proppants under reservoir conditions put the future utilization of such advanced stimulation techniques in unconventional energy extraction in doubt. The aim of this study is to address these issues by conducting a comprehensive experimental approach. According to the results, whatever the type of proppant, all proppant packs tend to undergo significant plastic deformation under the first loading cycle.Moreover, the utilization of ceramic proppants(which retain proppant pack porosity up to 75%), larger proppant sizes(which retain proppant pack porosity up to 15.2%) and higher proppant concentrations(which retain proppant pack porosity up to 29.5%) in the fracturing stimulations with higher in-situ stresses are recommended to de-escalate the critical consequences of crushing associated issues. Similarly, the selection of resin-coated proppants over ceramic and sand proppants may benefit in terms of obtaining reduced proppant embedment.In addition, selection of smaller proppant sizes and higher proppant concentrations are suggested for stimulation projects at depth with sedimentary formations and lower in-situ stresses where proppant embedment predominates. Furthermore, correlation between proppant embedment with repetitive loading cycles was studied.Importantly, microstructural analysis of the proppant-embedded siltstone rock samples revealed that the initiation of secondary induced fractures. Finally, the findings of this study can greatly contribute to accurately select optimum proppant properties(proppant type, size and concentration) depending on the oil/gas reservoir characteristics to minimize proppant crushing and embedment effects.

北京2022年冬奥会内场主火炬抗风性能研究

北京2022年冬奥会和冬残奥会主火炬,是典型的舞美造型结构体,呈大面积薄壁状,对风荷载极为敏感,在点火仪式中有倾斜支撑和竖直悬挂两种典型状态。其中,倾斜支撑状态需要确定结构设计所需的风荷载,竖直悬挂状态需要给出主火炬的风振响应。该文基于实测数据,给出了国家体育场周边的平均风速剖面和湍流度剖面,通过缩尺模型风环境风洞试验及2月份局地风速概率分布,确定了主火炬结构倾斜支撑状态与竖直悬挂状态的正常运行风速;通过主火炬倾斜支撑和竖直悬挂状态的测力风洞试验,得到了作用于主火炬风荷载的体型系数;并通过随机振动分析给出了竖直悬挂状态的风振响应,为北京2022年冬奥会主火炬点火仪式的顺利进行提供了技术支撑。

大跨度钢-混结合梁悬索桥涡激振动控制指标体系研究

为保证已建桥梁发生涡激振动后桥梁结构的安全以及桥上行车和行人安全,提出综合考虑人员舒适性、结构受力和停车线形三方面的大跨度钢-混结合梁悬索桥涡激振动控制指标体系。该体系包含9项指标,分别为驾乘人员舒适度、驾乘人员晕动症、行人舒适度(狄克曼指标)、加劲梁强度、加劲梁应力、加劲梁挠度、桥面纵坡、竖曲线半径和停车视距。以武汉鹦鹉洲长江大桥为背景,分别计算了“限速”和“封桥”2个交通管制措施下9项指标对应的涡激振动振幅限值。在此基础上,将9项指标对应的涡激振动振幅限值的最小值作为涡激振动限值建议取值。结果表明:当该桥发生低阶竖弯涡激振动(VS1、VAS1)时,涡激振动的控制因素为加劲梁挠度指标;当大桥发生VAS2模态的竖弯涡激振动时,涡激振动由驾乘人员晕动症指标和行人舒适度指标共同控制;当大桥发生高阶竖弯涡激振动(VAS3、VAS4)时,涡激振动由行人舒适度指标控制。涡激振动控制指标体系及限值标准的计算框架可适用于不同桥型涡激振动限值的计算。

基于TMD的车致箱梁振动控制模型试验研究

为研究调谐质量阻尼器(tuned mass damper,简称TMD)在控制轨道箱梁结构振动中的应用,以高速动车组和CRTS-Ⅱ型板式无砟轨道-箱梁结构为原型,设计制作了几何相似比为10∶1的车-轨-桥耦合振动缩尺模型系统,分析了TMD在不同质量比、不同位置以及不同安装数量等工况下对箱梁顶板和翼板的减振效果。结果表明:TMD质量比为0.02时减振效果优于质量比为0.01时的减振效果,在考虑结构安全及经济性的条件下,可优先选择质量比更大的TMD;不同TMD安装位置对箱梁各部件的减振效果不同,安装TMD的板件处振动响应得到了明显抑制;安装2个TMD对箱梁结构的减振效果优于安装1个TMD,其减振范围也有所提升。研究结论可为高架轨道箱梁结构的减振设计提供参考。

矩形钢管混凝土束风机塔筒风振特性研究

随着风电资源优势区开发逐渐饱和,风电开发的重心开始向风资源条件相对恶劣的低风速地区转移,分布式、大功率、高塔筒和长叶片已经成为风电行业发展趋势。基于此提出了一种新型的矩形钢管混凝土束风机塔筒,该塔筒由矩形钢管混凝土束拼接而成,具有强度高、刚度大和耗能能力强的优点。为研究该塔筒结构的风振响应特性,选用Kaimal脉动风速功率谱,采用谐波合成法模拟风荷载时程曲线,对其进行了动力时程分析,并计算了风振系数及等效静力风荷载。结果表明:该新型塔筒在额定风速下位移塔顶位移最大值为911.84 mm,对应的水平位移角为1/154,符合规范要求。塔筒各构件的强度较好,且具有较大的安全富余度。基于位移等效的阵风荷载因子法计算得到的风振系数值较低;在惯性风荷载法计算得到的等效静力风荷载作用下,结构位移、基底剪力与结构随机振动分析得到的基本一致。

考虑二维等效静力风荷载的导线风偏刚性直棒法

刚性直棒法作为一种简单高效的输电导线风偏响应估算方法,在输电工程领域得到了广泛的应用,然而其适用对象仅限于水平风作用下的未覆冰导线,对于线路常遇的覆冰以及二维风荷载情况未能涉及。该文采用阵风荷载包络线法(GLE法)推导了二维等效静力风荷载的表达式,获得了考虑二维风荷载作用的导线风荷载调整系数,通过引入二维等效静力风荷载改进了现有刚性直棒法,改进后的刚性直棒法综合考虑了线路是否覆冰、二维风荷载、上升气流以及风的脉动效应。建立了某真型输电线路的精细化有限元仿真模型,采用覆冰导线气动力风洞试验结果和非线性数值仿真验证了改进后刚性直棒法的准确性。基于改进后的方法分析了竖向平均风速和导线覆冰厚度对风偏响应的影响。研究表明:考虑二维等效静力风荷载的导线风偏刚性直棒法是一种准确度明显提高的通用方法,能适用于常规的、覆冰的、有上升气流的多种工况下的导线风偏位移计算。

海上移动平台直升机甲板圆管支撑结构安全评估

圆管支撑结构是海上移动式平台直升机甲板设计的重要部分,由于海上恶劣的风浪环境,使结构整体受风载荷的影响较大.现有直升机甲板圆管支撑结构的安全评估内容主要集中于圆管的静强度分析,缺乏风振响应分析,文中以海洋石油163平台直升机甲板为例,研究圆管支撑结构的静力和动力载荷输入,通过有限元强度分析和理论经验公式计算对比静力、风载荷作用下直升机甲板圆管支撑结构的受力情况,考虑风振涡激效应的准静态分析,在此基础上提出了直升机甲板圆管支撑结构的安全评估方法,探究了风载荷对结构整体安全的影响.

氢气含量与加载频率对X80钢管接头疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响

在氮气,体积分数均为2%的H_(2)+CO_(2)以及体积分数分别为5%,2%的H_(2)+CO_(2)环境中,对X80钢管接头试样进行不同加载频率(0.1,1.0,10.0 Hz)的疲劳裂纹扩展试验,研究了氢气含量和加载频率对疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响。结果表明:当加载频率为1.0 Hz时,氢气含量越高,接头母材、热影响区和焊缝裂纹扩展速率越大,且焊缝中的裂纹扩展速率增大程度最大;含氢环境中焊缝的疲劳裂纹扩展速率小于母材和热影响区;当氢气体积分数为5%时,母材和热影响区均发生韧性断裂,但疲劳断口上存在微小的二次裂纹和少量平台状结构等脆性断裂特征,焊缝疲劳断口出现长度近80μm的二次裂纹,但断口形貌仍主要呈韧性断裂特征;氢气体积分数为5%时,随着加载频率增加,母材的疲劳裂纹扩展速率先增大后减小,加载频率为1.0 Hz时的疲劳裂纹扩展速率最大。

高速列车过站时高架站房楼盖表面风压分析

研究目的:大跨度高架站房结构向着更轻、更柔的趋势发展,高速列车气动力所引起的站房结构表面风压变化是站房抗风设计中不可忽视的重要因素。为了探究高速列车通过大跨度高架站房结构时楼盖表面的风压特性,采用CFD数值模拟,基于Fluent动网格技术,对时速350 km的高速列车以单、双线运行形式通过大跨度高架站房时楼盖表面的风压特性展开数值模拟仿真研究,分析楼盖表面风压的时程特性及其空间分布特性。研究结论:(1)与高速列车单线运行相比,双线列车跨中交会运行时所产生的列车风叠加效应对楼盖底面风压幅值有显著影响;(2)相较于列车单线运行的工况,列车交会运行时跨中区域各测点的头波正、负风压极值均有较大程度增加,其中测点正、负风压极值的最小增幅都有62.30%和64.36%;(3)本研究结果可为进一步优化大跨度车站结构的抗风设计提供参考。

外载对球形颗粒电极锂化过程的扩散影响

锂离子电池在使用过程中不可避免地受到外部机械载荷的作用,而这种载荷会对电池产生重要影响。基于小变形和线弹性等理论建立了在外部机械载荷作用下的球形颗粒电极锂化过程的力化耦合模型。计算结果表明,随着扩散持续,外部应力梯度对扩散过程的影响逐渐增大,稳态时球心处锂离子浓度低于球表面处浓度。正应力梯度对离子的扩散具有抑制作用。而对于复杂形式的外载,稳态时锂离子浓度沿径向呈现非线性不均匀分布状态。

基底隔震高层建筑风振响应和等效静风荷载

基于高层建筑风荷载规范,建立了基底隔震高层建筑在风荷载下的运动方程,推导得到了结构风振响应均方根.通过3栋高度不同的隔震高层建筑工程案例,对比分析了它们隔震前后的结构动力特性和顺风向风致响应;提出了与非隔震建筑等效静风荷载在表达形式上一致的基底隔震建筑等效静风荷载公式,其中对风振因子简化公式进行了修正.结果表明:结构隔震后在初始刚度弹性范围内的振动频率降低,阻尼比减小,振型在隔震层位置存在滑移,因此结构各响应较非隔震建筑增大;提出的背景因子简化公式可精确估计隔震结构风振系数,同时也可用于加速度的计算.该研究为高层隔震建筑在弹性范围内的风振验算提供了参考.

人群步行荷载等效动载因子及应用

人群步行荷载是大跨楼盖、人行桥等工程结构人致振动分析的基础。现有时域模型缺乏对人-人相互作用的考虑,频域模型形式复杂难以用于工程设计。对此,提出了一种简单有效的人群步行荷载等效动载因子模型,该模型基于二阶傅里叶级数,充分考虑人-人相互作用且适用于人群密度相关的多种交通状态。首先利用基于实测的人群步行荷载互功率谱模型进行了不同人数、主导步频、结构阻尼比下的单自由度系统响应模拟,进而依据结构响应等效的原则,由模拟结果拟合确定等效动载因子计算公式。利用已建成大跨结构的实测响应进行了验证,结果表明,该模型相比国内外现有规范方法具有更低的预测误差,可为大跨结构设计中人致振动舒适度和安全性评估提供参考。

高产气井生产管柱非线性流致振动实验研究

三高气井生产管柱在高速流体冲击下容易发生剧烈振动,但目前关于此类流致振动的研究大多集中于理论模型和一些小型室内实验阶段。油气井生产管柱具有其独特性,超大的细长比决定了管柱的整体刚度极低,一般的小型实验系统很难模拟出这样的特点。该研究建立了一个大型生产管柱实验台架,用PE管模拟了一个具有超大细长比特征的油管柱模型,用以模拟生产管柱在高速流体冲击下的振动特性。实验结果表明:三高气井生产管柱在高速流体作用下会以某一固定频率发生振动,振动时管柱中间和底部位置的振幅最大;气体产量越大,管柱振动越剧烈;增加油管壁厚可以有效抑制油管的振动幅度,但不可以改变管柱的振动频率;封隔器安装位置过高或过低都不能起到较好的抑制振动的效果,单个封隔器安装在管柱8/10位置可以起到较好的抑制振动的效果。

±800kV与500kV混压大跨越钢管混凝土塔等效风荷载分析

大跨越钢管混凝土塔相比于普通钢管塔存在质量、刚度突变的特点。为探究钢管混凝土塔和钢管塔在风荷载作用下的响应规律及设计风荷载的取值,该文以实际工程为例,通过有限元模拟分析了两种塔型的动力特性和风振响应,并将等效静力风荷载与规范结果进行比较。结果表明:钢管混凝土塔的刚度明显高于钢管塔,且前几阶频率相对密集,振型间相互耦合明显;按规范等效风荷载的结构响应大于时程分析响应极值;按规范计算的钢管混凝土塔风振系数在灌入混凝土顶部附近存在突变;钢管混凝土塔顶部位移、加速度响应明显小于钢管塔,且钢管混凝土塔的脉动响应下降更为明显。

某钢箱梁人行天桥承载能力与舒适度评估

为了研究钢箱梁人行天桥的承载能力、动力特性及振动舒适度情况,评定桥梁的性能状态和使用功能,为桥梁竣工验收提供技术依据,同时为桥梁科学管理和提高养护水平积累技术资料,建立和健全完备的桥梁技术档案。采用现场加载试验和人行激励试验的方法及有限元数值模拟,基于静载试验测试桥梁的应力和挠度,结合动载试验,通过对桥梁进行模态分析,得到桥梁自振频率、阻尼比等参数测定桥梁的自振特性,并且进行现场人行激励试验,分别采用规避敏感频率法和限制动力响应值法,评价结构舒适度。将现场试验实测值与有限元计算理论值对比得出结论,荷载试验测试数据表明,结构承载能力和整体刚度均满足设计和使用要求,可以按照设计人群荷载正常使用。天桥上部结构竖向基频及竖向加速度峰值满足相关规范对结构舒适度的要求。