Tourism resource assessment and spatial analysis of wine tourism development： a case study of the eastern foothills of China＇s Helan Mountains

The reasonable development and utilization of mountainous regions closely relates to local economic development and ecological security. The wine production region in the eastern foothills of the Helan Mountains in Ningxia, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, with its excellent terroir, is emerging as one of China's three major geographical attractions. Based on surveys of tourism resources and spatial analysis for this wine producing region, we propose a highly representative and practicable path for wine tourism development. Based on China's national standard in Classification, Investigation and Evaluation of Tourism Resources(GB/T 18972-2003), which recommended the types and grades of tourism resources in one area, we conduct an analysis of resource characteristics and the current state of development. Using Arc GIS software, spatialautocorrelation analysis, average nearest neighbor analysis, as well as clustering and outlier analysis, we are able to derive the spatial distribution characteristics of tourism resources. Our survey showed that tourism resources in this area are relatively abundant and have good quality and clear combination advantages. Nonetheless, there are resources shortage for wine tourism and poor integration of wine production with the tourism industry. Regarding the spatial distribution of resources, we revealed the current states of and issues surrounding regions with concentrated resources, as well as characteristics of this clustering. Finally, we proposed a development path for wine tourism in this region based on the five dimensions of management mode, industrial path, product development, spatial optimization, and market development.

The protective effect of cyclodextrin on the color quality and stability of Cabernet Sauvignon red wine

The impact of cyclodextrins(CDs)on wine quality and stability remains largely unknown.This study systematically assessed the protective effect of the post-fermentation addition of CDs on color stability of red wine from the viewpoints of color characteristics,copigmentation and phenolic profiles.The grey relational analysis(GRA)and principal component analysis(PCA)methods were employed to dissect the key effective determinants related to color quality.The addition of CDs induced a significant hyperchromic effect of 8.19-25.40%,a significant bathochromic effect and an enhancement of the color intensity.Furthermore,the evolution of anthocyanin forms and the content of monomeric anthocyanins revealed that β-CD is a superior favorable cofactor during wine aging,but for long-term aging,2-HP-β-CD and 2-HP-γ-CD are more beneficial in promoting the formation of polymerized anthocyanins and color stability.This work provides an important reference for the use of CDs to enhance the color quality and stability of red wines.

Effects of gravel on the water absorption characteristics and hydraulic parameters of stony soil

The eastern foothills of the Helan Mountains in China are a typical mountainous region of soil and gravel,where gravel could affect the water movement process in the soil.This study focused on the effects of different gravel contents on the water absorption characteristics and hydraulic parameters of stony soil.The stony soil samples were collected from the eastern foothills of the Helan Mountains in April 2023 and used as the experimental materials to conduct a one-dimensional horizontal soil column absorption experiment.Six experimental groups with gravel contents of 0%,10%,20%,30%,40%,and 50%were established to determine the saturated hydraulic conductivity(K_(s)),saturated water content(θ_(s)),initial water content(θ_(i)),and retention water content(θ_(r)),and explore the changes in the wetting front depth and cumulative absorption volume during the absorption experiment.The Philip model was used to fit the soil absorption process and determine the soil water absorption rate.Then the length of the characteristic wetting front depth,shape coefficient,empirical parameter,inverse intake suction and soil water suction were derived from the van Genuchten model.Finally,the hydraulic parameters mentioned above were used to fit the soil water characteristic curves,unsaturated hydraulic conductivity(K_(θ))and specific water capacity(C(h)).The results showed that the wetting front depth and cumulative absorption volume of each treatment gradually decreased with increasing gravel content.Compared with control check treatment with gravel content of 0%,soil water absorption rates in the treatments with gravel contents of 10%,20%,30%,40%,and 50%decreased by 11.47%,17.97%,25.24%,29.83%,and 42.45%,respectively.As the gravel content increased,inverse intake suction gradually increased,and shape coefficient,K_(s),θ_(s),andθ_(r)gradually decreased.For the same soil water content,soil water suction and K_(θ)gradually decreased with increasing gravel content.At the same soil water suction,C(h)decreased with increasing gravel content,and the water use efficiency worsened.Overall,the water holding capacity,hydraulic conductivity,and water use efficiency of stony soil in the eastern foothills of the Helan Mountains decreased with increasing gravel content.This study could provide data support for improving soil water use efficiency in the eastern foothills of the Helan Mountains and other similar rocky mountainous areas.

Circulations and Thermodynamic Characteristics of Different Patterns of Rainstorm Processes in the Eastern Foot of Helan Mountain

Based on the observational hourly precipitation data and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF)Reanalysis 5(ERA5)products from 2006 to 2020,22 rainstorm processes in the eastern foot of Helan Mountain are objectively classified by using the hierarchical clustering method,and the circulation characteristics of different patterns are comparatively analyzed in this study.The results show that the occurrences of rainstorm processes in the eastern foot of Helan Mountain are most closely related to three circulation patterns.PatternsⅠandⅢmainly occur in July and August,with similar zonal circulations in synoptic backgrounds.Specifically,the South Asia high and the western Pacific subtropical high are stronger and more northward than those in normal years.The frontal systems in westerlies are inactive,while the water vapor from the ocean surface in the south is mainly transported to the rainstorm area by the southerly jet stream at 700 h Pa.The dynamic lifting anomalies are relatively weak,the instability of atmospheric stratification is anomalously strong,and thus the localized severe convective rainstorm is more significant.Comparatively,rainstorm processes of patternⅠare accompanied by stronger and deeper ascending motions,and the warm-sector rainstorm is more extreme.PatternⅢshows a stronger and deeper convective instability,accompanied by larger low-level moisture.Rainstorm processes of patternⅡmainly occur in early summer and early autumn,presenting a meridional circulation pattern of high in the east and low in the west in terms of geopotential height.Moreover,the two low-level jets transporting the water vapor northward from the ocean on the east of China encounter with the frontal systems in westerlies,which makes the ascending motion in patternⅡanomalously strong and deep.The relatively weak instability of atmospheric stratification causes weak convection and long-lasting precipitation formed by the confluence of cold air and warm air.This study may help improve rainstorm forecasting in arid regions.

Terroir Suitability Zoning for the Six Prevailing Wine Grape Varieties in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region(with a Focus on the Helan Mountain East) of China

Terroir plays an important role in wine grape production and good wine making.Among all the aspects of terroir in a given region,climate,soil and variety are the most important ones.The goal of this study was to evaluate these three aspects of terroir in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China,with a focus on the Helan Mountain East.Based on historical weather data during the period 1981 to 2016 from 22 meteorological stations in the research area,the climatic indices were derived,with which the growable zone for wine grape cultivation in the research area was identified.By synthesizing the climatic indices and soil type data,stepwise and optimization methods were used to divide the growable zone into optimal,suitable,near-suitable and unsuitable zones for the six prevailing wine grape varieties.In the analysis,the six prevailing wine grape varieties include two white wine grape varieties of“Chardonnay”and“Riesling”and four red wine grape varieties of“Cabernet Sauvignon”,“Merlot”,“Pinot Noir”and“Grenache Noir”.With the Geographic Information System(ArcGIS)software,the geographical distributions of these terroir suitability zonings were mapped in the research area according to a small grid simulation model.The results showed that the growable zone for wine grapes was mainly focused in most of the northern and central parts of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.This particular zone was suitable for the typical red wine varieties like late-maturing“Grenache Noir”,medium-to-late maturing“Cabernet Sauvignon”,medium-maturing“Merlot”and early-maturing“Pinot Noir”.In particular,the optimal zone for these four red wine varieties was centered in Xixia county of Yinchuan city,Pigeon Hill of Qingtongxia city and Baima Township of Zhongning County.For the two early-to-medium maturing white wine varieties of“Riesling”and“Chardonnay”,the optimal and suitable zones were in the cool area of the central arid zone and the Qingshui River tributary.

Nutritional requirements and precise fertilization of wine grapes in the eastern foothills of Helan Mountain

Cabernet Sauvignon grapes in the wine-producing area of Helan Mountain,East Ningxia,China,were the research object in this study.The dissection of the roots and branching stems method was used to explore the dynamic changes in the nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium nutrient requirements of wine grapes over a number of growth stages.The results showed that over the whole growth period,the nitrogen content of the roots was the highest during the leaf-expansion stage and lowest during the turning-color stage,and that the nitrogen content of the leaves and fruit showed a downward trend as growth progressed.The nitrogen content of the secondary branches was the lowest during the fruit expansion stage and the highest during the leaf-expansion stage;and the phosphorus content of the roots was the highest during the leaf-expansion stage and lowest during the fruit expansion stage.The phosphorus content of the trunk and primary branches showed a trend of“rising-falling-rising”.The phosphorus content of the leaves and secondary branches was the lowest during the turning-color stage,whereas the phosphorus content of the fruit was at its highest during this stage.The potassium contents of the secondary branches and fruit showed a downward trend,but the potassium content of the leaves was highest during the fruit expansion stage and lowest in the nutrient return stage.Over the whole growth period,the accumulation of nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium in wine grapes was 129.92 kg/hm2,41.51 kg/hm2,and 189.47 kg/hm2,respectively,the total requirements for N,P2O5,and K2O were 262.38 kg/hm2,288.15 kg/hm2,and 569.04 kg/hm2,respectively,and the reasonable nutrient requirement ratio was 1.00:1.10:2.17.

贺兰山东麓葡萄园不同方位摘叶对赤霞珠果实品质的影响

酿酒葡萄转色后摘叶会改变微气候,从而影响葡萄果实糖、酸、酚类物质等品质因子的积累。以南北行向种植的赤霞珠酿酒葡萄为试验材料,在贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄果园开展葡萄东面摘叶、西面摘叶和东西两面摘叶三种方式摘叶试验,以田间正常叶幕水平为对照,研究不同摘叶方位对成熟期果实品质的影响。结果表明:(1)与对照相比,赤霞珠酿酒葡萄果实转色后进行东面摘叶可使成熟果实中可溶性固形物、葡萄糖、果糖、总酸、糖酸比、苹果酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸和单宁含量不同程度增加,其中果糖、柠檬酸和酒石酸含量增加显著;果实还原糖、总酚、花青素含量比对照减少,但差异不显著。(2)西面摘叶处理下成熟葡萄果实可溶性固形物、还原糖、总酚和花青素含量略下降,果糖、苹果酸、柠檬酸和单宁显著上升,葡萄糖和酒石酸含量略上升。(3)双面摘叶葡萄果实的单宁含量显著增加,葡萄糖、果糖、柠檬酸和酒石酸含量略增加,可溶性固形物、还原糖、总酸、苹果酸、总酚和花青素含量都比对照要低。综合分析认为,摘叶后葡萄果实糖的含量整体呈不显著增加,但东面摘叶处理葡萄果实中酸含量均提高、单宁含量增加,总酚和花青素虽然略有减少,减少幅度相对最小。针对目前贺兰山东麓葡萄酒产区糖高酸低现状,建议在贺兰山东麓南北行向种植的葡萄园,采用东面摘叶为主的叶幕管理模式进行果实品质因子调控,从而达到平衡葡萄果实整体风味物质的作用。

贺兰山东麓有机酿酒葡萄产业发展现状、存在问题及建议

贺兰山东麓具有生产有机酿酒葡萄得天独厚的土壤、气候、光热等资源,发展高质量葡萄酒产业前景广阔。基于此,分析了贺兰山东麓有机酿酒葡萄产业发展现状及存在的问题,同时提出了推动产业发展的对策及建议。

盐碱胁迫对‘赤霞珠’葡萄幼苗生长及相关生理指标的影响

【目的】了解不同盐分配比和不同浓度梯度复合盐碱胁迫对‘赤霞珠’葡萄(Vitis vinfera‘Cabernet Sauvignon’)幼苗生长和抗逆生理指标的影响,确认其耐盐碱性范围及耐盐碱能力。【方法】以1年生‘赤霞珠’自根苗为试材,用NaCl、Na_(2)SO_(4)、NaHCO_(3)、Na_(2)CO_(3)按不同比例混合配制中性盐、弱碱性盐、强碱性盐3组复合盐溶液,每组各设置50,100,150 mmol/L 3个浓度梯度,以不做处理的溶液作为对照,于幼苗生长期间进行定期浇灌处理,通过室内盆栽试验模拟不同类型、不同程度盐碱胁迫,在处理后不同时期测定幼苗生长形态、生理及光合指标。【结果】(1)‘赤霞珠’幼苗茎粗和叶面积随盐碱胁迫浓度增大呈现先增大后减小的趋势,而株高基本呈现下降趋势。幼苗株高在强碱性盐组150 mmol/L胁迫处理10 d和40 d时都较同期中性、弱碱性组相应浓度显著降低。(2)随着盐碱浓度的增大,‘赤霞珠’幼苗叶片的SOD活性及MDA含量呈先增大后减小的趋势,而POD活性呈现缓慢增加的趋势;强碱性盐组叶片POD活性在胁迫处理30~50 d时均高于相应浓度的中性、弱碱性盐组,但到处理60 d后逐渐低于相应浓度其他两处理组,并以150 mmol/L浓度表现得更明显。(3)‘赤霞珠’幼苗叶片胞间CO_(2)浓度、净光合速率、蒸腾速率随着盐碱浓度的增加主要呈下降趋势,其胞间CO_(2)浓度和净光合速率均为50 mmol/L浓度处理时较高;在同期相同盐碱浓度处理下,叶片净光合速率在强碱性盐150 mmol/L胁迫处理75 d时显著低于中性、弱碱性处理组。【结论】‘赤霞珠’幼苗株高、叶面积、胞间CO_(2)浓度、净光合速率、蒸腾速率在50 mmol/L浓度处理下均呈现较好的增长趋势,而其株高及茎粗在150 mmol/L强碱性盐胁迫处理下增长不明显;一定范围内低浓度(50 mmol/L)盐碱胁迫有利于‘赤霞珠’葡萄幼苗生长。

喷施EDTA-Mn对‘马瑟兰’葡萄光合特性及品质的影响

以4年生‘马瑟兰’葡萄为研究对象,在常规施肥的基础上,叶面喷施螯合态锰(EDTA-Mn),采用单因素多水平随机区组试验设计,设置4个喷施水平:依次为2.25、4.50、6.75、9.00 kg·hm^(-2)EDTA-Mn,分别用H1、H2、H3、H4表示,以喷施清水为对照(CK),探讨叶面喷施不同浓度EDTA-Mn对贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄光合特性、产量与品质的影响。结果表明,喷施EDTA-Mn可以提高‘马瑟兰’葡萄叶片的叶绿素含量,H3处理最高,较CK显著提高16.71%;H2处理叶片的气孔导度和蒸腾速率最高,较CK分别提高30.36%和30.28%;所有处理的胞间CO_(2)浓度显著低于CK;H2处理的穗长、横径、百粒质量、单宁和花色苷含量均最高,较CK分别提高14.35%、11.79%、8.25%、4.73%和10.31%;H3处理的总酚含量最高,较CK显著提高42.14%;产量由高到低依次为H2>H3>H1>CK>H4,其中H2处理较CK显著提高24.11%。综合分析,在贺兰山东麓产区通过叶面喷施EDTA-Mn能有效促进‘马瑟兰’葡萄叶片的光合特性,提高葡萄的产量,改善浆果品质,其中最佳叶面喷施量为4.5 kg·hm^(-2)。

滴施螯合态铁肥对酿酒葡萄光合特性及产量品质的影响

[目的]探究滴施螯合态铁肥(EDTA-Fe)对宁夏贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄光合特性、果实形态、产量及品质的影响,为宁夏贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄的优质高产提供合理的铁肥用量。[方法]以4年生“马瑟兰”酿酒葡萄为试验材料,在常规施肥的基础上滴施EDTA-Fe,采用单因素多水平随机区组试验设计,设置4个不同EDTA-Fe滴施水平:7.50(T1)、15.00(T2)、22.50(T3)和30.00 kg/hm^(2)(T4),以常规施肥为对照(CK),测定酿酒葡萄叶片光合特性(SPAD值、胞间CO_(2)浓度、气孔导度、净光合速率和蒸腾速率)、果实形态(果穗长、粒径和百粒重)、产量及品质(可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、单宁、总酚和花色苷)等指标。[结果]滴施EDTA-Fe能有效改善酿酒葡萄光合特性,其中果实成熟期T2处理叶片SPAD值最高,较CK显著提高19.71%;T3处理的净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率最高,较CK分别显著提高87.03%、107.14%和76.25%;T1处理的胞间CO_(2)浓度最高,较CK显著提高57.56%。百粒重随EDTA-Fe浓度的增加而降低。T3处理的果实粒径、可溶性固形物、糖酸比、单宁和总酚含量最高,较CK分别提高10.99%、13.00%、19.16%、4.87%和15.23%;T1处理的花色苷含量最高;产量由高到低依次为T3>T2>T1>T4>CK,与CK相比,T1、T2、T3和T4处理的产量分别显著提高11.68%、16.57%、26.48%和8.96%;产值效益由高到低依次为T3>T2>T1>T4>CK,其中T1、T2、T3和T4处理较CK处理分别提高3577、5075、8133、2744元/hm^(2)。[结论]在贺兰山东麓葡萄酒产区滴施EDTA-Fe能有效促进酿酒葡萄叶片的光合特性,提高酿酒葡萄产量,提升酿酒葡萄品质,其中最佳EDTA-Fe施用量为22.5 kg/hm^(2)。

贺兰山东麓产区地块间‘赤霞珠’和‘马瑟兰’葡萄酒香气差异分析

为探究宁夏贺兰山东麓产区不同风土条件对葡萄酒香气的影响,该研究以宁夏贺兰山东麓产区五个地块银川(XX1和XX2)、永宁(YN1)、青铜峡(QTX1和QTX2)的‘赤霞珠’和‘马瑟兰’干红葡萄酒为材料,利用定量描述性分析和气质联用技术(GC-MS)分别分析其香气感官轮廓和挥发性组分的差异,并分析挥发性组分和风土条件的相关性。结果表明,五个地块的‘赤霞珠’和‘马瑟兰’干红葡萄酒中挥发性组分轮廓差异主要由呋喃类、内酯类和挥发性酚类物质造成,这三类物质在QTX1和QTX2葡萄酒中含量丰富,这与QTX产区两个地块较高的温度和较强的光照有关。此外,QTX1的‘马瑟兰’中甲氧基吡嗪类物质含量最高,导致葡萄酒中青椒味/生青味的强度最高。感官分析结果表明,YN1的‘赤霞珠’和‘马瑟兰’均在黑色浆果香上表现突出,QTX2的‘赤霞珠’和‘马瑟兰’均在红色浆果香上表现突出,而XX1的‘赤霞珠’和‘马瑟兰’葡萄酒的红色浆果、新鲜水果和花香强度显著低于其他地块,而香料味突出,说明相同地块能在一定程度上赋予‘赤霞珠’和‘马瑟兰’葡萄酒相似的香气特征。

宁夏贺兰山东麓产区维欧尼葡萄酒自然发酵过程中酵母菌群多样性研究

为探究贺兰山东麓产区维欧尼葡萄酒自然发酵过程中酵母菌群多样性变化,该研究对工业生产规模下维欧尼葡萄酒自然发酵不同时期的酵母进行分离与鉴定,并表征酿酒酵母的遗传多样性。结果表明,分离获得的1513株酵母菌分别属于8属11种。其中,梅氏接合酵母(Zygoascus meyerae)、黑酵母菌(Aureobasidium pullulans)和异常威克汉姆酵母(Wickerhamomyces anomalus)在葡萄酒领域报道频率较低。大多数非酿酒酵母都只能在发酵初始阶段培养获得,仅葡萄汁有孢汉逊酵母(Hanseniaspora uvarum)表现出了较强的环境适应性,能够与酿酒酵母共存至发酵后期。通过进一步对1106株酿酒酵母遗传多样性进行表征,获得了6种不同基因型的酿酒酵母。其中,基因型为V1的酿酒酵母在发酵的各阶段均存在,推测其可能为维欧尼葡萄酒自然发酵体系的主导菌株。该研究较为系统地揭示了贺兰山东麓产区维欧尼葡萄酒自然发酵体系中的酵母多样性及演替规律,并为后续的相关研究提供参考。

贺兰山东麓典型葡萄园土壤有机碳库组成及其活跃度

[目的]研究贺兰山东麓典型葡萄园土壤有机碳库的组成及其活跃度,量化该区域葡萄园生态系统潜在的固碳能力,为挖掘葡萄园碳汇能力和核算碳汇价值提供科学依据。[方法]以贺兰山东麓典型的新慧彬葡萄园为例,开展园区尺度的土壤有机碳取样调查与分析,研究土壤有机碳含量、密度和组分等特征。[结果](1)葡萄园0—100 cm剖面土壤有机碳平均含量为4.65 g/kg,土壤有机碳密度为64.5 t/hm^(2),虽然土壤有机质含量低,养分匮乏,但依然是葡萄园生态系统碳库的主要部分。(2)在垂直剖面上,土壤有机碳含量随着土层加深而递减,且0—40 cm表层和40—100 cm深层的土壤有机碳含量存在显著差异,表层土壤的有机碳富集系数大于1,对有机碳具有更强的固持能力。(3)土壤有机碳含量在园区范围内存在空间异质性,其中表层土壤有机碳的空间异质性受制于不同田块间葡萄品种及施肥等垦殖活动差异,而深层土壤有机碳的空间异质性主要受制于原始土壤的形成背景。(4)土壤有机碳活性、中性和惰性组分的比例约为1∶2∶5。惰性组分比例较高,碳库活度较低,稳定性较强。虽然惰性有机碳含量决定了总有机碳的高低,但中性有机碳含量的变化亦会影响总有机碳和全碳含量。[结论]贺兰山东麓葡萄园土壤碳库活度和有机碳含量水平较低。葡萄种植最终会增加土壤碳储量,增强生态系统的碳汇能力。

宁夏贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄与葡萄酒产业发展现状及对策

宁夏酿酒葡萄与葡萄酒产业是自治区政府大力发展和培育的“六特”产业之一。在推动产业高质量发展下,对宁夏贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄产区的自然资源优势、酿酒葡萄与葡萄酒产业现状及面临的挑战进行分析,为促进酿酒葡萄产业的高质量发展提供发展思路。

贺兰山东麓子产区马瑟兰葡萄酒产地识别研究

目的:以宁夏贺兰山东麓不同子产区马瑟兰单品葡萄酒为研究对象,明确葡萄酒中碳、氧稳定同位素分馏特征,探讨碳、氧稳定同位素及矿物元素在小尺度区域葡萄酒产地识别中的可行性。方法:采集红寺堡、青铜峡、永宁、贺兰和镇北堡5个子产区马瑟兰单品葡萄酒样品45份,监测分析葡萄酒中矿物元素含量及δ^(13)C、δ^(18)O值,采用Fisher线性判别分析方法,构建基于稳定同位素、矿物元素的葡萄酒产地判别模型。结果:碳、氧稳定同位素在葡萄酒发酵过程中存在明显的分馏,总δ^(13)C>乙醇δ^(13)C>甘油δ^(13)C,三者表现出一定的同源性;δ^(18)O大小依次为葡萄汁δ^(18)O>葡萄酒中δ^(18)O>水中δ^(18)O。As、B、K、Li、Mn、Ni、Pb、Rb、Sb、Sr、Ti、Cs元素在部分产区间存在显著差异(P<0.05),δ^(13)C、δ^(18)O及Ba、Ca等13种矿物元素在不同产区间不存在显著差异(P>0.05)。基于碳、氧稳定同位素构建的葡萄酒产地判别模型的正确判别率仅为40%,基于矿物元素以及碳、氧稳定同位素结合矿物元素的正确判别率均为95.6%。结论:矿物元素可有效区分不同子产区的葡萄酒样品的有效指标,但碳、氧稳定同位素不能作为小尺度区域葡萄酒产地判别的有效指标。

春季酿酒葡萄园气温梯度差异分析及模拟

【目的】提高酿酒葡萄晚霜冻预报预测的准确性,为科学调控酿酒葡萄园小气候及防御晚霜冻灾害提供理论依据。【方法】利用宁夏贺兰山东麓14个酿酒葡萄园2019—2022年4—5月农田小气候站50 cm和150 cm气温梯度的观测资料,对比分析了酿酒葡萄园春季气温、霜冻发生日数和程度、低温小时数以及典型霜冻日的气温梯度差异,建立了春季植株生长层最低气温的线性拟合模型。【结果】春季酿酒葡萄园气温存在梯度差异,其中150 cm最高气温低于50 cm,梯度差为0.1~0.8℃,150 cm最低气温高于50 cm,梯度差为0.2~1.1℃;基于酿酒葡萄晚霜冻气候指标,利用50 cm最低气温判定的霜冻发生总日数较150 cm总体偏多1~7 d,霜冻程度偏重;在典型霜冻日的夜晚降温阶段,越接近地面气温越低,不同酒庄气温梯度差异不同,其中JSY和MY酒庄的气温梯度差超过3.0℃;霜冻日出现≤0℃的小时数也存在梯度差异,平均差值为19.6 h,其中HD酒庄差值最大,为49 h;基于150 cm日最低气温建立的分产区、分酒庄以及不分产区不分酒庄的植株生长层最低气温线性拟合模型整体效果较好,其中分酒庄的模型拟合效果最好,R^(2)大于0.99的酒庄数超过50%,误差算术平均值为0.4℃。【结论】春季酿酒葡萄园最低气温的梯度差异最大,利用50 cm最低气温判定的霜冻日数更多、程度更重、低温小时数更多,更接近实际霜冻发生过程。此外,分酒庄的最低气温线性拟合模型更适合模拟植株生长层最低气温。

贺兰山东麓3个酿酒葡萄品种果实品质综合评价

本研究旨在明确宁夏贺兰山东麓产区的酿酒葡萄‘马尔贝克’‘小味儿多’和‘黑比诺’综合品质及其在不同子产区间的差异性,为3个品种的科学栽培和品种区划提供参考。主成分分析(PCA)综合得分表明,‘马尔贝克’在银川产区综合品质最好,‘小味儿多’在玉泉营产区品质最佳,‘黑比诺’在红寺堡产区表现最好。偏最小二乘法判别分析(PLS-DA)结果表明,在本研究中‘马尔贝克’葡萄的特征差异因子主要为表儿茶素和表儿茶素没食子酸酯的延伸单元,‘小味儿多’的主要特征差异性因子为总类黄酮、总单宁及可滴定酸,‘黑比诺’主要特征差异性因子为总单宁。

贺兰山东麓产区‘美乐’和‘赤霞珠’葡萄酒香气特征研究

本研究分析了贺兰山东麓产区‘美乐’和‘赤霞珠’葡萄酒的感官特征,并检测出84种香气物质,通过分析比对,较为系统地诠释了该产区两款葡萄酒典型香气特征的物质基础和差异性。结果表明,两款葡萄酒的香气成分主要由4类物质组成,总计占比约99.9%,其中高级醇类占63.4%、脂肪酸类占31.0%、脂肪酸乙酯类占3.9%、醛酮类占1.5%;两款葡萄酒香气均表现出香蕉、苹果等果香,以及草本香、花香和化学味等香气类型,‘美乐’葡萄酒的果香(辛酸乙酯)和花香较突出,‘赤霞珠’葡萄酒的草本味(1-己醇)、化学味(异戊醇、乙醛)、以及蘑菇/橡胶味(1-辛烯-3-醇、甲硫基丙醇)、果香(己酸乙酯、2-羟基-4-甲基戊酸乙酯)等香气类型突出;用筛选的香气含量及OAV>1的物质构建OPLS-DA模型,可以很好地区分‘美乐’与‘赤霞珠’两个品种,并通过VIP得分图筛选出了乙酸、苯乙醇、异戊醇、乙偶姻、2,3-丁二醇这5种关键特征物质。以上结果,为宁夏贺兰山东麓产区‘美乐’和‘赤霞珠’葡萄酒的产区风格和产品设计等提供一定的理论依据。

基于色味指标光谱特性的贺兰山东麓干红葡萄酒产地细分

贺兰山东麓被认为是全球最适宜种植葡萄和生产优质葡萄酒的区域之一。贺兰山东麓葡萄酒产区自北向南已形成石嘴山、银川、永宁、青铜峡和红寺堡等5个产地的区划格局,但因产地风土各异,尚未建立科学规范的葡萄酒产地细分管理方法。为了协助宁夏贺兰山东麓产区强化干红葡萄酒产品区划管理,该研究以贺兰山东麓干红葡萄酒为研究对象,分析葡萄酒色味理化指标的相关性和产地差异性,并依据随机森林的节点权值确定了可反映产地信息的关键色味理化指标。然后,基于近红外光谱和化学计量学方法构建了各项指标的定量分析模型,并以光谱预测结果为输入量,训练了以ReLU为最佳激活函数的人工神经网络产地判别模型,实现了贺兰山东麓干红葡萄酒的产地细分。结果表明,酒石酸酯和pH值的产地差异性最为显著,多项色味理化指标之间存在较强的相关性,通过去低权值指标分析确定了酒石酸酯、多聚体花色苷、pH值、红/绿通道a^(*)、黄/蓝通道b^(*)、总单宁、单体花色苷、明度L^(*)、黄酮醇、滴定酸、离子化指数、乙醇指数、色度C_(ab)^(*)、总花色苷等14项关键色味理化指标。每项指标的光谱定量模型决定系数(r^(2))均高于0.90,相对分析误差(RPD)高于2.5,具有准确的定量分析能力;人工神经网络模型对石嘴山酒样判别的灵敏度(sensitivity,SEN)为100%,准确率(accuracy,CCR)为100%;对银川酒样判别的SEN为100%,CCR为90%;对永宁酒样判别的SEN为87.5%,CCR为93.33%;对青铜峡酒样判别的SEN为94.74%,CCR为100%;对红寺堡酒样判别的SEN为92.31%,CCR为92.31%,具有可靠的产地判别能力。该方法可为贺兰山东麓干红葡萄酒的产品区划管理提供技术支撑,有助于中国葡萄酒原产地保护制度的建立与发展。