The Microstructures of Butterfly Wing Scales in Northeast of China

There are billions of tiny scales on the butterfly wings, which array regularly as the tiles on the roof. Such tilts can form various colors of the wing and afford the species many abilities to survive and propagate. Morphological experiments on the wing scales of six butterfly species living in northeast of China were conducted. By the optics microscope; the form, geometry dimension and array of the scales were observed generally. By using scanning electron microscope （SEM）, the 2D scanning and measurement were carried out and the surface micro configurations of scales were observed. The dimension and microstructure characteristics of the cross section of single scale were achieved through transmission electron microscope （TEM）. Finally, by using 3D software, three 3D models were described and the 3D visual effect was achieved. This work can put forward a basic method for the future study on the morphology of biological microstructure.

Light Trapping Effect in Wing Scales of Butterfly Papilio peranthus and Its Simulations

Broadband light trapping effect and arrays of sub-wavelength textured structures based on the butterfly wing scales are applicable to solar cells and stealth technologies. In this paper, the fine optical structures in wing scales of butterfly Papilio peranthus, exhibiting efficient light trapping effect, were carefully examined. First, the reflectivity was measured by reflectance spectrum. Field Emission Scanning Electronic Microscope （FESEM） and Transmission Electron Microscope （TEM） were used to observe the coupling morphologies and structures of the scales. Then, the optimized 3D model of the coupling structure was created combining Scanning Electron Microscope （SEM） and TEM data. Afterwards, the mechanism of the light trapping effect of these structures was analyzed by simulation and theoretical calculations. A multilayer nano-structure of chitin and air was found. These structures are effective in increasing optical path, resulting in that most of the incident light can be trapped and adsorbed within the structure at last. Furthermore, the simulated optical results are consistent with the experimental and calculated ones. This result reliably confirms that these structures induce an efficient light trapping effect. This work can be used as a reference for in-depth study on the fabrication of highly efficient bionic optical devices, such as solar cells, photo detectors, high-contrast, antiglare, and so forth.

Angle-dependent discoloration structures in wing scales of Morpho menelaus butterfly

The Morpho butterfly is famous for its typical structural color and has increasingly attracted the interest of scholars in a wide variety of research fields. Herein, it was found that the color of Morpho menelaus butterfly wings is not only structure-based but also viewing-angle-dependent. Firstly, the discoloration effect of this typical butterfly was confirmed by a series of experiments. Then, the general form, arrangements, and geometrical dimensions of the scales were observed using a stereomicroscope. Scanning electron microscopy was also used to examine the two-dimensional morphologies and structures of a single scale. Afterwards, one model with the optimized three-dimensional profile of the structure was described using Pro-engineer software. The associate model was then analyzed to reconstruct the process between the incident light and the model surface. Finally, the mechanism of the angle-dependent discoloration effect was analyzed by theoretical calculation and optical simulation. Different light propagation paths and the length of the incident light at different angles caused destructive or constructive interference between the light reflected from the different layers. The different spectra of the reflected light make the wings appear with different structural colors, thereby endowing the angle-dependent discoloration effect. The consistency of the calculation and simulation results confirms that these structures possess an excellent angle-dependent discoloration effect. This functional "biomimetic structure" would not only be of great scientific interest but could also have a great impact in a wide range of applications such as reflective displays, credit card security, and military stealth technology.

Excellent Color Sensitivity of Butterfly Wing Scales to Liquid Mediums

The ultrastructure characteristic and vivid colors of butterfly wing scales have attracted considerable attention recently. Surprisingly, these hyperfine structures also endow butterfly Trogonoptera brookiana wing scales the excellent color sensitive property to liquid mediums. In this work, the characteristic features of this excellent functional surface and the mechanism of its highly sensitive response characteristics were investigated. Firstly, the extraordinary and ordered nanostructures of this butterfly wing scales were characterized by a Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope （FESEM）. Then, the ultra-depth three-dimensional （3D） microscope was used to observe the sensitive discoloration effect of the scales to liquid mediums. Afterwards, the highly spectral sensitive feature was identified by a mini spectrometer. In addition, the mechanism of this color sensitive effect of butterfly wing scales was revealed through modelling, calculation and simulation. It was found that this sensitivity is caused by the combined action of the microscale scales and the ultra-fine nanoscale structures in scale surface. On one hand, the arched and bended cover scales were stretched and superimposed by the filled ether solution. So, the color of the scales became reddish brown in an instant. On the other hand, the change of the fill mediums with different reflective index induced the modification of the surface interference, resulting in the peak shift of the reflectance spectrum. More importantly, the results of simulation and theoretical calculation were both in agreement with the experimental results. It illustrated that the butterfly TrogonOptera brookiana wings have repeatable sensitivity to liquid mediums, and obvious discoloration sensitive effect. This spectral sensitivity of butterfly wing scales has great prospect and meaning for the basic research and application of cheap, environmentally free and biodegradable sensitive element for water quality monitoring and analysis system.

Universal cooling patterns of the butterfly wing scales hierarchy deduced from the heterogeneous thermal and structural properties of Tirumala limniace(Lepidoptera:Nymphalidae,Danainae)

The radiative cooling of butterfly wing scales hierarchy has great value in understanding how poikilotherms adapt to the environment and developing bionic ma-terials.However,it remains unclear what the cooling system is like and how the vari-ation of hierarchy affects the cooling efficiency.Therefore,the correlation between the variations of the structure and emissivity of scale hierarchy is thoroughly investigated in Tirumala limniace(Cramer,1775),whose thermal properties are highly heteroge-neous among different wings and regions but similar between males and females.Pat-terns were deduced from the biological and model simulation experiments.The scale hierarchy varies at the micro-to nanolevel on both surface and section,correspond-ing to the variating emissivity.Scales on wing veins and margins have large nanostruc-tured units with small lumens and are distinctly thickened,which bring extraordinarily high emissivity.The variations of light and dark scales,respectively,lead to the high emissivity of the middle region of wings and the front wings.Generally,the elevation of the inner surface area and the thickness of the chitin is the key to enhancing the cooling efficiency.For the first time,the effects of the variation of hierarchy toward emissivity of the mid-infrared spectrum are systematically clarified.It is demonstrated that wing scales integrally differentiate in coping with the heterogeneous cooling needs,which may benefit in balancing multifunctions and the development toward the adap-tation to the abiotic environment.The study provides insights into the comprehensive thermoregulation system of butterflies and the further development of radiative cooling materials.

Effects of Methanol on Wettability of the Non-Smooth Surface on Butterfly Wing

The contact angles of distilled water and methanol solution on the wings of butterflies were determined by a visual contact angle measuring system. The scale structures of the wings were observed using scanning electron microscopy, The influence of the scale micro- and ultra-structure on the wettability was investigated. Results show that the contact angle of distilled water on the wing surfaces varies from 134.0° to 159.2°. High hydrophobicity is found in six species with contact angles greater than 150°. The wing surfaces of some species are not only hydrophobic but also resist the wetting by methanol solution with 55% concentration. Only two species in Parnassius can not resist the wetting because the micro-structure （spindle-like shape） and ultra-structure （pinnule-like shape） of the wing scales are remarkably different from that of other species. The concentration of methanol solution for the occurrence of spreading/wetting on the wing surfaces of different species varies from 70% to 95%. After wetting by methanol solution for 10 min, the distilled water contact angle on the wing surface increases by 0.8°-2.1°, showing the promotion of capacity against wetting by distilled water.

Wetting Characteristics of Insect Wing Surfaces

Biological tiny structures have been observed on many kinds of surfaces such as lotus leaves,which have an effect on the coloration of Morpho butterflies and enhance the hydrophobicity of natural surfaces.We investigated the micro-scale and nano-scale structures on the wing surfaces of insects and found that the hierarchical multiple roughness structures help in enhancing the hydrophobicity.After examining 10 orders and 24 species of flying Pterygotan insects,we found that micro-scale and nano-scale structures typically exist on both the upper and lower wing surfaces of flying insects.The tiny structures such as denticle or setae on the insect wings enhance the hydrophobicity,thereby enabling the wings to be cleaned more easily.And the hydrophobic insect wings undergo a transition from Cassie to Wenzel states at pitch/size ratio of about 20.In order to examine the wetting characteristics on a rough surface,a biomimetic surface with micro-scale pillars is fabricated on a silicon wafer, which exhibits the same behavior as the insect wing,with the Cassie-Wenzel transition occurring consistently around a pitch/width value of 20.

Structural Variations in Wing Patterning of Seasonal Polyphenic Melanitis leda (Satyrinae)

Seasonal polyphenism is a common phenomenon observed among members of the Lepidopteran subfamily Satyrinae. Melanitis leda, being a member of that subfamily, exhibits seasonal variation in terms of wing patterning. In butterflies, wing patterning is due to the nanostructural architecture of the scales, which reflects and refracts incident light, with or without the combination of pigments. The current scanning electron, fluorescence and optical microscope study divulge fine structural and signal changes that occur with different season in the scales of M. leda and give rise to the different wing pattern in butterfly. The structural and consequent signal changes are likely to be correlated with behavioural processes such as mate selection and escape from predation.

基于物联网技术的鸡智能育种平台研究与应用

为解决鸡规模化生产过程中个体精细化数据采集难度大、成本高、选育配种效率低等问题,研究设计基于物联网的包括适用于鸡全生命周期佩戴的电子标签、自动称重台、移动终端采集系统及鸡智能育种管理系统的鸡智能育种平台。结果显示:该平台实现鸡育雏、育成、产蛋到淘汰各阶段个体外貌、生产性能、调群等数据的精准采集,以及系谱跟踪、报表生成、智能选配等功能;较传统铝质翅标佩戴效率提升40%,个体身份识别正确率超过98%,产蛋、体重、外貌等数据采集准确率超过99%,通过种鸡智能选种选配模型实现了种鸡的快速优选,避免近亲繁殖。研究表明,建立的鸡智能育种平台能满足不同规模养殖企业的生产需求,有效减少人力成本、提升育种效率。

基于CFD方法的民用飞机缩比飞行试验尺度效应研究

缩比飞行试验在民用飞机的研制过程中日益受到重视,其尺度效应影响评估是设计缩比飞行试验工况的基础,也是确认飞行数据适用性的关键。基于几何和动力学相似准则,针对某民用飞机及其缩比验证机设计分析工况组,采用计算流体力学方法研究相似准则参数(马赫数Ma、雷诺数Re、弗劳德数Fr)对气动载荷、典型气动导数及弹性变形的影响。研究结果表明,在动力学相似时,验证机与原型机间的气动特性差异主要来源于马赫数,雷诺数影响较小;当原型机以中低马赫数(Ma<0.5)飞行时,此时马赫数压缩效应不明显,验证机与原型机具有近似的展向与弦向载荷分布特征,典型稳定导数及操纵导数差异约10%,在控制律设计鲁棒性范围内;进一步保持质量与刚度分布相似时,机翼翼尖扭转变形差异不超过0.5°,挠度差异不超过0.5%,在工程上属于可接受的范围。

两自由度气动弹性系统亚临界颤振的时滞控制

因气动或结构非线性因素所引发的亚临界颤振,使得飞行器在低于线性颤振临界速度时发生极限环振荡,导致机载设备振动环境恶化、飞行控制性能下降等问题,给飞行安全造成隐患.本文针对带有俯仰刚度非线性的两自由度二元翼段,设计了基于俯仰速度反馈的亚临界颤振时滞控制器.首先,基于拉格朗日原理建立了两自由度二元翼段的非线性气动弹性数学模型,利用MATCONT数值软件获得了系统的亚临界颤振分岔特性.然后,利用多尺度法得到了带有时滞俯仰速度反馈的闭环控制系统近似解析解,通过稳定性切换理论得到了系统颤振的稳定边界,获得了亚临界颤振时滞控制器的参数范围.最后,通过不同风速下非线性气动弹性系统的闭环数值仿真,验证了所设计亚临界颤振时滞控制器的有效性.数值仿真结果表明,基于俯仰速度反馈的气动弹性时滞控制器可以将亚临界颤振转换为有益的超临界颤振,且大幅降低极限环幅值.

基于多峰分布的大尺度变形翼机构时变可靠性分析

针对机构可靠性的工程问题,提出了一种基于多峰分布的时变可靠性分析方法(iTRPD),并应用于大尺度变形翼机构的可靠性分析。首先,将变形翼结构模型离散为几个瞬时功能函数,并将其转换为独立正态变量。然后,计算出不同时刻的瞬间可靠度与各向量间的自相关系数矩阵,得到对应的概率密度函数。最后,根据协方差特性与各向量间的相关性,利用1次高维高斯积分将独立标准正态空间的时变可靠度简化为大尺度变形翼机构整体的时变可靠度。结果表明:iTRPD在分析大尺度变形翼时变可靠性时,与蒙特卡洛仿真法(MCS)的相对误差仅为-2.842%,比常规方法TRPD好;对功能函数调用次数为415,远小于MCS的1×10^(9)次;对高维高斯积分的调用,常规时变可靠性方法为35次,iTRPD仅为1次。可见,iTRPD对涉及多模态分布的时变可靠性分析具有较高的计算精度和计算效率。

蛱蝶翅鳞片的超微结构观察

对我国东北地区典型常见蛱蝶科15属20种蝴蝶翅鳞片的超微结构进行了扫描电镜观察。结果显示:蛱蝶翅鳞片形态上可分为窄叶形、阔叶形和圆叶形3种,鳞片长65～135μm,宽35～85μm,间距48～112μm。蛱蝶翅鳞片的超微结构可分为拱桥形、棋盘形和筛孔形3种。拱桥形结构和棋盘形结构比较接近,二者与筛孔形结构差异较明显。在已观察的种类中,线蛱蝶属红线蛱蝶翅鳞片上的纵肋突起最小(200nm×300nm),闪蛱蝶属柳紫闪蛱蝶翅鳞片上的纵肋突起最大(590nm×560nm)。鳞片具有相似的形状、结构和排列,尤其是同属蝴蝶翅鳞片超微结构的形状和尺寸差异较小,表明它们之间的亲缘关系接近。

四种虎凤蝶翅面斑纹特征及鳞片的超微结构

比较了中华虎凤蝶、太白虎凤蝶、乌苏里虎凤蝶和日本虎凤蝶成虫翅面斑纹特征及鳞片超微结构。前翅外缘黄色斑，后翅外缘半月斑、亚外缘红色斑、亚外缘黑色斑、中室黑带及前翅外缘形状和后翅尾突长度等特征在种间有明显差别，是种鉴定的重要依据。鳞片按其形状和结构可分为４种类型，后翅外缘处的青色鳞片具金属光泽，为结构色，其余各色鳞片的结构相同，为色素色。四种虎凤蝶的鳞片超微结构无明显差异。

美国白蛾及其他5种灯蛾鳞片超微结构的比较

在扫描电镜下研究美国白蛾和异粉蝶灯蛾、人纹污灯蛾、黄臀黑污灯蛾、净雪灯蛾和黑须污灯蛾等5种常见灯蛾鳞片的超微结构。研究发现:美国白蛾及其他5种常见灯蛾的鳞片排列都是一层窄而长的鳞片覆盖一层短而宽的鳞片,且都属于镂空型鳞片,即鳞片类型属于二型双层鳞片。人纹污灯蛾的覆鳞和基鳞均最长(376.9μm±8.92μm;265.34μm±2.87μm)最宽(75.87μm±2.12μm;67.09μm±3.86μm);净雪灯蛾的覆鳞最短(179.4μm±2.91μm);异粉蝶灯蛾的基鳞最短(99.32μm±1.31μm);美国白蛾的覆鳞和基鳞均最窄(18.79μm±0.23μm;31.14μm±0.66μm)。美国白蛾覆鳞的脊间距最大(2.37μm±0.03μm);黄臀黑污灯蛾覆鳞和基鳞的脊间距均最小(1.1μm±0.02μm;1.77μm±0.01μm);黑须污灯蛾基鳞的脊间距最大(2.88μm±0.02μm)。单因素方差分析表明6种灯蛾覆鳞和基鳞的形态及脊间距都存在显著差异。蛾类鳞片的形态特征不宜单独用于种的鉴定,但在蝙蝠食性分析中具有一定指导意义,也能为利用蝙蝠防治美国白蛾的研究提供可靠而有力的依据。

十九种白蚁翅鳞表面微刻点的扫描电镜观察

十九种白蚁翅鳞表面微刻点的扫描电镜观察张方耀，高其康，李参，唐觉（浙江农业大学植保系电镜室杭州３１００２９）关键词白蚁，翅鳞，微刻点，扫描电镜ＳＣＡＮＮＩＮＧＥＬＥＣＴＲＯＮＭＩＣＲＯＳＣＯＰＩＣＳＴＵＤＩＥＳＯＦＭＩＣＲＯＳＣＵＬＰＴＵＲＩＮＧＯＮ...

微扑翼飞行器的尺度律研究与仿生设计

通过分析飞行动物扑翼飞行中的各种物理参量对飞行特性的影响,得出了能为微扑翼飞行器设计所利用的规律。根据几何相似原理,利用基于量纲的尺度分析从本质上揭示了扑翼飞行中各种物理参量之间的相互联系。分析发现,几何尺度对微扑翼飞行器在翼展、翼面积、翼载荷、展弦比和扑翼频率等总体设计参数的影响趋势和对飞行动物相应物理量的影响趋势一致,但在具体量值上有所差异。根据扑翼飞行动物统计分析得到的尺度律设计并制作出了实际可飞的微扑翼飞行器。

桥梁混凝土护栏设计的研究

通过交通调查发现规范中护栏的设计条件要求偏低 ,本文提出护栏高度与冲击力的简化计算方法 ,进而由数值方法对多种护栏进行分析 ,提出护栏的结构设计方法并进行了足尺实验的验证。

华北片麻岩石质山地山杏幼林集水保墒措施选择

为了确定适宜的华北片麻岩石质山地山杏幼林集水保墒措施,以生长、生理、土壤水分等为评判指标,研究了河北平山片麻岩石质山区翼式鱼鳞坑＋保水剂＋石子（YY＋B＋S）、翼式鱼鳞坑＋保水剂＋秸杆（YY＋B＋J）、翼式鱼鳞坑＋保水剂（YY＋B）、翼式鱼鳞坑＋石子（YY＋S）、翼式鱼鳞坑＋秸杆（YY＋J）、翼式鱼鳞坑（YY）及对照（CK）处理对山杏幼树地径、树高、材积、新梢生长、净光合速率、叶绿素含量,以及土壤水分等的影响。结果表明：（1）采用翼式鱼鳞坑及翼式鱼鳞坑与石子、秸秆、保水剂等综合集水保墒措施可有效改善山杏土壤水分状况,一个生长季及一次大的降水后土壤含水量较对照分别提高了22.4%~61.8%和28.53%~106.25%;（2）集水保墒措施能有效促进山杏地径、树高、材积及新梢的生长,处理平均较对照分别高26.07%,117.87%,443.83%,84.04%;（3）集水保墒措施可通过促进土壤水分条件的改善来改善山杏光合作用等生理特性,处理后山杏叶片叶绿素含量、日平均净光合速率、一次大的降水后净光合速率平均较对照高25.24%~128.73%,22.18%~153.56%,3.16%~35.35%;（4）综合各种集水保墒措施对山杏生长、生理及土壤水分等指标的影响,结合经济因素考虑,翼式鱼鳞坑＋石子（YY＋S）和翼式鱼鳞坑＋秸杆（YY＋J）是华北片麻岩石质山地山杏两种方便、经济、适用的集水保墒措施。

片麻岩石质山地火炬树幼林集水保墒措施优化

通过对比火炬树幼林地树木生长及光合生理指标,配合土壤水分测定,对河北平山片麻岩石质山区不同微地形集水保墒措施进行了优化。结果表明:①不同集水保墒措施下,翼式鱼鳞坑+保水剂(YY+B)、翼式鱼鳞坑+石子(YY+S)都能有效提高土壤的保水能力,其中YY+S持续时间较长,雨后第6天,YY+S比CK(不做处理)的土壤含水量高出43.19%。到雨后第14天,YY+S的土壤含水率仍大于CK。②YY+S和翼式鱼鳞坑+植物覆盖(YY+Z)对树木生长的影响最大。YY+S处理的火炬树树高年生长量为12.09 cm,极显著高于对照3.03倍。YY+S、YY+Z处理的地径年生长量分别为0.43、0.40 cm,是CK地径生长量的2.15、2.00倍。③YY+Z、YY+B及YY+S处理树木的净光合速率显著高于翼式鱼鳞坑(YY)和CK处理,增幅52.91%～59.23%。④各种处理方法火炬树幼树的光响应曲线趋势基本一致,各处理的光补偿点为500 mol.m-2.s-1,光饱和点为1 600 mol.m-2.s-1。随着光强的增加,光合有效辐射(PAR)(600～2 000μmol.m-2.s-1)时,YY+B及YY+Z处理幼树的净光合速率显著高于对照。从降雨后土壤含水量的变化趋势、年终树木生长量、光合速率、光响应曲线综合看来,翼式鱼鳞坑+石子覆盖的集水保墒效果最优。