Relationship Between Watershed Landscape Pattern Change and Runoff-Sediment in Wind-Water Erosion Crisscross Region

This paper selected the typical wind-water erosion crisscross region Xiliugou watershed for research to reveal the impact of the landscape pattern change of the underlying surface in wind-water erosion crisscross region where soil erosion is most serious on rainfall and runoff as well as erosion and sediment.Based on the Landsat TM image data and measured data of runoff-sediment in that watershed,the paper analyzed the characteristics of watershed landscape pattern change and runoff-sediment and explored the relationship between landscape index and runoff-sediment yield by means of GIS and Fragstats.The results were included as follows.(1)Grassland was the dominant landscape.In terms of the number of patches and area change rate,from 1985 to 2010,cultivated land,forest land and construction land were most stable,followed by unused land.Unused land,grassland and cultivated land experienced the most dramatic conversion and maximally affected by human activities.(2)The inter-annual difference between annual runoff and annual sediment load was significant.Compared with the annual sediment load,the trend of decreasing runoff was more obvious.The correlation coefficient of runoff-sediment was 0.67,representing a significant correlation.(3)There was a significant correlation between the landscape index and runoff-sediment.The runoff was negatively correlated with the largest patch index,patch cohesion index,aggregation index and contagion index,but positively correlated with landscape morphology index and landscape division index.And the sediment was negatively correlated with the contagion index,aggregation index and plaque cohesion index,but positively correlated with other landscape indexes.The results indicate that with the increase of the largest patch index,patch cohesion index and aggregation index,the rainfall infiltration capacity increase obviously and the soil erosion reduce significantly.Therefore,increasing the largest patch index,patch cohesion and aggregation index of the watershed landscape can enhance the function of water storage and soil conservation as well as ecological optimization in the windwater erosion crisscross region.The results can provide theoretical support for the ecological environment construction and comprehensive utilization of water and soil resources.

Spatial distribution of surface rock fragment on hillslopes in a small catchment in wind-water erosion crisscross region of the Loess Plateau

The cover and size distributions of surface rock fragment in hillslopes were investigated by using digital photographing and treating technique in a small catchment in wind-water erosion crisscross region of the Loess Plateau. The results indicated that the maximal cover of rock fragment was pre-sented at mid-position in steep hillslope. Rock fragment presented a general decreasing-trend along the hillslope in gentle hillslope. Rock fragment cover was positively related to gradient, rock fragment size decreased generally along the hillslope, and the size reduced with the gradient. The mean size of rock fragment was at a range of 6―20 mm in the steep hillslope, rock fragment size > 50 mm was rarely presented. The covers of rock fragment at different positions were markedly related to the quantities of rock fragment < 40 mm. The area of rock fragment of 2―50 mm accounted for 60% or more of the total area, dominating the distribution of rock fragment in the hillslopes.

黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带和神木试区的环境背景及整治方向

黄土高原土壤侵蚀最强烈地区出现于年降水量为400mm左右的水蚀风蚀交错地带,本区气候变化剧烈,植被稀疏,土壤侵蚀全年进行,为典型的脆弱生态环境区。春季风蚀强烈,夏秋暴雨侵蚀频繁,两者交替进行,相互促进,年均侵蚀模数多在10000t/km^2以上,境内的晋陕蒙煤田开发区为强烈侵蚀的中心,又为黄河下游河床粗泥沙的主要来源区。鉴于治黄和煤田开发的紧迫需要,神木试区即设于该地区,建立该试区进行环境整治的试验示范研究具有广泛的实际指导意义。综合分析神木试区的优势和劣势。以小流域为单元,探讨工副业与农业相结合,生态效益与经济效益同步发展,农林牧副业生产走向商品化,走向市场的新途径。

退耕还林还草过程中不同土地利用方式土壤呼吸作用及其碳收支评估

采用动态密闭气室法对黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区9种土地利用方式植物生长季节内(2010年6—10月)土壤呼吸速率及其主要影响因子进行测定,分析不同土地利用方式间土壤呼吸的差异性和土壤呼吸对温度、土壤水分、叶面积指数等因子的响应,对7种土地利用方式土壤碳收支进行了估算。结果表明,植物生长季节内,不同土地利用方式下土壤呼吸速率呈多峰型变化趋势。裸地、农地、梯田农地、苜蓿地、撂荒地、长芒草地、荒草地、沙柳地、沙蒿地的土壤呼吸速率季节变化范围分别为0.18～1.05、0.30～2.08、0.50～1.71、0.53～2.78、0.26～1.08、0.39～1.93、0.30～2.27、0.43～1.43、0.39～1.26μmol·m-2·s-1。9种土地利用方式下土壤呼吸速率均与气温和5、10、15cm地温呈显著相关(P<0.05)或极显著相关(P<0.01),而与0～6cm土壤水分相关性不显著。9种土地利用方式下地温对应的Q10值均表现为15cm地温>10cm地温>5cm地温。研究区域内土壤呼吸速率与其地上植被叶面积指数呈极显著线性相关关系(r=0.679,P<0.01)。

北方农牧交错带缓坡耕地土壤风蚀特征

研究采用野外观测手段对不同坡向和坡位的土壤风蚀特征进行测定和分析。结果表明:①缓坡耕地不同地形部位,风速随地形升高而增大,主要由于微地形作用,使南坡风速略高于北坡。②土壤风蚀量随风速变化呈现出指数函数变化趋势,风速增大则风蚀量也增大。③以坡顶为对称轴,北坡和南坡的风蚀量基本呈对称分布,北坡风蚀量占南坡风蚀量的88.6%;5个地形部位的风蚀量相比,最大值并非出现在坡顶部位。④坡中和坡底在0～6cm高度范围内,坡顶在0～8cm高度范围内,随高度和风速增加,风蚀量呈线性增大;在8～60cm高度范围内,风蚀量随高度增加呈现出负指数函数递减的规律,6cm<高度<20cm递减率较大,高度>20cm递减率较小。

水蚀风蚀交错区典型人工林土壤水分亏缺特征

为充分了解水蚀风蚀交错区典型林地土壤水分差异性及其生态水文效应,选择陕西省延安市吴起县水蚀风蚀交错区长城镇退耕还林后形成的典型人工林(小叶杨、山杏、山桃、柠条、河北杨和沙棘林)为研究对象,采用烘干法测定土壤含水量,分析0~300 cm土层土壤水分季节变化特征、贮水量特征和土壤贮水亏缺程度。结果表明:在0~300 cm土层,6种林地土壤水分具有明显的垂直变异特征,即随着土层深度的增加,土壤含水量先升高后降低;6种林地各土层的土壤含水量均具有明显的季节变化特征,且变异系数在表土层较大,随着深度的增加而减小;6种林地土壤水分活跃层存在一定的差异性;其中,沙棘林土壤水分活跃层最深(0~80 cm),其它林地相对较浅(20~40 cm);在0~100 cm土层,各林地土壤贮水量垂直变化趋势差异较大,且小叶杨、河北杨与沙棘林差异显著(P<0.05),沙棘各季节土壤贮水量随着土层深度的增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势。不同植被类型土壤贮水亏缺度存在差异,土壤水分亏缺度在季节上表现为秋季>春季>夏季。

农牧交错带缓坡丘陵区土壤风蚀研究——以内蒙古后山地区为例

土壤风蚀与风、土壤粒径组成和地表植被覆盖度有关,在农牧交错带缓坡丘陵区,风蚀是很严重的自然灾害。通过在有风的天气对丘陵不同坡向和坡位的风速和风蚀量以及土壤粒径进行测定和分析,得出丘陵不同部位受侵蚀大小是坡顶大于北坡、北坡大于南坡。该项研究为控制缓坡丘陵土壤风蚀提供了理论支持。

新建吉林省松原查干湖民用机场项目水土保持监测分析与评价

以松原查干湖民用机场项目水土保持监测为例,对风水蚀交错区生产建设项目的监测方法、水土保持措施及防治效果、水土流失情况进行分析与评价,根据监测结果,本工程防治责任范围比水保方案有所减少。主要原因是工程在初步设计和施工图设计阶段进行了优化,减少了临时占地。工程实施的表土剥离、表土回填、排水、护坡等工程措施基本到位,保土效果明显。工程实施的植物措施与方案相比有所变化,新增了临时占地的撒播种草措施,已采取的植被恢复和绿化措施植被生长状况良好,对防治水土流失取得了较好的效果。工程实施的临时堆土拦挡和苫盖措施,对水土流失的防护效果明显。为后期同类建设项目水土保持监测提供借鉴与参考。