Correlation of Microbiological Stability with Redox Processes in White Wines

In this paper, the authors analyzed the correlation between the microbiological stability of white wines and the content of sulfur dioxide, which influences the main redox processes that take place in the technological stages of the wine. The consecutive, parallel and spontaneous development of several redox processes and their impact on the quality, microbiological and crystalline stability of white wines were examined. The reduction of additive and subtractive technological interventions, of the amounts of adjuvants (sulphurous anhydride) is essential for the production of organic wines.

基于Wine的国产操作系统对医院信息系统的适配改造实践

目的:筑牢医院信息安全基础,提升自主可控能力,对医院操作系统进行国产化替代。方法:选择国产自主可控服务器、终端和操作系统,基于Wine应用兼容器的API转换技术对医院各应用软件进行适配改造。结果:原Windows环境下的应用软件进行一定的改造适配即可在国产环境中正常运行,使用相同配置的国产终端和非国产终端分别运行国产操作系统和Windows操作系统,其CPU使用率、内存使用率和首屏时间在用户体验层面均无明显差异。结论:采取Wine应用兼容器的API转换技术改造Windows应用,能够大幅提升国产化替代的进程,降低应用系统的改造成本,具有较高的安全可控性,也能满足实际应用需求。

Modifications in aroma characteristics of'Merlot'dry red wines aged in American,French and Slovakian oak barrels with different toasting degrees

Aging in oak barrels is widely used in enology which could bring flavor changes and aromatic complexity to wines.In the present study,the aroma compounds were analyzed from the‘Merlot’dry red wines,which were fermented in two types of fermenters(stainless steel tank and rotated oak barrel)and aged in six types of oak barrels(three geographic origins×two toasting degrees)for different time(0,3,6 and 9 months,respectively).Results showed that 30 volatiles were associated with barrels and increased during oak aging.The fermenters could influence the intensities of the toast,leathery,smoky,fruity,floral and caramel aromas.The concentration of whisky lactone,eugenol,cis-isoeugenol,and the intensities of the toast and spicy aromas were highest in the wines aged in American oak and were lowest in the wines aged in French oak barrels.The concentrations of guaiacol,syringol,trans-isoeugenol,furfural alcohol,vanilla,cis-whisky lactone enabled the medium toasting barrels to be distinguished from the light toasting ones.The compounds originating from the barrels could be used to distinguish the types of different barrels,but the other general grape-derived and fermentation-derived volatiles could not.The fermenters,oak species and toasting degrees of the barrels all had significant effects on the aroma profiles of the aged‘Merlot’dry red wines,but the influence of the geographic origin was not obvious.

The protective effect of cyclodextrin on the color quality and stability of Cabernet Sauvignon red wine

The impact of cyclodextrins(CDs)on wine quality and stability remains largely unknown.This study systematically assessed the protective effect of the post-fermentation addition of CDs on color stability of red wine from the viewpoints of color characteristics,copigmentation and phenolic profiles.The grey relational analysis(GRA)and principal component analysis(PCA)methods were employed to dissect the key effective determinants related to color quality.The addition of CDs induced a significant hyperchromic effect of 8.19-25.40%,a significant bathochromic effect and an enhancement of the color intensity.Furthermore,the evolution of anthocyanin forms and the content of monomeric anthocyanins revealed that β-CD is a superior favorable cofactor during wine aging,but for long-term aging,2-HP-β-CD and 2-HP-γ-CD are more beneficial in promoting the formation of polymerized anthocyanins and color stability.This work provides an important reference for the use of CDs to enhance the color quality and stability of red wines.

Acute Toxicity of Jinchuan Formula Plum Wine Extract and Its Protective Effect on Mice with Liver Injury

[Objectives]To investigate the acute toxicity and hepatoprotective effect of Jinchuan formula plum wine extract on mice,determine its safety range,and evaluate its hepatoprotective effect.[Methods]The median lethal dose(LD_(50))was determined by acute toxicity test with the toxic reaction and mortality of mice as indexes.Sixty Kunming mice were randomly divided into 6 groups:normal control group,model group(ConA-induced liver injury model),Jinchuan formula plum wine high,medium and low dose groups(1.0,0.5,0.25 g/kg)and silybin group(0.1 g/kg).The levels of ALT,AST,LDH in serum and TG,VLDL in liver were measured.After HE staining,the pathological changes of liver tissue in mice were observed,and the liver protective effect of Jinchuan formula plum wine extract was analyzed and evaluated.[Results]LD_(50)was 11.18 g/kg,and the 95%confidence limit of LD_(50)was 10.31-12.05 g/kg.The high-dose group of Jinchuan formula plum wine extract could significantly reduce the serum ALT and AST activities of ConA-induced liver injury mice(P<0.05).[Conclusions]Jinchuan formula plum wine extract is relatively safe,and also has a protective effect on liver injury.

Microbiota for production of wine with enhanced functional components

Microbial communities during winemaking are diverse and change throughout the fermentation process. Microorganisms not only drive alcohol fermentation, flavor and aroma, but also enhance wine functional components such as extraction of polyphenols from the berries, production of γ-aminobutyric acid, hydroxytyrosol and melatonin. Polyphenols such as resveratrol, catechin and quercetin determine the functional quality of the wine. Moderate wine consumption, particularly red wine has been associated with functional benefits to human health, which includes anti-inflammation, promoting healthy aging, prevention of cardiovascular diseases, cancers, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Indeed, the management of microbiota allows the production of wine with distinct features and functional components that benefits human health. This review scrutinizes the possible contributions of wine microbiota to the production of wine with enhanced functional components and highlights the contributions of Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces yeasts and bacteria to enhance wine functional components during winemaking. Thus, contributing to the dissemination of the benefits of light to moderate wine intake to human health.

Wine,beer and Chinese Baijiu in relation to cardiovascular health:the impact of moderate drinking

Excessive alcohol consumption(≥15 drinks per week)causes chronic diseases and multiple other health conditions.Nevertheless,alcohol beverages have been used as a vital medicine ingredient in various cultures since ancient times.A wealth of epidemiological and experimental research has shown that light-moderate alcohol consumption,regardless of beverage type,is associated with reducing cardiovascular incidence and mortality rate.Due to the disparities in raw materials,fermentation techniques,production environment,etc.,alcoholic beverages tend to possess different non-ethanol component profiles,thus resulting in varying degrees of health effects.Furthermore,bioactive compounds in alcohol are continuously discovered as well as the mechanisms underlying their cardioprotective contributions at a molecular level.This article elucidates the epidemiology of moderate alcohol consumption and various cardiovascular conditions,along with the limitations and controversies of current studies.In addition,protective effects and putative mechanisms of both ethanol and non-ethanol components of wine,beer,and Chinese Baijiu,the three most representative alcoholic beverages worldwide,are to be evaluated within the context of a rational drinking pattern.

Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Profile of Wine Lees of Red Wines from Local Grapes Varieties

In the Republic of Moldova, the viticulture industry is a sector with a high economic impact, and the utilization of secondary products from winemaking represents a growing concern regarding environmental sustainability. Wine lees, one of the types of wine waste, is less studied in order to valorize it. Currently it is used in the production of ethyl alcohol, as aggregates in the soil and others. The aim of this study was to characterize from a physico-chemical and microbiological point of view the lees sediments obtained after the primary fermentation of three types of individualized red wines made from autochthonous grapes varieties. It was found that residual yeasts represent a valuable raw material containing carbohydrates (from 14.35% ± 0.19% to 25.11% ± 1.51% SU), lipids (from 4.61% ± 0.21% to 9.41% ± 2.04% SU), proteins (from 42.62% ± 1.57% to 77.62% ± 9.14% SU), anthocyanins (from 9.18 ± 0.15 to 22.78 ± 1.60 mg cianid) and beta-glucans (from 12.84% ± 0.01% to 17.42% ± 0.02%). The pH value of wine lees ranges from 3.49 ± 0.0 to 3.083 ± 0.01, the dry matter from 9.62% ± 0.22% to 25.06% ± 0.42% and the ash from 0.03% ± 0.42% to 0.035% ± 0.21%. The microbiological study confirmed the presence of live yeasts of the genus Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which remain active due to the presence of residual sugars and oxygen. The results of the research are promising and encourage the obtaining of new products with special purpose and added value.

Research progress of protein haze in white wines

Protein haze was one of the main causes of the instability of white wines. Proteins that caused haze or precipitation in white wines mainly came from grape fruits, and their compositions and contents were affected by many factors such as fruit diseases, harvesting methods and water stress. Unstable wine proteins were usually pathogenesis-related(PR)proteins of grapes, mainly chitinases and thaumatin-like proteins(TLPs), which had lower isoelectric point(pI)and smaller molecular weight, and were highly resistant to the low pH values of wines and the protease hydrolysis during fermentation. At present, the technology of protein stabilization and clarification in white wines mainly included bentonite fining, heat treatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, polysaccharide treatment and ultrafiltration methods. Among them, the most commonly used method was bentonite treatment. In this paper, the research progresses of the origin, mechanism and influencing factors of the unstable proteins in white wines were summarized, and the applications, advantages and disadvantages of various clarification techniques were also concluded, in order to provide some support for the theoretical and technological research of the protein stability in white wines in the future.

Study on Brewing Technology of Pear Wine

[Objectives]The quality of pear wine is directly affected by parameter control in the production process, especially in the fermentation stage. The fermentation parameters of pear wine were controlled by studying the effects of fermentation parameters on the product, in order to optimize the fermentation parameters. [Methods]The fermentation conditions of pear wine were optimized by single factor experiments and an orthogonal experiment. [Results] The optimum fermentation conditions of pear wine were nitrogen source 1.0 g/L, fermentation temperature 20 ℃, and pH of fermentation liquid 4.3. The pear wine brewed was full, mellow and harmonious, and had a unique style. The ethanol content of the pear wine was 12.33 through physical and chemical analysis. [Conclusions] This study provides theoretical basis and technical support for the industrial production and promotion of pear wine.

Tension-Compression Asymmetry in Ultrafine-grained Commercially Pure Ti Processed by ECAP

A homogenous microstructure of ultrafine-grained (UFG) commercially pure (CP) Ti characterized by equiaxed grains/subgrains with an average grain size of about 150 nm and strong prismatic fiber texture were obtained after 4 passes of equal channel angular pressing (ECAP).Tension–compression asymmetry in yield and work hardening behavior of UFG CP Ti were investigated by uniaxial tension and compression tests.The experimental results reveal that UFG CP Ti exhibits a relatively obvious tensioncompression asymmetry in yielding and work hardening behavior.The basal and prismaticslip are suppressed either for tension or compression,which is the easiest to activate.The tension twin system{1012}<1011> easily activated in compression deformation due to the prismatic fiber texture based on the Schmidt factor,consequently resulting in a lower yield strength under compression than tension.ECAP can improve the tension-compression asymmetry of CP Ti due to grain refinement.The interaction among the dislocations,grain boundaries and deformation twins are the main work hardening mechanisms for compression deformation,while the interaction between the dislocations and grain boundaries for tension deformation.Deformation twins lead to the higher work hardening under compression than tension.

Good Wine Needs No Bush——Exclusive Interview with Rita Kung,Investor,Board Member and CEO of Shandong Mystic Island Winery

Rita Kung is the board member and CEO of Shandong Mystic Island Winery.From working in an international metropolis to living in a quiet village,from being a senior manager to the CEO of a winery,from having little knowledge of wine culture to being very familiar with the industry,Rita has always taken changes in her career in her stride.She always believes that in order to start or develop a business,once the direction is clear,we must put our whole hearts into the operation and remain patient.

Optimization of Extraction Process of Polyphenols from Chrysanthemum morifolium and the Development of Chrysanthemum Rice Wine

[Objectives]This study was conducted to provide a theoretical basis for the extraction and comprehensive utilization of functional active components of Chrysanthemum morifolium polyphenols.[Methods]With C.morifolium as a raw material,polyphenols were extracted by water extraction.The extraction process of polyphenols were optimized by single factor tests on solid-liquid ratio,extracting time and times.Old rice wine selected as the base wine was added with C.morifolium polyphenol extract,honey,citric acid and other auxiliary materials to prepare a kind of chrysanthemum old rice wine.Through sensory analysis combined with fuzzy mathematics comprehensive evaluation method,the optimal formula of chrysanthemum old rice wine was determined,and the corresponding physicochemical indicators of the obtained chrysanthemum old rice wine were tested.[Results]The optimal soaking process for C.morifolium was as follows:extraction time of 20 min,a solid-liquid ratio of C.morifolium to warm water at 1:40,extraction times of 3 times.The physical and chemical indicators of the chrysanthemum wine obtained from the above optimal formula were as follows:sugar content 5%,ethanol content 11%,and pH value 4.04.The chrysanthemum old rice wine obtained was clear and transparent,and the fragrance of chrysanthemum was coordinated with the mellow aroma of rice wine.The taste was refreshing and suitable for the vast majority of people to drink.[Conclusions]The new type of chrysanthemum old rice wine combines the polyphenolic active substances in C.morifolium with the low ethanol content of old rice wine,which not only improves the utilization rate of C.morifolium,but also strengthens the health function of old rice wine products,improves the quality of old rice wine,and promotes the healthy and rapid development of the old rice wine industry.

酿酒葡萄种质资源果实品质性状的分析与评价

对40份酿酒葡萄种质资源的14个果实品质性状进行统计,并应用主成分分析和聚类分析方法进行综合评价,以筛选出适栽和特色品种。结果表明,14个品质性状的变异系数在8.45%~52.73%,其中花色苷含量变异系数最大,可溶性固形物含量变异系数最小,花色苷含量、穗质量、种子数、粒质量4个性状在不同资源之间存在较大差异;结合主要性状分布范围分析,筛选出高花色苷种质‘罗马4号’和高糖高酸高酚种质‘小芒森’。主成分分析将白色酿酒葡萄的8个主要果实性状综合为3个主成分,累计贡献率达90%以上,‘小芒森’‘菲尔斯’‘雷司令’等种质综合表现较好;红色酿酒葡萄9个品质指标综合为4个主成分,累计贡献率达87%以上,‘小味儿多’‘马瑟兰’‘赤霞珠685’‘赤霞珠’等种质综合表现较好。通过聚类分析将40份酿酒葡萄种质资源分为5类,第Ⅰ类为小粒、糖酸酚类物质含量高的种质;第Ⅲ类为大穗、糖酸酚类物质含量居中的种质;第Ⅱ类糖酸酚类物质含量处于中等,但果穗、果粒显著小于第Ⅲ类且总酚、单宁含量较高,酸含量较低;第Ⅳ类为大粒、低糖低酸低酚类种质;第Ⅴ类为中粒、低糖高酸中酚类种质。

Potential Application of a Wine Extract in Skin Care: How to Benefit from the Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Elastase Inhibiting Properties

Since plant polyphenols have many beneficial properties on health, the aim of this study was to evaluate the potential use of a phenolic wine extract, a by-product of wine production, for skin care on HaCaT cells. In these studies, a significant reduction of reactive oxygen species formation in HaCaT cells and severe elastase inhibition was observed. In contrast, the wine extract caused a major increase in lipase activity. The extract showed no influence on cell proliferation, but an immunomodulatory effect on the release of the interleukins IL-6 and IL-8 was found. The phenolic wine extract demonstrated a strong activity against gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens, yeasts, and fungi. Overall, our results show that the investigated phenolic wine extract is a promising ingredient for anti-aging skin care, could contribute to the improvement of skin appearance and health, and may positively affect cellulite.

数字金融与商业银行审计费用

以2011—2021年中国商业银行为研究对象,探究数字金融对审计费用的影响机理与传导效应。研究发现:数字金融发展初期会增加商业银行的审计费用,当数字金融发展到一定水平后,金融科技增强带来的审计费用下降效应会超过因审计投入和审计风险提升的审计费用上升效应,进而降低商业银行的审计费用,说明数字金融与审计费用之间呈先扬后抑的倒U形关系。机制检验发现,数字金融主要通过作用于代理冲突和信息不对称导致审计风险与成本变动,最终影响审计费用。异质性分析显示,审计主体来自国内四大审计事务所时,数字金融对审计费用的非线性作用增强;审计客体是上市银行与资本充足率较高的商业银行时,数字技术能更有效地对审计费用产生非线性效应;商业银行在市场化程度和法律水平较高、数字金融监管较严的地区时,数字金融与审计费用的倒U形关系更显著。研究结论从审计费用角度丰富了数字金融经济后果研究,为商业银行实施数字化转型战略、注册会计师审计收费决策提供参考。

不同酵母菌对酿造‘北冰红’干红葡萄酒品质影响研究

为探究不同酵母菌对酿造‘北冰红’干红葡萄酒品质影响,分别选用7种酵母菌CEC01、BV818、ViC、ADT、RV171、MST和‘左山二’酵母菌株发酵制备北冰红干红葡萄酒,并对7种干酒中总糖、总酸、花色苷和挥发性香气物质含量进行测试分析,以此判定不同酵母菌种对‘北冰红’干酒品质影响。结果表明:‘左山二’酵母菌株酿造干酒总糖最低,其次是ADT、RV171和MST;安琪酵母CEC01酿造干酒总酸最低,其次是‘左山二’酵母菌株、安琪酵母RV171、VIC;安琪酵母VIC酿造干酒花色苷含量最高,其次是RV171、BV818和MST;通过GC-IMS法在7种干酒中均检测到54种挥发性香气成分,香气成分含量差异较大。安琪酵母ADT酿造干酒酯类最高,甲醇、乙酸最低,RV171酿造干酒乙醇最高,酯类含量略低于ADT酿造的干酒。综合数据分析:以‘左山二’酵母菌株酿造的‘北冰红’干酒酒质最佳,其次为安琪酵母RV171> CEC01> ADT> BV818> MST,依此作为‘北冰红’干酒酿造优势菌株选择的依据。

连续流动分析法快速测定青稞酒中氰化物

建立了一种利用连续流动分析仪快速、准确测定青稞酒中氰化物含量的方法。结果显示,该方法测定氰化物含量在2.00~200.00μg·L^(-1)浓度范围内线性良好,相关系数为0.999 9,检出限为0.3μg·L^(-1),加标回收率为94.8%~96.9%,相对标准偏差为1.2%~2.6%。该方法操作简便快捷,准确度高、检出限低、重现性好,适用于大批量青稞酒中氰化物的检测。

新旧世界葡萄酒质量表达演变及形成

葡萄酒等级是全球葡萄酒行业的关注点。在旧世界葡萄酒等级表达中,产品等级不仅反映产品内在质量,还与具有质量风格的地理特征紧密相关;新世界葡萄酒等级表达中,葡萄酒地理特征仅表示产品来源真实性,葡萄酒质量以产品口感为基础并满足消费者消费偏好需求。葡萄酒官方等级分级具有从产区到列级酒庄的纵向化结构,葡萄酒等级分类具有从品种、年份到酒庄的横向化结构,前者分级以生产者视角下“为何分级”并同时聚焦分级内生形成关键要素,后者分类以消费者视角下“为何分类”并锚定产品质量的某一关键要素,两者之间关注点存在差异。这种差异给国际葡萄酒市场创造竞争空间,形成一种质量表达的实践共创、智慧共存的竞争格局。

数据保护的类商业秘密路径建构

在我国尚未为数据赋权的当下,为增强数据保护的可预见性,在反不正当竞争法中设立商业数据专条成为数据保护的可循路径。基于数字时代商业数据与商业秘密的内在共通性,反不正当竞争法商业数据专条的建构可采用类商业秘密保护路径,但应区分商业数据和商业秘密,并通过例外规则平衡数据保护与分享。在商业数据专条的设计中,数据客体界定规则是基础,数据不正当竞争行为类型规则是核心,数据不正当竞争限制例外规则是保障。数据不正当竞争类型包括不正当获取型、违反信义型、“非一手”转得型、帮助侵害型。数据垄断与实质改进等例外情形是数据合法使用的抗辩事由。