The Effect of Vineyard Cover Crop on Main Monomeric Phenols of Grape Berry and Wine in Vitis viniferal L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon

This study was conducted to determine the effect of cover crop inter-row in vineyard on main mono-phenol content of grape berry and wine. Three such cover crops, two perennial legumes （white clover and alfalfa） and a perennial gramineous grass （tall fescue） were sown in vineyard. The main phenolic compounds of mature grape berry and wines vinified under the same conditions were extracted with ethyl acetate and diethyl ether and analyzed by high- performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） by comparing to soil tillage. A total of ten phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in the different grape berry and wines, including nonflavonoids （hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids） and flavonoids （flavanols and flavonols）. The concentration of flavonoid compounds （409.43 to 538.63 mg kg^-1 and 56.16 to 81.30 mg L^-1） was higher than nonflavonoids （76.91 to 98.85 mg kg^-1 and 30.65 to 41.22 mg L^-1） for Cabernet Sauvignon grape and wine under different treatments, respectively. In the flavonoid phenolics, Catechin was the most abundant in the different grapes and wines, accounting for 74.94 to 79.70% and 48.60 to 50.62% of total nonanthocyanin phenolics quantified, respectively. Compared to soil tillage, the sward treatments showed a higher content of main mono-phenol and total nonanthocyanin phenolics in grapes and wines. There were significant differences between two cover crop treatments （tall fescue and white clover） and soil tillage for the content of benzoic acid, salicylic acid, caffeic acid, catechin, and total phenolics in the grape berry （P 〈 0.05 or P〈0.01）. The wine from tall fescue cover crop had the highest gallic acid, caffeic acid and catechin. Cover crop system increased the total nonanthocyanin phenolics of grapes and wines in order of the four treatments： tall fescue, white clover, alfalfa, and soil tillage （control）. Cover crop in vineyard increased total phenols of grape berry and wine, and thus improved the quality of wine evidently.

Effects of the severity and timing of basal leaf removal on the amino acids profiles of Sauvignon Blanc grapes and wines

The effects of the severity and timing of leaf removal(LR)on the amino acids of Sauvignon Blanc grapes and wines were studied during the 2017 growing season.High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)was used to analyze the amino acids profiles of grape berries and wines.The basal leaves were removed at three time points(40,56 and 72 days after flowering,named LR40,LR56 and LR72,respectively)at two severity levels(one at which the first,third,and fifth basal leaves of each shoot were removed(50%level);and another at which the first six basal leaves were removed(100%level)).The results showed that leaf removal had little impact on total soluble solids(°Brix),titratable acidity,pH or berry weight.The LR72-50%treated grapes had higher berry weight,titratable acidity and°Brix than those of the other treatments.The highest concentrations of total amino acids and of total amino acids except proline were detected in LR72-50%treated grapes(2 952.58 and 2 764.36 mg L^-1,respectively);the lowest were detected in LR72-100%treated grapes(2 172.82 and 2 038.71 mg L^-1,respectively).LR72-50%treatment significantly promoted the synthesis of aspartic acid,serine,arginine,alanine,aminobutyric acid and proline at both severity levels for grapes,the concentrations of all of these amino acids were increased relative to the control concentrations.The LR72-50%,LR40-100%and LR72-100%treated wines had higher total amino acids concentrations and higher concentrations of some individual amino acids,such as arginine,alanine and serine,than did the control wines.Of all the amino acids studied,glycine,tyrosine,cysteine,methionine and lysine were not significantly influenced by the timing or severity basal defoliation in grapes and wines.The present study reveals the effects of the timing and severity of leaf removal on the amino acids profiles of grapes and wines.

Anthocyanin profi les and color properties of red wines made from Vitis davidii and Vitis vinifera grapes

Spine grape(Vitis davidii Foex.)is an important wild grape species native to China.Fifteen red spine grape clones and three red Vitis vinifera grape varieties were used to evaluate the differences in the anthocyanin profiles and color properties of wines made from V.davidii and V.vinifera grapes.Among spine wines,‘Junzi#2’wine had the highest total phenolic and total anthocyanin,‘Xiangzhenzhu’wine had the highest total flavonoids,and‘Junzi#1’wine had the highest total tannin.The anthocyanin compositions of all of the spine wines were dominated by Mv-3,5-diglucoside.The total individual anthocyanin contents in spine wines,except‘Gaoshan#5’,‘Junzi#5055’,‘Junzi#5061’,and‘Junzi#5044’,were signifi cantly higher than in V.vinifera wines.Most of the spine wines had a stronger red intensity and a brighter chroma with a bluer hue than V.vinifera wines.Correlation analysis revealed that the color properties were closely related to the anthocyanin composition.These results suggest that wines made from spine grapes may be useful for the wine industry for their color properties and high individual anthocyanin contents.

Geographic Classification of Chinese Grape Wines by Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy

Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) was applied to classify grape wines of different geographical origins (Changli, Huailai, and Yantai, China). Near infrared (NIR) spectra were collected in transmission mode in the wavelength range of 800-2500 nm. Wines (n=90) were randomly split into two sets, calibration set (n=54) and validation set (n=36). Discriminant analysis models were developed using BP neural network and discriminant partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). The prediction performance of calibration models in different wavelength range was also investigated. BP neural network models and PLS-DA models correctly classified 100% of the wines in calibration set. When used to predict wines in validation set, BP neural network models correctly classified 100%, 81.8%, and 90.9% of the wines from Changli, Huailai, and Yantai respectively, and PLS-DA models correctly classified 100% of all samples. The results demonstrated that NIRS could be used to discriminate Chinese grape wines as a rapid and reliable method.

Effects of Grape Balanced Nutrition Fertilizer on Yield and Quality of Wine Grapes

In this study,the wine grapes balanced nutrient fertilizer(BNF)was designed according to the wine grape nutritional requirements in different growth stages,and objected to reduce fertilizer application rate of wine grape cultivation,improve fertilizer utilization rate,achieve stable yield and improve the quality of wine grapes.The experiment was carried out at the Great Wall Sanggan Winery,and the Aristocratic Winery.The experiment was designed with two treatments:Namely BNF treatment,and the traditional fertilization(CK).We investigated the effects of BNF on the quality of wine grapes by examining the plant traits of wine grapes in different experimental areas during the growing season,the fruit traits at maturity,and determined the contents of VC,organic acids,amino acids,flavonoids,soluble total sugars,soluble solids,tannins,total phenols and catechins.The results show that:①The application of grape BNF greatly reduced the application amount of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium,while the vine had no fertilizer deficiency phenomenon;②It increased the single fruit weight,the ear weight and yield to varying degrees,and the yield increase range was between 12% and 41%;③The wine grapes with BNF had the following characteristics:tight infructescence,even color,small fruit less,no fruit dropped,strong fruit colloid feeling,better aroma and taste;④It greatly improved the quality of wine grapes,and increased the content of soluble solids,soluble total sugar,organic acids,VC,total phenols,flavonoids,amino acids and tannins in fruits;⑤It greatly increased the total catechin content of"Riesling"and"Syrah",and had no significant effects on the catechin content of"Merlot"and"Cabernet Sauvignon".In summary,the application of grape BNF has certain practical significance for guiding the production of local wine grapes,ensuring the yield while improving the quality,increasing the income and reducing the environmental pollution caused by excessive fertilization.

Timing of Crop Removal Has Limited Effect on Merlot Grape and Wine Composition

Cluster removal during the growing season is a widely utilized vineyard management practice aiming to balance crop load to the capacity of the vine to ripen the fruit. Research was undertaken over two growing seasons (2008-2009) in Hawke’s Bay, a cool climate region of New Zealand, to establish the influence of different times of crop removal on Merlot vine growth and fruit and wine composition. The test vineyard was high-yielding, to 23 t/ha, and vigorous. A commercial standard of apical cluster thinning to remove 20 clusters per vine from vines with ca 44 clusters in 2008 and ca 47 in 2009, was carried out on uniform vigour, 7yo grafted Merlot vines at nine times between prebloom and six weeks post veraison. The 2009 season was naturally higher yielding. Timing of crop removal had no significant effect on vine vegetative growth in terms of enhanced shoot growth as measured by cane weights at pruning, or canopy leaf density. Time of thinning also had no effect on overall grape yield, cluster weight, and berry weight. There were limited effects on fruit ripeness in one season (2009) at the veraison time of thinning only, with increased Brix and lower TA levels. Berry anthocyanin concentrations were enhanced by cluster thinning in 2008, and more so when undertaken at or soon after veraison. There was however no influence of removal timing on anthocyanin levels and total phenolics in the wines. Grape ripeness, must and wine composition tended to respond more from crop removal at veraison than the other times evaluated. Data suggest that vine response was modified by excessive leafiness and shading.

Anthocyanin Profiles in Grape Berry Skins of Different Species ofWine Grapes in Shanxi,China

To understand the anthocyanin characteristics of wine grape varieties,the anthocyanin composition and content of 31 wine grape varieties were analyzed to explore the use of anthocyanins as chemical fingerprints to distinguish varieties.Results showed that a total of 21 anthocyanins were detected in the skins,including cyanidin,delphinidin,petunidin,peonidin and malvidin 3-monoglucosides(or 3,5-diglucosides)along with the corresponding acetyl and p-coumaroyl derivatives.The highest and lowest total amount of anthocyanins were detected in‘Ruby Cabernet’and‘Muscat Rouge’,respectively.In the 21 Vitis vinifera grapes,there were 3~11 monoglucoside anthocyanins detected,however,there were 4 to 9 monoglucoside anthocyanins and 1~7 diglucoside anthocyanins detected in the 10 other species of grapes.Except for‘Zhesexiang’‘Seibel Noir’,‘44-6-7-1’and‘Beibinghong’,the contents of diglucoside anthocyanins in the other six varieties accounted for more than 52%of the total anthocyanins.Except for‘Zhesexiang’,‘Muscat Rouge’and‘Beibinghong’,the content of methylated anthocyanins accounted for more than 75%of total anthocyanins.There were significant differences in the anthocyanin types and contents in the skins among V.vinifera and other grapes.The results of the principal component analysis and the cluster classification of 31 grape varieties(lines)were nearly consistent,which suggested that anthocyanins can be used as chemical fingerprints to distinguish wine grape varieties.

Terroir Suitability Zoning for the Six Prevailing Wine Grape Varieties in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region(with a Focus on the Helan Mountain East) of China

Terroir plays an important role in wine grape production and good wine making.Among all the aspects of terroir in a given region,climate,soil and variety are the most important ones.The goal of this study was to evaluate these three aspects of terroir in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China,with a focus on the Helan Mountain East.Based on historical weather data during the period 1981 to 2016 from 22 meteorological stations in the research area,the climatic indices were derived,with which the growable zone for wine grape cultivation in the research area was identified.By synthesizing the climatic indices and soil type data,stepwise and optimization methods were used to divide the growable zone into optimal,suitable,near-suitable and unsuitable zones for the six prevailing wine grape varieties.In the analysis,the six prevailing wine grape varieties include two white wine grape varieties of“Chardonnay”and“Riesling”and four red wine grape varieties of“Cabernet Sauvignon”,“Merlot”,“Pinot Noir”and“Grenache Noir”.With the Geographic Information System(ArcGIS)software,the geographical distributions of these terroir suitability zonings were mapped in the research area according to a small grid simulation model.The results showed that the growable zone for wine grapes was mainly focused in most of the northern and central parts of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.This particular zone was suitable for the typical red wine varieties like late-maturing“Grenache Noir”,medium-to-late maturing“Cabernet Sauvignon”,medium-maturing“Merlot”and early-maturing“Pinot Noir”.In particular,the optimal zone for these four red wine varieties was centered in Xixia county of Yinchuan city,Pigeon Hill of Qingtongxia city and Baima Township of Zhongning County.For the two early-to-medium maturing white wine varieties of“Riesling”and“Chardonnay”,the optimal and suitable zones were in the cool area of the central arid zone and the Qingshui River tributary.

The Characters and Effect of Potassium in the Aeolian Sand Soil on Growth and Quality of Wine-Grapes in Ningxia

The paper reports the study on validity, absorbing and using in potassium of wine-grapes grown on aeolian sandy soil in Ningxia. The result shows that the content of slow release potassium and available potassium is low. The amount of available potassium and fixed potassium increases with raising amount of applied potash. Slow release potassium can be quickly replenished when available potassium is depleted, but slow release potassium is exhausted too, and the buffering capacity of supplying potassium is low. The content of potassium in grains and plants increases with the increasing amount of applied K in different treatments. The sequence of potassium recovery rate in different soil is as follows: sand-loam>fine-sand>coarse-sand. The capacity of supplying potassium in high-fertility soil is better than that in low-fertility soil, and rate of potassium recovery is high. Potassium nutrient affects growth and quality of wine-grapes.

酿酒葡萄新品种豫酿紫玉的选育

豫酿紫玉葡萄是以梅鹿辄(Vitis vinifera‘Merlot’♀)和LN-33(Vitis vinifera‘LN-33’♂)为亲本经人工杂交培育而成的中早熟酿酒葡萄新品种。果穗圆锥形,偶有副穗,果粒紧凑,平均单穗质量252.70 g;果粒中等,大小均衡,平均单粒质量1.53 g;果粒近圆形,紫黑色,着色均匀,果粉中等厚,果皮中等厚,有肉囊,汁多,每果种子1~2粒;果汁无色,压榨葡萄汁呈宝石红色。成熟果可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)为21.6%,可溶性糖含量为17.46%,总酸含量为0.78%,维生素C含量为9.63 mg·100 g-1,单宁含量为4680 mg·kg-1;果实酸甜适口,果肉具有李子果香味。在郑州地区栽培,浆果于7月上旬开始着色,7月下旬始熟,8月上旬充分成熟,果实发育期为82 d;萌芽率高,生长健壮。酿酒样品酒精度、干浸出物含量、可滴定酸含量、pH值、二氧化硫残留量均在酿造干型红葡萄酒的国标范围内;酿造的干型红葡萄酒风味正,颜色佳。该品种耐寒性强,耐干旱,抗病害,丰产性好。适合在河南葡萄生态适生区和与其相似的其他葡萄生态适宜区栽培。

酿酒葡萄种质资源果实品质性状的分析与评价

对40份酿酒葡萄种质资源的14个果实品质性状进行统计,并应用主成分分析和聚类分析方法进行综合评价,以筛选出适栽和特色品种。结果表明,14个品质性状的变异系数在8.45%~52.73%,其中花色苷含量变异系数最大,可溶性固形物含量变异系数最小,花色苷含量、穗质量、种子数、粒质量4个性状在不同资源之间存在较大差异;结合主要性状分布范围分析,筛选出高花色苷种质‘罗马4号’和高糖高酸高酚种质‘小芒森’。主成分分析将白色酿酒葡萄的8个主要果实性状综合为3个主成分,累计贡献率达90%以上,‘小芒森’‘菲尔斯’‘雷司令’等种质综合表现较好;红色酿酒葡萄9个品质指标综合为4个主成分,累计贡献率达87%以上,‘小味儿多’‘马瑟兰’‘赤霞珠685’‘赤霞珠’等种质综合表现较好。通过聚类分析将40份酿酒葡萄种质资源分为5类,第Ⅰ类为小粒、糖酸酚类物质含量高的种质;第Ⅲ类为大穗、糖酸酚类物质含量居中的种质;第Ⅱ类糖酸酚类物质含量处于中等,但果穗、果粒显著小于第Ⅲ类且总酚、单宁含量较高,酸含量较低;第Ⅳ类为大粒、低糖低酸低酚类种质;第Ⅴ类为中粒、低糖高酸中酚类种质。

地方本科高校葡萄与葡萄酒工程专业服务乡村振兴路径探析——以楚雄师范学院为例

实施乡村振兴战略是党的十九大作出的重大决策部署,是实现中华民族伟大复兴的必由之路。地方本科高校作为重要的人才、科技高地,在服务乡村振兴战略中具有重要的作用。为了解决地方本科高校服务乡村振兴战略实施路径问题,本文在分析当前地方本科高校服务乡村振兴战略中存在的问题基础上,以楚雄师范学院葡萄与葡萄酒工程专业为例,对相关实践经验和特点进行了归纳总结,以期为同类院校服务乡村振兴提供路径借鉴。

酿酒葡萄生长过程喷药机田间作业调度研究

酿酒葡萄产区喷药机的田间调度需求较高,而实际作业中喷药机型号不一、药箱容量不一、转弯速度不一,且传统农机调度研究中很少有针对喷药机田间作业调度的研究。为此,基于车辆路径规划问题(Vehicle Routing Problem,VRP),以成本最小为目标构建酿酒葡萄生长过程喷药机田内作业调度模型,提出改进种马遗传算法(Stud Genetic Algorithm,SGA)进行求解。结合宁夏贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄产区实际作业田块信息与农机信息进行仿真实验,并与传统遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)进行对比,结果表明:相比于GA,SGA有着较强的收敛性,不易陷入局部最优;在调度结果上,调度总时间能够缩短3.5%,调度总成本降低6.2%,在实际喷药作业中能在一定程度上节约时间并降低作业成本。

酿酒葡萄自然发酵酿酒特性影响

烟台产区为七大优质葡萄海岸之一,拥有悠久的葡萄种植和葡萄酒酿造历史。以烟台地区几个地块2019年的六个葡萄品种为原料进行自然发酵,采用CO_(2)失重法进行发酵监控,结果表明,各葡萄品种发酵速率存在差异;小味儿多启酵最快且最早达到发酵旺盛期,赤霞珠、玛瑟兰、小味儿多自然发酵结束快,仅需207 h,品丽珠发酵最慢需303 h。自然发酵酒样常规理化指标符合国标要求,各葡萄品种自然发酵酒样间总酚、总花色苷、单宁、色度差异显著,泰纳特和小味儿多的总酚、单宁、总花色苷显著高于其他品种。品尝结果显示,2019年小味儿多和泰纳特在烟台地区表现相对良好。

有机肥施用量对酿酒葡萄品质形成关键时期需水量的影响研究

对不同有机肥施用量条件下酿酒葡萄品质形成关键时期需水量进行分析,探讨有机肥施用量与水分需求的关系,为制定科学高效的酿酒葡萄供水策略提供理论支撑。研究表明,有机肥适量配施有助于提升酿酒葡萄土壤贮水保墒性能,液体纳米有机肥对于土壤表层(0~20 cm)的含水率增加明显,T2、T3处理果实膨大期与转色期增加最为明显,相较于CK分别增加了70.77%、28.60%;不同土层土壤总贮水量,T1处理在果实膨大期具有较好的土壤贮水性能,T2处理在果实转色期土壤总贮水量较为丰富,相较于CK,分别增加14.85%与52.19%。通过Penman-Monteith公式和田间水量平衡法计算分析,T1处理酿酒葡萄果实膨大期与T2处理果实转色期均存在进一步节水的潜力。

创新教育模式下葡萄栽培学课程教学改革与实践

本项目以教师发展和学生成才与就业为考核目标,对葡萄栽培学课程教学现状进行分析,调整课程教育教学改革目标,并对课程教学改革实践进行探索,具体包括优化理论教学内容、改进教学方法、改革实践教学内容、挖掘思政元素和改进考核方式。同时,探究课程改革的特色及创新点。通过课程改革,建立较为合理的课程教学体系,拓展校内外实践实习基地,构建并完善以葡萄栽培学与葡萄保护学理论课及相关实验、实习为核心的葡萄学课程体系。实践表明,改革后的课程教学明显增强了学生学习的兴趣和主动性,促进其系统掌握酿酒葡萄优质高产的理论和实践技术。

3个酿酒葡萄品种组培快繁体系的建立及优化

【目的】研究提高酿酒葡萄苗木品质(质量)和良种繁育速度(效率)的技术,建立酿酒葡萄品种紫大夫、小味儿多和长相思等品种的组培脱毒快繁技术体系,为提高小众酿酒葡萄品种苗木的品质及快速繁殖提供依据。【方法】以3个酿酒葡萄1年生腋芽为外植体,采用正交试验设计方法,分析不同消毒方式对外植体成活率的影响,研究不同浓度6-BA、IBA、NAA和不同培养基组合对腋芽萌发、增殖及生根培养的影响。【结果】腋芽经10%次氯酸钠消毒7.5 min,75%乙醇消毒30 s,0.1%HgCl_(2)消毒10 min能提高腋芽的成活率,降低污染率;经消毒后的外植体接种到添加1.0 mg/L 6-BA和0.05 mg/L NAA的MS培养基中,其萌芽率最高;将启动培养的无菌新芽接种到添加1.0 mg/L 6-BA和0.3 mg/L IBA的1/2MS培养基中,丛生芽增殖效果最佳,将增殖培养后的单芽切下接种到添加0.4 mg/L IBA和0.4 mg/L NAA的1/2MS生根培养基中,组培苗的生根综合质量最佳。【结论】建立了3个酿酒葡萄品种组培快繁脱毒技术体系。采用热处理结合茎尖进行组培苗的脱毒,能够脱除绝大部分的葡萄病毒。

银川酿酒葡萄产区不同种植年限土壤重金属分布特征和评价

评估典型酿酒葡萄产区的土壤重金属污染情况对葡萄酒产业绿色可持续发展尤为重要。采集宁夏银川贺兰山和青铜峡产区的代表性酿酒葡萄园土壤样品124份,测定土壤中Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Hg和Cu等重金属的含量,并采用污染指数法分析评估土壤重金属在不同种植年限上的分布特征和污染情况。结果表明,受调查的葡萄园土壤重金属含量均未超过土壤重金属污染标准值。土壤中各重金属的单项污染指数和综合污染指数均小于1.0,表明该地区土壤污染等级为安全。就不同种植年限而言,土壤重金属内罗梅综合污染指数表现为6~10年>0~5年>16~20年>11~15年,种植年限为6~10年的葡萄园土壤重金属存在一定的污染风险,其中以As、Cd和Cu较为突出。进一步分析发现,葡萄园行间土壤重金属含量高于行内,尤其As表现较明显,而就土壤不同深度而言,Cu易在行内20~40 cm土层积累。总体而言,银川贺兰山和青铜峡酿酒葡萄产区酿酒葡萄园土壤重金属处于清洁水平;部分种植年限和土层土壤重金属含量处于警戒水平。在酿酒葡萄园管理中应注重As、Cd等重金属输入方面的污染管控。