A low-carbon economic dispatch model for electricity market with wind power based on improved ant-lion optimisation algorithm

Introducing carbon trading into electricity market can convert carbon dioxide into schedulable resources with economic value.However,the randomness of wind power generation puts forward higher requirements for electricity market transactions.Therefore,the carbon trading market is introduced into the wind power market,and a new form of low-carbon economic dispatch model is developed.First,the economic dispatch goal of wind power is be considered.It is projected to save money and reduce the cost of power generation for the system.The model includes risk operating costs to account for the impact of wind power output variability on the system,as well as wind farm negative efficiency operating costs to account for the loss caused by wind abandonment.The model also employs carbon trading market metrics to achieve the goal of lowering system carbon emissions,and analyze the impact of different carbon trading prices on the system.A low-carbon economic dispatch model for the wind power market is implemented based on the following two goals.Finally,the solution is optimised using the Ant-lion optimisation method,which combines Levi's flight mechanism and golden sine.The proposed model and algorithm's rationality is proven through the use of cases.

Airborne laser scanning of natural forests in New Zealand reveals the influences of wind on forest carbon

Background： Forests are a key component of the global carbon cycle, and research is needed into the effects of human-driven and natural processes on their carbon pools. Airborne laser scanning （ALS） produces detailed 3D maps of forest canopy structure from which aboveground carbon density can be estimated. Working with a ALS dataset collected over the 8049-km2 Wellington Region of New Zealand we create maps of indigenous forest carbon and evaluate the influence of wind by examining how carbon storage varies with aspect. Storms flowing from the west are a common cause of disturbance in this region, and we hypothesised that west-facing forests exposed to these winds would be shorter than those in sheltered east-facing sites. Methods： The aboveground carbon density of 31 forest inventory plots located within the ALS survey region were used to develop estimation models relating carbon density to ALS information. Power-law models using rasters of top-of-the-canopy height were compared with models using tree-level information extracted from the ALS dataset. A forest carbon map with spatial resolution of 25 m was generated from ALS maps of forest height and the estimation models. The map was used to evaluate the influences of wind on forests. Results： Power-law models were slightly less accurate than tree-centric models （RMSE 35% vs 32%） but were selected for map generation for computational efficiency. The carbon map comprised 4.5 million natural forest pixels within which canopy height had been measured by ALS, providing an unprecedented dataset with which to examine drivers of carbon density. Forests facing in the direction of westerly storms stored less carbon, as hypothesised. They had much greater above-ground carbon density for a given height than any of 14 tropical forests previously analysed by the same approach, and had exceptionally high basal areas for their height. We speculate that strong winds have kept forests short without impeding basal area growth. Conclusion： Simple estimation models based on top-of-the canopy height are almost as accurate as state-of-the-art tree-centric approaches, which require more computing power. High-resolution carbon maps produced by ALS provide powerful datasets for evaluating the environmental drivers of forest structure, such as wind.

Enhancement of corona discharge induced wind generation with carbon nanotube and titanium dioxide decoration

Dip-coated double-wall carbon nanotubes(DWCNTs) and titanium dioxide(TiO2) sol have been prepared and smeared onto the tip of a conductive iron needle which serves as the corona discharge anode in a needle-cylinder corona system.Compared with the discharge electrode of a CNT-coated needle tip, great advancements have been achieved with the TiO_2/CNT-coated electrode, including higher discharge current, ionic wind velocity, and energy conversion efficiency,together with lower corona onset voltage and power consumption.Several parameters related to the discharge have been phenomenologically and mathematically studied for comparison.Thanks to the morphology reorientation of the CNT layer and the anti-oxidation of TiO_2, better performance of corona discharge induced wind generation of the TiO2/CNT-coated electrode system has been achieved.This novel decoration may provide better thoughts about the corona discharge application and wind generation.

Experimental study on mitigating wind erosion of calcareous desert sand using spray method for microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation

Wind erosion is one of the significant natural calamities worldwide, which degrades around one-third of global land. The eroded and suspended soil particles in the environment may cause health hazards, i.e.allergies and respiratory diseases, due to the presence of harmful contaminants, bacteria, and pollens.The present study evaluates the feasibility of microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation(MICP)technique to mitigate wind-induced erosion of calcareous desert sand(Thar desert of Rajasthan province in India). The temperature during biotreatment was kept at 36℃ to stimulate the average temperature of the Thar desert. The spray method was used for bioaugmentation of Sporosarcina(S.) pasteurii and further treatment using chemical solutions. The chemical solution of 0.25 pore volume was sprayed continuously up to 5 d, 10 d, 15 d, and 20 d, using two different concentration ratios of urea and calcium chloride dihydrate viz 2:1 and 1:1. The biotreated samples were subjected to erosion testing(in the wind tunnel) at different wind speeds of 10 m/s, 20 m/s, and 30 m/s. The unconfined compressive strength of the biocemented crust was measured using a pocket penetrometer. The variation in calcite precipitation and microstructure(including the presence of crystalline minerals) of untreated as well as biotreated sand samples were determined through calcimeter, scanning electron microscope(SEM), and energydispersive X-ray spectroscope(EDX). The results demonstrated that the erosion of untreated sand increases with an increase in wind speeds. When compared to untreated sand, a lower erosion was observed in all biocemented sand samples, irrespective of treatment condition and wind speed. It was observed that the sample treated with 1:1 cementation solution for up to 5 d, was found to effectively resist erosion at a wind speed of 10 m/s. Moreover, a significant erosion resistance was ascertained in15 d and 20 d treated samples at higher wind speeds. The calcite content percentage, thickness of crust,bulk density, and surface strength of biocemented sand were enhanced with the increase in treatment duration. The 1:1 concentration ratio of cementation solution was found effective in improving crust thickness and surface strength as compared to 2:1 concentration ratio of cementation solution. The calcite crystals formation was observed in SEM analysis and calcium peaks were observed in EDX analysis for biotreated sand.

Reliability of Power System Integrated with Wind Generation Considering Carbon Tax

This paper proposes a method to evaluate the reliability of power system with different capacities of wind power while considering carbon tax. The proposed method is a hybrid approach which combines Frequency and Duration (F&D) method and Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) method. MCS method is used to achieve a model to simulate the random status of power system. Also, the proposed method is applied on the IEEE 14-bus test system to investigate the effects of integrating different capacities of wind energy to the reliability of power system with considering carbon tax.

Application of Life-Cycle Assessment for the Study of Carbon and Water Footprints of the 16.5 MWe Wind Farm in Villonaco, Loja, Ecuador

Wind technology is considered to be among the most promising types of renewable energy sources, and due to high oil prices and growing concerns about climate change and energy security, it has been the subject of extensive considerations in recent years, including questions related to the relative sustainability of electricity production when the manufacturing, assembly, transportation and dismantling processes of these facilities are taken into account. The present article evaluates the environmental impacts, carbon emissions and water consumption, derived from the production of electric energy of the Villonaco wind farm, located in Loja, Ecuador, during its entire life cycle, using the Life Cycle Analysis for this purpose. Finally, it is concluded that wind energy has greater environmental advantages since it has lower values of carbon and water footprints than other energy sources. Additionally, with the techniques Cumulative Energy Demand and Energy Return on Investment, sustainability in the production of electricity from wind power in Ecuador is demonstrated;and, that due to issues of vulnerability to climate change, the diversification of its energy mix is essential considering the inclusion of non-conventional renewable sources such as solar or wind, this being the only way to reduce both the carbon footprint and the water from the energy supply.

基于源荷匹配的梯级水风光蓄系统优化运行研究

在“双碳”目标下,我国亟需进行能源结构转型,提高可再生能源在电力系统中的比例。调节性水电站和抽蓄电站具有良好的调蓄能力,可以作为调节电源与风光电源联合运行,从前端减缓风光不稳定出力对电力系统的冲击,促进新能源集中上网消纳。因此,充分利用梯级水电站及抽水蓄能电站的调节性能,制定合理的一体化调度策略,有利于在发电侧实现水风光蓄打捆送出和协同消纳,助力“双碳”目标实现。基于对梯级水风光蓄互补发电系统在短期调度中电网侧负荷需求和梯级水电水资源利用率的考虑,构建以源荷差异最小、梯级水电蓄能增量最大为目标,以常规水电站、风光电站、抽水蓄能电站安全运行条件为约束的短期互补调度模型,并采用粒子群-动态规划内外层嵌套算法对模型进行求解。选取西南某流域常规梯级水电站、抽水蓄能电站及周边风光电站组成的水风光蓄互补发电系统为研究对象进行模拟计算,结果表明:(1)抽水蓄能电站倾向于在梯级电站水头较低时选择泄水发电,而在梯级电站水头较高时选择抽水或维持当前水位不变;(2)所构建模型有效提高了系统总出力曲线与电网负荷曲线的匹配度,实现了梯级水电站之间负荷与水量的合理分配,一定程度上减少了梯级水电站效益损耗,提高了水能利用率,增加了梯级水电蓄能增量,有利于源网协同运行和梯级电站之间的稳定运行。

含整体煤气化燃料电池-碳捕集电厂的风火储系统分布鲁棒调度方法

整体煤气化燃料电池(integrated gasification fuel cell,IGFC)是与碳捕集技术高度适配的清洁、高效、稳定的绿色煤电技术,有望克服传统碳捕集技术在低浓度CO_(2)环境下产生的高成本、高能耗问题。该文构建含IGFC碳捕集电厂的风火储发电系统。研究IGFC碳捕集电厂的运行机理,对IGFC内部各环节建立数学模型,提出工况匹配时燃烧利用率和阴极空气利用率需要满足的运行条件,并针对该型碳捕集电厂的电碳特性进行分析。为计及风电出力的不确定性,构建风火储系统的两阶段分布鲁棒经济调度模型,引入k阶适应性理论,提出基于正交支撑子集策略的求解方法来获得鲁棒对等式。最后,在改进IEEE-30节点系统中进行算例分析,结果表明,该型碳捕集电厂可利用阳极碳富集的优势,实现系统低碳经济调度的目标,并验证所提优化方法能为可行解提供可解释性。

考虑风电爬坡灵活调节的碳捕集电厂低碳经济调度

为实现“双碳”目标,风电等可再生能源的使用是减少碳排放的根本途径,而碳捕集电厂是降低碳排放的直接手段。但风电具有与生俱来的波动性,风电的骤升骤降会影响碳捕集电厂“电碳耦合”特性,从而对碳捕集效果带来不利影响。而储液罐通过增减自身溶液量可近似地存储释放能量,为解决上述问题提供了可能。该文首先搭建碳捕集电厂数学模型,分析储液罐通过增减溶液量带来的储放能量与碳捕集设备能耗之间的关联,研究储液罐的双向调节能力;然后,提出上爬坡碳超前补偿和下爬坡碳滞后补偿调度策略,双向调节储液罐使碳捕集电厂电碳解耦;接着,构建跟随风电爬坡进行调节的低碳经济调度模型;最后,对含碳捕集电厂、高碳电厂和风电场的电力系统进行仿真,证明所提方法的有效性。

“双碳”目标下我国电力系统灵活性资源发展策略研究

大力发展新能源是实现“双碳”目标的重要途径,但新能源的随机性、波动性和间歇性特点给电力系统供需平衡及稳定性带来严峻挑战,亟需发展多元灵活性资源来保障系统的安全稳定运行。本文综述了我国碳中和目标下电力需求及电源结构发展路线的相关研究情况,深入分析了不同风光发电量比例下电力系统对灵活性调节的不同需求,并从高峰能力(充足性)、爬坡灵活性、稳定性、惯性4个方面阐述了未来所需要的“源网荷储”各类灵活性资源特性;结合国际经验,提出了保障安全、低碳发展、经济最优的灵活性资源发展原则,并在分析我国灵活性资源发展存在问题的基础上,提出了与我国电力行业减排目标和中长期电力结构变化趋势相一致的灵活性资源发展路线;最后从电源、电网、负荷、储能、市场机制5个方面提出了发展灵活性资源的重点举措。

海上油气平台不稳定电源与储能联合配置优化策略

针对海上油气平台集群接入不稳定电源与储能的联合配置问题,结合海上风电、光伏特点及已有的拓扑结构,提出了三阶段风机/光伏/储能阶段式联合配置策略,介绍嵌入潮流计算的阶段式粒子群算法。第一阶段通过LightGBM网络预测模型得到风机光伏的时序预测发电功率,再以投资建设经济性和潮流稳定性为目标优化每个节点的风机/光伏容量;第二阶段针对不稳定电源配置后的配电网,提出了基于电压和损耗灵敏度为指标的集群划分方法,将配电网集群划分为若干个子集群;第三阶段根据划分后的子集群,以储能容量、配电网损耗和节点电压波动为目标为每个子集群内配置储能。以渤海油田某10 kV实际油气平台配电网为例,设立燃气机出力功率自定义和经济性自定义两种方案来验证联合配置优化决策的合理性。结果表明,两种配置策略都可以有效地提升海上油气平台配电网的潮流稳定性,提高新能源的渗透率。本文研究验证了海上分散式风机/光伏发电工程的可行性,有利于实现未来海上油气平台的“零碳”建设。

预应力CFRP布加固混凝土梁受弯试验

目的 研究不同加固方法下预应力碳纤维布加固混凝土梁的受弯性能,解决桥梁加固缺陷的问题。方法 制作了5根试验梁,其中一根为对比梁,不做任何加固处理,其余4根分别采用不同的锚固方式、不同的初始张拉力及不同的加固位置进行加固,通过控制变量,进行加载试验,分析其受弯性能的差异。结果 经加固后的试验梁承载能力与刚度明显增加,与对比梁相比,极限荷载分别提升了25%、22.06%、30.78%及36.76%;各试验梁达到屈服荷载时,经加固的试验梁挠度均小于对比梁产生的挠度,且模腔自锁式锚具锚固的试验梁挠度小于穿孔式自锁锚具锚固的试验梁挠度,相同锚固方法下初始张拉力较大的试验梁挠度要小于初始张拉力较小的试验梁挠度。结论 使用预应力碳纤维布加固混凝土梁能够有效提高混凝土梁的抗弯性能,提升效果与加固位置、锚固方式及初始张拉力大小有关。

基于荷-储碳流模型的电力系统双层优化调度

为减少高耗能机组出力,同时增加风电消纳能力,考虑负荷和储能两类灵活调用资源,提出基于荷-储碳放流模型的电力系统双层经济低碳优化调度方法。基于电力系统碳排放流理论,分别建立负荷和储能设备的碳排放流模型;设计考虑荷-储协同优化的低碳调度策略,在负荷侧建立基于负荷节点碳势的电-碳耦合价格需求响应模型,同时鉴于荷侧降碳调节的局限性,在储能侧建立基于碳流模型的低碳调度策略,实现荷-储协同低碳调度策略;考虑经济性和低碳性,建立包含上层经济调度、下层低碳调度的双层优化调度模型。通过改进IEEE-14节点系统对优化调度方法进行仿真验证,结果表明:提出的优化调度方法在保证经济性的同时,减少了弃风,并降低了高耗能机组出力,从而有效降低了全系统的碳排放。

考虑太阳能辅助碳捕集技术的综合能源生产单元随机低碳调度策略

为解决综合能源生产单元(integrated energy production unit,IEPU)中燃煤机组碳捕集过程的高能耗问题,同时应对新能源不确定性对运行调度带来的挑战,该文提出一种考虑太阳能辅助碳捕集技术的IEPU随机低碳调度策略,旨在实现IEPU的多能协同与低碳运行。首先,对含太阳能辅助碳捕集热电联产单元(combined heat and power based on solar-assisted carbon capture,CHP-SACC)的能量流动与运行机理进行分析,并构建其运行模型;其次,考虑风电不确定性带来的影响,提出一种基于条件最小二乘生成对抗网络(conditional-least squares generative adversarial networks,C-LSGANs)的可再生能源场景生成方法来提高场景的生成质量;然后,考虑异质能流耦合约束、多元设备运行约束以及能量平衡约束等,以最大化系统运行收益期望为目标构建IEPU随机低碳调度模型;最后,在算例仿真中设置不同的运行策略验证所提低碳转型方案的有效性,并分析了能源价格、设备容量等因素对系统运行收益的影响。

高低温对碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料高压气瓶的性能影响

为了获得T1000碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料高压气瓶环境适应能力,有效地掌握气瓶高低温适应性固有规律,以容积50 L、工作压力30 MPa的复合材料气瓶(钛为内衬、碳纤维/环氧树脂为复合层)为研究对象,首先介绍了高低温循环下带压气瓶(在-40~80℃范围内成功通过热真空、热循环验证,具备高压承载能力)的热真空、热循环试验数据,然后采用与气瓶相同复合材料的拉伸试样(缠绕角分别为0°和90°),通过高低温极限摸底试验获得了复合材料经历不同梯度高低温后的拉伸性能数据,通过数据比对分析获得了高低温影响拉伸强度衰减的规律。同时,提出了一种高低温极限摸底试验的可靠性评估方法。结果表明,在-50~100℃范围内,试样拉伸强度及断裂伸长率变化较小;当温度高于100℃时,纤维和树脂的性能发生衰减,导致拉伸强度明显降低;当温度低于-50℃时,树脂的性能发生衰减,纤维受到的影响较小。试样高低温极限摸底试验的可靠度大于0.999,表明采用拉伸试样高低温拉伸强度数据的替代方式具有较高的等效性。

新能源风力发电项目66 kV系统应用前景研究

随着“3060”碳达峰、碳中和目标的实施,大容量风电基地将不断出现,未来风电机组单机容量越来越大,集电线路采用66 kV电压等级,由于其在投资和电能损耗方面的优势,将是风电场发展的必然趋势。文章对35 kV与66 kV集电线路的经济性进行分析,以期为相关人员提供参考。

利用风电进行CO_(2)加氢制甲醇与天然气和煤路线对比的技术经济分析

将水电解､CO_(2)捕集､风力发电引入甲醇生产,在200 t/d的产能下,利用Aspen Plus对天然气重整､煤气化､CO_(2)直接加氢3种路线生产甲醇进行流程模拟,并依据模拟结果进行成本估算､碳排放分析和敏感性分析,分析引入电解水､CO_(2)捕集和风力发电的经济和环境效益。结果显示,在200 t/d的产能下,路线三(CO_(2)直接加氢)的成本高达9944.1元/t,远高于路线一(天然气重整,2595.2元/t)和路线二(煤气化,2266.5元/t),但路线三每t甲醇生产可减少CO_(2)排放0.57 t,相比另外2种方式的高额碳排放(0.67 t CO_(2)/t MeOH和2.29 t CO_(2)/t MeOH)具有巨大的优势。当电解水成本下降和高额碳税存在时,路线三有望实现商业应用。

考虑碳交易机制的含风电电力系统日前优化调度

随着双碳目标的推进,研究碳交易机制对新能源的电力系统优化运行的影响至关重要。为此,该文在传统经济调度的基础上,将碳交易模型引入到含风电电力系统调度中,以碳交易成本与发电成本之和最小为目标,在EasySolve计算平台进行计算求解。对于碳交易成本,分别采用基准碳价和阶梯碳价模型;对于风电成本,采用风电电量发电成本,考虑到风电的不确定性加入了风电出力偏差成本。之后代入改进的IEEE 39节点系统进行验证,证明了模型的合理性,同时满足经济性和低碳性。在此基础上,研究了碳价变化对优化调度的影响,得出了选取合理的碳价可以在有效减少碳排放量的同时控制成本的结论。此外,研究了阶梯碳价奖惩系数选取对优化调度的影响,得出增大阶梯碳价的奖惩系数可以进一步收敛合理碳价的范围的结论。

计及电转气-风-火-核-碳捕集的多源联合系统优化调度

在风-火-核-碳捕集多源联合系统中,核电机组在参与电网调峰时存在调峰深度选择不精确的问题。此外,该多源联合系统还存在风电消纳不足的问题。为此,构建了一种计及线性化核电机组调峰深度模型的电转气(power to gas,P2G)-风-火-核-碳捕集多源联合系统,并对该系统进行了日前优化调度。首先,基于核电机组负荷跟踪模式,通过引入连续变量,提高了调峰深度选择的准确性;然后,分析了碳捕集电厂-P2G联合运行模式及需求响应资源对促进风电消纳的积极作用;最后,以系统综合运行成本最低为目标函数,同时考虑碳交易机制,在Matlab平台搭建仿真模型,验证了所构建多源联合系统的有效性。结果表明,相较于核电机组采用固定调峰档位的多源联合系统,所构建的多源联合系统能够在保证核电机组安全稳定运行的同时,实现风电完全消纳,系统碳排放量与综合运行成本分别下降了13.74%与6.27%,提高了系统运行的低碳性与经济性。

计及动态碳排放对新能源消纳市场的价格研究

通过丰富电力市场交易方式,可有效提高新能源消纳水平。针对现有电力市场无法有效控制碳排放的特点,提出计及动态碳排放的电力市场出清方法,将火电碳排放成本动态传导到电价中,从而使部分发电权向新能源转移。同时,当发生弃能时,对弃能机组引入价格因子替换报价,进行电力市场二次出清,深度促进新能源应发尽发,以激励相容机制平衡发电权转受让方收益。采用改进的IEEE 30节点系统进行仿真验证,提出的电力市场交易机制能有效降低火电机组的碳排放并促进风光消纳,验证了该方法的有效性。