Black Hole Complementarity in Terms of the Outsider and Insider Perspectives

A complementarity hypothesis concerning outsider and insider perspectives of a gargantuan black hole is proposed. The two thought experiments presented herein are followed by a brief discussion of a new interpretation of black hole interior “space-and-time-reversal”. Specifically, it is proposed that the “singularity” space of the black hole interior is time-like and the expansion time of the black hole interior is space-like. The resemblance of this new insider interpretation to our own expanding and redshifting big bang universe is compelling.

Complementarity Maps of Wind and Solar Energy Resources for Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

If two or more renewable energy sources are available in the same region, their complementary can be advantageous in a hybrid power system. Three indices are defined in this work for assessing the complementarity of solar and wind resources for energy production. Based on existing data of solar radiation and wind speed, these complementarity indices were calculated and represented in the form of maps for the state of Rio Grande do Sul, in southern Brazil. The results found suggest that there are some areas of the state where the use of hybrid wind-solar power systems could be more effective than single photovoltaic or wind systems.

Influence of Different Degrees of Complementarity of Solar and Hydro Energy Availability on the Performance of Hybrid Hydro PV Generating Plants

The complementarity of energy resources used in hybrid power generation can result in optimization of power capacity and reservation capabilities. This article is dedicated to the study of hybrid hydro PV systems. The goal is to establish the relationship between system performance and complementarity of energy resources. The study was carried out with computer simulations based on a method that uses ideal functions developed to describe the energy resources and determines a limit of performance. The results confirm expectations that performance, as measured by the total time of failure to meet demand, will be better as energy resources are complementary. Charts relating energy complementarity with failures are presented. The subsequent research work shall proceed to at least two different phases. In the first one, the method exposed in the present work shall be applied to real data and compared to the operation of existing hybrid plants. In the second phase, results shall be confronted with design parameters of hydro PV plants based on complementary resources. A next stage would be the enlargement of the method applied in this work for systems based on other energy resources, such as wind energy and ocean wave energy.

An Index Assessing the Energetic Complementarity in Time between More than Two Energy Resources

Energy complementarity can be a tool for managers to prioritize investments in new power generation ventures. An index for complementarity assessment should allow comparison of complementarities at different sites. This article proposes a new method for the calculation of complementarity index, allowing the comparison two energy resources and also allowing the comparison of more than two energy resources. In addition, the proposed index still allows the use of hourly or daily series and not only maximum or minimum values. Finally, this article also presents a map for the state of Rio Grande do Sul, the southernmost state of Brazil, indicating the energetic complementarity in time between hydropower, wind energy and PV solar energy.

Some Remarks on Energy Storage and Energetic Complementarity

This letter to the editor presents some notes related to the technological and economic limitations of the means actually available for energy storage and highlights the role that can be played by the notion of energetic complementarity in order to make feasible alternatives for a better use of the energy resources at our disposal. The notion of complementarity may represent a major advance in the design of energy generation projects, but its application depends on a broader conception of the projects and the contexts in which they are included.

Complementarity in Time between Hydro, Wind and Solar Energy Resources in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, in Southern Brazil

This work studies the complementarity between hydro, wind and solar photovoltaic energy in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. Brazil is a country highly dependent on hydro energy;however, the existent plants are not being able to cover the energy demand in recent years. In this context, the state of Rio Grande do Sul becomes important because of its potential for wind and solar photovoltaic energy, having complementarity between water, wind and solar photovoltaic schemes when hydroelectric reservoirs are at their lowest levels. This study aims to survey the complementarity of various parts of Rio Grande do Sul by proposing mathematical dimensionless ratios, focusing on intra-annual period to carry out a mapping of the entire state. It also analyses the ability to provide power supply throughout the year, through the stabilization of the energy supply, which depends on an adequate scale for photovoltaic, wind power and hydroelectric harnessing. According to the results obtained, the regions with the best complementarity indexes for deployment of a hybrid system in relation to water and wind power were the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre and the Southeast region, and the same regions also presented the best results for the complementarity between hydro and solar photovoltaic. Regarding wind and solar photovoltaic energy, the state’s northeast region presented the best results. Finally, the Northeast region of the state also presented the best results for the three energies together.

Bases for a Methodology Assessing Time Complementarity in Space

Energetic complementarity has been studied in recent years and can be an important tool for managers to decide on the design and operation of hybrid systems based on renewable energy resources. Complementarity is an ability presented by two or more energy resources to complement each other over time. Complementarity can be verified in one place or at different places. This second case can be termed as spatial complementarity and is more complex than the complementarity in the same place, requiring a specific approach for its quantification This paper discusses concepts related to energetic complementarity and presents the basis for a method to evaluate energetic time-complementarity across space, applying the concepts presented to the northern coast of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, the southernmost state of Brazil.

Some Concerns Related to the Idea of Energetic Complementarity and Its Application

This letter to the editor presents some notes on energetic complementarity and a growing understanding of its role as a planning tool. This letter looks at the fact that an increasing number of works in recent years on this subject has promoted an increase in its level of importance in the design and operation of energy systems. The main change is the consideration of complementarity no longer as a consequence but as a design parameter. The continental dimension of Brazil, for example, should make it obvious that complementarities should be sought among the various energy resources available.

Double-Layer-Optimizing Method of Hybrid Energy Storage Microgrid Based on Improved Grey Wolf Optimization

To reduce the comprehensive costs of the construction and operation of microgrids and to minimize the power fluctuations caused by randomness and intermittency in distributed generation,a double-layer optimizing configuration method of hybrid energy storage microgrid based on improved grey wolf optimization(IGWO)is proposed.Firstly,building a microgrid system containing a wind-solar power station and electric-hydrogen coupling hybrid energy storage system.Secondly,the minimum comprehensive cost of the construction and operation of the microgrid is taken as the outer objective function,and the minimum peak-to-valley of the microgrid’s daily output is taken as the inner objective function.By iterating through the outer and inner layers,the system improves operational stability while achieving economic configuration.Then,using the energy-self-smoothness of the microgrid as the evaluation index,a double-layer optimizing configuration method of the microgrid is constructed.Finally,to improve the disadvantages of grey wolf optimization(GWO),such as slow convergence in the later period and easy falling into local optima,by introducing the convergence factor nonlinear adjustment strategy and Cauchy mutation operator,an IGWO with excellent global performance is proposed.After testing with the typical test functions,the superiority of IGWO is verified.Next,using IGWO to solve the double-layer model.The case analysis shows that compared to GWO and particle swarm optimization(PSO),the IGWO reduced the comprehensive cost by 15.6%and 18.8%,respectively.Therefore,the proposed double-layer optimizationmethod of capacity configuration ofmicrogrid with wind-solar-hybrid energy storage based on IGWO could effectively improve the independence and stability of the microgrid and significantly reduce the comprehensive cost.

水风光大基地资源分析要求和方法

近年来,由于“极热无风”“晚峰无光”“云来无光”“冬季枯水”甚至极端天气导致的“汛期反枯”等气象问题加剧了能源保供的压力,能源开发方式将不能局限于单一能源品种,而应呈现多能互补方式,清洁可再生的“水风光”多能互补开发,可以最大程度地带动流域内风光资源的开发利用,弥补新能源发电的出力不足,是保障电量可靠供给的有效方式。水风光资源的特性与时空分布是水风光多能互补规划设计和调度运行的基础与依据,本文首先论述了水风光资源特性及其评估方法,进而开展对水风光互补特性的研究,最后针对水风光大基地在规划设计和调度运行中的资源分析方法进行论述。

多时间尺度嵌套的梯级水电可承载风光资源规模研究

随着双碳目标的提出,我国能源结构正逐步以依赖化石能源转向以可再生清洁能源体系为主。然而以风电和光伏发电为代表的清洁能源因出力波动性与不确定性难以单独运行并网消纳。水电站具有良好的调节能力,可与风电场、光伏电站联合运行,平抑新能源发电的不稳定性。我国西南地区水能资源丰富,建设有大量具有调节性水库的梯级水电站,将梯级水电与流域周边风电、光伏资源互补运行,充分利用梯级水电的调节能力打捆外送优质电能是实现能源转型的重要手段。为量化梯级水电站对风电、光伏资源的承载能力,提出了水电中长期优化调度—水风光短期优化配置的嵌套计算模型。以水电中长期优化调度计算结果确定短期调度计算边界,在短期调度时调整风电、光伏规模,以源荷匹配度最大、发电量最大和弃电率最小为目标进行优化调度,采用分层嵌套策略进行解耦,以计算梯级水电站可承载的风电、光伏资源规模。应用该模型于雅砻江流域梯级水电站群,计算得到雅砻江流域“三库七级”梯级水电站承载风电、光伏资源规模。研究结果表明:考虑2025规划水平年以及5%弃电率约束,雅砻江流域梯级水电可承载风电资源规模139.6万kW、光伏资源规模1074万kW。研究成果对优化流域内水风光多能互补发电系统具有参考价值。

多能互补提供频率支撑的储能容量分布鲁棒规划方法

随着具有不确定性的新能源大规模并网,电力系统的频率安全面临严峻挑战,而合理规划储能是维持电力系统稳定运行和应对可再生能源不确定性的重要手段。为此,针对高可再生能源渗透率系统的储能容量规划问题,提出了一种考虑多能互补提供频率支撑的储能容量分布鲁棒规划方法。首先,建立了多能互补提供频率支撑的频率安全模型,并将其线性化后嵌入到典型日运行中,以维护电力系统频率的稳定性。其次,采用基于生成对抗网络的分布鲁棒优化,实现在新能源出力最劣概率分布下的储能容量规划,以应对新能源出力的不确定性。最后,基于IEEE 39节点系统进行算例分析,验证了所提方法可在保证电力系统频率安全的同时,具有较好的经济性和鲁棒性。

基于能源枢纽的综合能源信息物理系统安全防护架构研究

为了提高综合能源系统(IES)中设备间和能源节点间的能源和信息交互效率,降低能源生产和传输成本,实现多种能源的高效转化与灵活分配,构建了一种基于能源枢纽(EH)的集中-分布式IES架构。基于该IES模型,定义了基于子信息物理系统集群的信息物理系统,在信息侧提出了能源枢纽节点内部每个子信息物理系统运行模型以及基于子信息系统服务器的信息交互模型。计及IES中信息安全问题对系统可靠性的影响,结合不同类型能源互补、能源网络传输分配、储能和清洁能源动态接入等系统运行特性,分析了综合能源信息物理系统安全需求,并基于可信计算技术构建了一种三元三层可信安全防护架构。从各能源节点为入手点,该防护体系形成了基于节点可信、网络连接可信和应用可信的防护机制,以确保IES安全可靠运行。

风光互补发电制氢储能系统多目标优化研究

解决电力系统中可再生能源出力波动性和间断性是保证微电网正常运行的关键,文中提出一种经济与能源消纳相协调的风光互补发电制氢储能系统优化模型。考虑电解水制氢装置在能源系统中的应用,以系统运行成本和可再生能源消纳比作为优化目标,利用多目标优化算法验证模型的有效性,并通过控制系统中电制氢装置启停,对比分析了风光互补发电制氢装置对优化系统经济运行和提升风光消纳的重要作用,对有效解决“弃风弃光”问题提供新思路和解决办法。

贵州乡村多能互补能源综合利用关键技术研究

现如今分布式电源、光储直柔新型能源系统的多能互补利用成为了贵州乡村能源利用转型升级的重要发展方向。对贵州乡村自然资源禀赋进行分析,探讨了基于分布式电源、光储直柔新型能源系统、微电网/微能网、能源互联网的多能互补利用。通过对具体实例进行研究,旨在推动乡村能源技术发展以及有效提升运营水平,促进乡村综合能源供给与消费模式的转变。

村镇多能互补供暖适宜评价方法

在清洁取暖政策的要求下,村镇多能互补供暖得到了快速发展,但在合理决策系统形式、准确评价应用效果方面存在明显滞后。本文从构建指标体系、赋权、综合评价三方面对现有评价方法展开综述,以寻求村镇多能互补供暖的最优评价方法,并应用于案例分析。结果表明,采用层次分析法确定指标体系、组合赋权法确定权重、模糊综合评价法确定系统形式、基于欧氏距离和灰色关联度的逼近理想解排序法评价应用效果比现有评价方法更准确。

考虑风光出力不确定性的风光储微电网系统智能协调控制策略

对风光储互补的微电网发电系统进行研究,针对风光发电与负载功率不匹配问题,提出了一种基于新型变步长电导增量法的最大功率点追踪控制方法,利用基于Ziegler-Nichols法的改进自适应PID算法实现负载功率蓄电池充放电控制的协同控制策略。通过在MATLAB/Simulink中搭建仿真模型并进行验证,证明了所述方案的准确性以及可行性。

基于旭龙水电站的水光蓄互补规划研究

旭龙水电站位于金沙江干流上游川滇河段,周边太阳能资源丰富,具备抽水蓄能站点资源。目前,旭龙水电站已开工建设,但周边新能源配套开发方案尚未明确。考虑水量平衡、年弃光率等约束条件,分别构建了旭龙水电站水光互补、光蓄互补、水光蓄互补容量配置数学模型,计算分析了不同开发模式的容量配比关系,并对不同开发模式的综合上网电价进行了分析。结果表明:枯水年情景下,年弃光率均不超过5%,水光蓄互补可配套6210 MW光伏开发,比水光互补、光蓄互补模式配套光伏规模分别增加了4045,3305 MW。配置光伏装机规模6210 MW,水光蓄互补模式平均弃光率为7.3%,通道利用小时数5468 h,在3种互补模式中水平居中、较为合理。此外,水光蓄互补模式一体化综合上网电价为0.3187元/(kW·h),比水电站本身电价降低了0.0074元/(kW·h),提升了水电站的市场竞争力。研究成果量化了水电站和抽水蓄能电站促进新能源开发的效益,可为旭龙水电站周边新能源资源开发规划提供参考。

雅砻江能源基地水风光互补短期调度运行模式对比研究

随着风电和光伏装机规模及其在电网中占比的双增长,电力系统安全经济运行对调峰资源需求更大,优化调度运行方式,挖掘现有调峰潜力资源是一条有效途径。本文以雅砻江下游流域水风光一体化多能互补示范基地为研究对象,剖析了能源基地现行分散式运行模式存在的问题,提出能源基地水风光多能源集总式调度运行模式。在此基础上,构建了考虑能源基地跨区域送电、多电网调峰的多能互补短期优化调度模型,并从水风光出力过程、新能源消纳量、梯级水电出力及弃、缺电情况等四个方面对比分析了两种运行模式差异。结果表明,集总式调度运行模式能够更充分发挥流域梯级水电站调峰能力,不仅能够提高新能源消纳量,同时能够在一定程度上保障水电发电量,并能够有效解决当前运行模式在同一时刻同时存在弃电和缺电现象,体现了区域间资源互补优势。

计及虚拟储能的电-水-热综合能源系统日前优化调度方法

针对包含高比例波动性光伏、光热等可再生能源的电-水-热综合能源系统(EWH-IES),提出一种计及虚拟储能(VES)的EWH-IES日前经济调度方法。首先,为有效利用供水子系统储水特性与供热水子系统储热水特性所带来的灵活性,建立了EWH-IES中电-水和电-热之间的两类VES模型,定义了其虚拟充放电功率、虚拟电容量和虚拟荷电状态3项虚拟储能参数,以发掘储水与储热水能力参与EWH-IES的优化运行。然后,建立了融合VES模型和耦合电-水、电-热之间能量流与物质流的扩展能源集线器模型,以描述EWH-IES能量流与物质流转换的数学关系。在此基础上,提出计及两类VES虚拟充放电能力的EWH-IES日前经济优化调度方法,通过对两类VES的灵活性利用,共同支撑EWH-IES的优化运行。最后,通过算例验证了所提方法在提升EWH-IES运行经济性和可再生能源消纳方面的有效性。