Straw return is an important management tool for tackling and promoting soil nutrient conservation and improving crop yield in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, China. Although the incorporation of maize straw with deep plowing a...Straw return is an important management tool for tackling and promoting soil nutrient conservation and improving crop yield in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, China. Although the incorporation of maize straw with deep plowing and rotary tillage practices are widespread in the region, only few studies have focused on rotation tillage. To determine the effects of maize straw return on the nitrogen （N） efficiency and grain yield of winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L.）, we conducted experiments in this region for 3 years. Five treatments were tested： （i） rotary tillage without straw return （RT）; （ii） deep plowing tillage without straw return （DT）; （iii） rotary tillage with total straw return （RS）; （iv） deep plowing tillage with total straw return （DS）; （v） rotary tillage of 2 years and deep plowing tillage in the 3rd year with total straw return （TS）. Treatments with straw return increased kernels no. ear-1, thousand-kernel weight （TKW）, grain yields, ratio of dry matter accumulation post-anthesis, and nitrogen （N） efficiency whereas reduced the ears no. ha-1 in the 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 growing seasons. Compared with the rotary tillage, deep plowing tillage significantly increased the grain yield, yield components, total dry matter accumulation, and N efficiency in 2013-2014. RS had significantly higher straw N distribution, soil inorganic nitrogen content, and soil enzymes activities in the 0-10 cm soil layer compared with the DS and TS. However, significantly lower values were ob- served in the 10-20 and 20-30 cm soil layers. TS obtained approximately equal grain yield as DS, and it also reduced the resource costs. Therefore, we conclude that TS is the most economical method for increasing grain yield and N efficiency of winter wheat in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain.展开更多
A split-plot experiment in a rice-winter wheat rotation system was performed to study the effects of water regime and wheat straw application in rice-growing season on N2O emission from following wheat growing season....A split-plot experiment in a rice-winter wheat rotation system was performed to study the effects of water regime and wheat straw application in rice-growing season on N2O emission from following wheat growing season. Water regime in the rice-growing season was designed as the conventional irrigation (flooding/drainage cycle) and the permanent flooding. Wheat straw was incorporated with three rates of 0, 225 and 450 g m-2 into the paddy soil for each water regime just before rice was transplanted. N2O emission was measured by static chamber-gas chromatograph method. Results from the variance analysis indicated that the permanent flooding in rice-growing season markedly enhanced N2O emission in following wheat growing season (P=0. 003), and that the effect of straw application on N2O emission was distinguished between two water regimes. Under the conventional irrigation, incoporation of wheat straw reduced N2O emission in the following wheat growing season, while there were no significant differences in the emission for the straw application rates of 225 and 450 g m-2. No significant differences in N2O emissions were observed among the three rates of straw application for the permanent flooding regime. In addition, the seasonal variation of N2O emission was regulated by soil temperature and moisture. The daily N2O flux (Y, mg m-2 d-1) can be quantitatively described by soil temperature (T, ℃) and moisture (W, WFPS %) asY=A0+A1T+A2W+A3W2(n=23, R2 ≥0. 4159** )or y=C0+C1W+C2W2(n=23,R2≥0. 4074** ). Compared with the effect of soil temperature on N2O emission, soil moisture was an important factor regulating the seasonal pattern of N2O emission.展开更多
西南冬麦区气候冬干春旱频发、土壤速效磷缺乏,限制冬小麦氮素吸收。本研究探究秋闲期秸秆覆盖与施磷对小麦根系NO3-吸收动力势、氮素吸收利用、叶绿素含量和籽粒产量的影响,以期为小麦高产稳产及养分的高效利用提供理论依据。试验于202...西南冬麦区气候冬干春旱频发、土壤速效磷缺乏,限制冬小麦氮素吸收。本研究探究秋闲期秸秆覆盖与施磷对小麦根系NO3-吸收动力势、氮素吸收利用、叶绿素含量和籽粒产量的影响,以期为小麦高产稳产及养分的高效利用提供理论依据。试验于2020—2022年在四川仁寿进行,采用二因素裂区设计,以秸秆覆盖(SM)和不覆盖(NSM)为主区;3个磷水平0(P0)、75(P75)和120(P120) kg hm-2为裂区。结果表明:秸秆覆盖与施磷显著提高地上部磷素积累量, SM较NSM的小麦根尖NO3-净吸收速率、籽粒氮积累量、氮素转运量、氮素同化量、氮肥偏生产力和籽粒产量分别增加28.2%、8.4%、9.0%、41.9%、23.3%和21.9%。与P0相比, P75和P120增加幅度分别达到35.1%~37.6%、12.6%~19.0%、7.1%~9.3%、35.7%~60.5%、17.6%~23.8%、17.2%~23.6%。与NSM相比, SM的小麦旗叶灌浆期叶绿素含量上升,进而提高籽粒产量。综上所述,秸秆覆盖与施磷可促进小麦根尖NO3-吸收,提高叶绿素含量,从而显著增加花后氮素的吸收及营养器官临时贮存氮素向籽粒的再分配,最终提高籽粒产量。考虑经济效益和产量回报,西南地区小麦高产高效栽培时,推荐采用秋闲期秸秆覆盖配施磷肥75 kg hm-2。展开更多
2011—2012和2012—2013年生长季,通过田间定位试验,研究了秸秆还田配施氮肥对冬小麦干物质积累、氮效率、土壤硝态氮积累及产量的影响。与单施氮肥（对照）相比,秸秆还田显著提高冬小麦全生育期干物质积累总量,降低开花前干物质积累量...2011—2012和2012—2013年生长季,通过田间定位试验,研究了秸秆还田配施氮肥对冬小麦干物质积累、氮效率、土壤硝态氮积累及产量的影响。与单施氮肥（对照）相比,秸秆还田显著提高冬小麦全生育期干物质积累总量,降低开花前干物质积累量及其占全生育期比例;秸秆还田配施纯氮225 kg hm^–2处理的氮肥偏生产力、氮素利用效率、氮素收获指数分别提高7.5%、6.4%和5.2%。秸秆还田显著降低了不同土层硝态氮积累量,尤其是0~30 cm和30~60 cm土层。秸秆还田配施纯氮225 kg hm^–2的产量最高,且显著高于其他处理,增产幅度最大,因此可作为当地秸秆还田模式下适宜推荐的施氮量。展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300400)the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program,2015CB150404)+4 种基金the Special Fund for Agroscientific Research in Public Interest of China(201203100)the National Key Technologies R&D Program of China during the 12th Five-year Plan period(2012BAD04B05)the Project of Shandong Province Higher Educational Science and Technology,China(J14LF12)the Shandong Province Mount Tai Industrial Talents Program,Chinathe Shandong Province Key Agricultural Project for Application Technology Innovation,China
文摘Straw return is an important management tool for tackling and promoting soil nutrient conservation and improving crop yield in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, China. Although the incorporation of maize straw with deep plowing and rotary tillage practices are widespread in the region, only few studies have focused on rotation tillage. To determine the effects of maize straw return on the nitrogen （N） efficiency and grain yield of winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L.）, we conducted experiments in this region for 3 years. Five treatments were tested： （i） rotary tillage without straw return （RT）; （ii） deep plowing tillage without straw return （DT）; （iii） rotary tillage with total straw return （RS）; （iv） deep plowing tillage with total straw return （DS）; （v） rotary tillage of 2 years and deep plowing tillage in the 3rd year with total straw return （TS）. Treatments with straw return increased kernels no. ear-1, thousand-kernel weight （TKW）, grain yields, ratio of dry matter accumulation post-anthesis, and nitrogen （N） efficiency whereas reduced the ears no. ha-1 in the 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 growing seasons. Compared with the rotary tillage, deep plowing tillage significantly increased the grain yield, yield components, total dry matter accumulation, and N efficiency in 2013-2014. RS had significantly higher straw N distribution, soil inorganic nitrogen content, and soil enzymes activities in the 0-10 cm soil layer compared with the DS and TS. However, significantly lower values were ob- served in the 10-20 and 20-30 cm soil layers. TS obtained approximately equal grain yield as DS, and it also reduced the resource costs. Therefore, we conclude that TS is the most economical method for increasing grain yield and N efficiency of winter wheat in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain.
基金This work was supported by the Hundred Talents Program launched by the Chinese Academy of Sciencesthe National Key Basic Research Development Foundation of China(G1999011805).
文摘A split-plot experiment in a rice-winter wheat rotation system was performed to study the effects of water regime and wheat straw application in rice-growing season on N2O emission from following wheat growing season. Water regime in the rice-growing season was designed as the conventional irrigation (flooding/drainage cycle) and the permanent flooding. Wheat straw was incorporated with three rates of 0, 225 and 450 g m-2 into the paddy soil for each water regime just before rice was transplanted. N2O emission was measured by static chamber-gas chromatograph method. Results from the variance analysis indicated that the permanent flooding in rice-growing season markedly enhanced N2O emission in following wheat growing season (P=0. 003), and that the effect of straw application on N2O emission was distinguished between two water regimes. Under the conventional irrigation, incoporation of wheat straw reduced N2O emission in the following wheat growing season, while there were no significant differences in the emission for the straw application rates of 225 and 450 g m-2. No significant differences in N2O emissions were observed among the three rates of straw application for the permanent flooding regime. In addition, the seasonal variation of N2O emission was regulated by soil temperature and moisture. The daily N2O flux (Y, mg m-2 d-1) can be quantitatively described by soil temperature (T, ℃) and moisture (W, WFPS %) asY=A0+A1T+A2W+A3W2(n=23, R2 ≥0. 4159** )or y=C0+C1W+C2W2(n=23,R2≥0. 4074** ). Compared with the effect of soil temperature on N2O emission, soil moisture was an important factor regulating the seasonal pattern of N2O emission.
文摘西南冬麦区气候冬干春旱频发、土壤速效磷缺乏,限制冬小麦氮素吸收。本研究探究秋闲期秸秆覆盖与施磷对小麦根系NO3-吸收动力势、氮素吸收利用、叶绿素含量和籽粒产量的影响,以期为小麦高产稳产及养分的高效利用提供理论依据。试验于2020—2022年在四川仁寿进行,采用二因素裂区设计,以秸秆覆盖(SM)和不覆盖(NSM)为主区;3个磷水平0(P0)、75(P75)和120(P120) kg hm-2为裂区。结果表明:秸秆覆盖与施磷显著提高地上部磷素积累量, SM较NSM的小麦根尖NO3-净吸收速率、籽粒氮积累量、氮素转运量、氮素同化量、氮肥偏生产力和籽粒产量分别增加28.2%、8.4%、9.0%、41.9%、23.3%和21.9%。与P0相比, P75和P120增加幅度分别达到35.1%~37.6%、12.6%~19.0%、7.1%~9.3%、35.7%~60.5%、17.6%~23.8%、17.2%~23.6%。与NSM相比, SM的小麦旗叶灌浆期叶绿素含量上升,进而提高籽粒产量。综上所述,秸秆覆盖与施磷可促进小麦根尖NO3-吸收,提高叶绿素含量,从而显著增加花后氮素的吸收及营养器官临时贮存氮素向籽粒的再分配,最终提高籽粒产量。考虑经济效益和产量回报,西南地区小麦高产高效栽培时,推荐采用秋闲期秸秆覆盖配施磷肥75 kg hm-2。
文摘2011—2012和2012—2013年生长季,通过田间定位试验,研究了秸秆还田配施氮肥对冬小麦干物质积累、氮效率、土壤硝态氮积累及产量的影响。与单施氮肥（对照）相比,秸秆还田显著提高冬小麦全生育期干物质积累总量,降低开花前干物质积累量及其占全生育期比例;秸秆还田配施纯氮225 kg hm^–2处理的氮肥偏生产力、氮素利用效率、氮素收获指数分别提高7.5%、6.4%和5.2%。秸秆还田显著降低了不同土层硝态氮积累量,尤其是0~30 cm和30~60 cm土层。秸秆还田配施纯氮225 kg hm^–2的产量最高,且显著高于其他处理,增产幅度最大,因此可作为当地秸秆还田模式下适宜推荐的施氮量。
